Brief introduction of the warehouse filling festival
The warehouse filling festival is divided into two festivals: small warehouse filling and large warehouse filling. Small positions are filled on the 2th day of the first month, and large positions are filled on the 25th day of the first month. Many places, big or small, now celebrate the
Shocking Festival on the 23rd of the first month. The folk custom of the filling festival should be to play ash cellar in the courtyard or on the scene. Use a dustpan to hold plant ash, beat it evenly with a stick, and scatter three-ring or five-ring circles on the ground, which means granary or grain depot. People who pay attention to it will also draw patterns such as rakes, brooms and even fans next to the ash cellar. The ash cellar on the small filling day symbolizes the bumper harvest of summer grain, and a little summer grain should be placed in the center of the circle; The ash cellar on the big filling day symbolizes the harvest of autumn grain, and autumn grain is put in the circle. Then cover the grain with bricks and stones, which is called pressing the warehouse. Then the firecrackers are lit and explode in the circle, so that the grain is full of granaries. There is also the custom of catching "Tim Cang Niu Niu" in rural areas. In the evening, adults lead the dolls to look for candles in the cracks in the wall. If they catch "Tim Cang Niu Niu", they will be happy, which indicates that this year's harvest will be fruitful. As the reverberation of this string of firecrackers in the Spring Festival, the festival of adding warehouses with "ash scattering and storing, seeds adding" draws a satisfactory end to the Spring Festival and brings hope and blessings to the new year. In the new year, there will be abundant crops and grain in Man Cang.
The legend of the tragic Masukura Festival
Speaking of Masukura Festival, it comes from a heroic and tragic legend a long time ago. At that time, there was a drought in Bingzhou for three years in a row, and the grain was not harvested, and the people were hungry and cold. The government not only showed no sympathy for the people, but also increased taxes and levies. Seeing this, a grandfather who was in charge of the official warehouse was anxious to save the people from dire straits. On the 2th day of the first month, he told the people in the past under the guise of the Jade Emperor's will, so that they could memorize it and tell each other that they would go to the official warehouse to get food on the 25th night of the first month. On the evening of the same day, grandpa Cang Guan opened the warehouse to release grain, and the hungry people took away a hoard of grain. Grandpa Cang Guan looked at the empty warehouse.
Knowing that he was bound to die, he set the warehouse on fire, and finally threw himself into the fire. In memory of this grandfather Cang Guan who gave his life for the people, people offered sacrifices to this unknown grandfather Cang Guan with their own customs and ceremonies. There is this annual Masukura Festival.
Qing Xu is the most distinctive feature of the Masukura Festival, and there are two after it: a small Masukura and an old Masukura. On the 2th of the first month, small positions are added, and on the 25th of the first month, old positions are added. On the day of xiaotiancang, the aunts steamed "tiancang steamed bun" early, and the men took out fine ash from the furnace pit and scattered ash circles in the courtyard and doorway, which was called Dacang. Then, add whole grains to it. Add whatever is missing. This is Tim Cang. The custom of adding small positions is only carried out in the morning, that is, during the day, so it is also called adding positions in white. What should be amazing is that the soil used by the people of Qingxu in our country is not called burning soil, but called "breeding seeds". Native gold, native everything, "a millet is planted in spring, and ten thousand seeds are harvested in autumn", how accurate and kind the seed breeding is. Therefore, most of us in Qing Xu don't use fine furnace ash to store, but use breeding seeds. Five days later, on the 25th day of the first month, I arrived at Laotiancang. When the sun goes down in the evening, people get busy. After offering incense in front of their granaries, they will scatter more seeds or fine furnace ashes collected in recent days in the courtyard and in front of the street. Then make fire, pancakes or pies to show that the warehouse is covered. Because these activities are carried out after sunset, they are also called black adding positions. There is also the custom of catching "Tim Cang Niu Niu" in rural areas. In the evening, adults lead the dolls to look for candles in the cracks in the wall. If they catch "Tim Cang Niu Niu", they will be happy, which indicates that this year's harvest will be fruitful. As the reverberation of this string of firecrackers in the Spring Festival, the festival of adding warehouses with "ash scattering and storing, seeds adding" draws a satisfactory end to the Spring Festival and brings hope and blessings to the new year. In the new year, there will be abundant crops and grain in Man Cang.
Tim Cang in Shanxi
The specific date of Tim Cang Festival is on the 25th of the first month of the lunar calendar every year. Tim Cang Festival is celebrated in different ways in different parts of Shanxi. In some places, grain is symbolically added to the granary on the day of Tim Cang Festival, while in other places, spring cakes and pancakes are eaten on the day of Tim Cang Festival, and cakes are put into the granary, which is called filling and adding warehouses. In some places, "rain lanterns" are made on the festival of adding warehouses. The lanterns are made of cereal flour, twelve of which are the size of a small bowl. A lamp is pinched at the top of each lamp, and a small gap is pinched at the edge of the lamp. Each gap represents a month in all seasons. After the lamps are steamed, open the pot to see which months have the most soda in the lamps, which proves that it was rainy and waterlogged that month. Then, according to the fact that crops need the most rain in that month, what will be harvested this year is inferred as the basis for planting this year.
The ancient folk custom of praying for the New Year falls on the 25th day of the first lunar month. "Ji Sheng at the age of Beijing": "(In the first month), the fifth day is the filling festival." During the festival, people either eat enough to show that they have filled the barn, or enclose the barn with ash, and put some grain in it to show that the barn is full, or sacrifice to the god of the barn cage to pray for a full year of grain. The festival of filling positions is divided into different sizes. Small positions are filled on the 2th day of the first month of the lunar calendar, which is also called "Xiaotian positions" and "small positions". The big filling is at twenty-five. "Jiexiu County Records": "2th, named' Xiaotian Cang'. Cook yellow rice cakes and burn lamps to worship Buddha. " "Big Comrades": "On the 2th, I added a small position"; On the 25 th, I bought rice noodles, firewood and other things for the' big warehouse'. "
As the saying goes, the 25th day of the first lunar month is the birthday of Cang Shen (Cang Guan), and all industries and people related to granaries should set up offerings during the festival, and there is a custom of filling warehouses and beating them. Hebei's Gu 'an County Records says: "On the 25th of the first month, people thought it was' Cang Guan's birthday', and firewood ashes were used to spread the courtyard as figures, or squares or circles, and bamboo was placed in it to shock it, which was called' rising hoarding' and' filling the warehouse'." The prototype of Cang Shen is Cang Xing, and the Book of Jin Tian Wen Zhi says,' The six stars in Tian Cang are in Lounan and hidden in the valley. "Later, Cang Shen was personified and attached to historical figures, such as Han Xin, who was attached to Cang Shen. Qing Shaogong's Chronicles of Yanjing Old Customs at the Age of Years. Tim Cang says, "According to legend, Cang Shen is Han Xin, the founding father of the Western Han Dynasty, commonly known as Lord Han". Its idol is a handsome young man, wearing a dragon robe with a king's helmet, which has a graceful and luxurious image. "
Manchu granaries
On the 25th day of the first lunar month, it is customary to knead rice flour or soft rice flour into several lamps in the shape of granaries, granaries and various livestock and poultry, with cooked red dates and beans wrapped inside, and the wick made of fine rice stalks wrapped in cotton. At night, fill the lamp with oil, put the barn lamp at the grain storage place, put the cow lamp on the cowshed windowsill, put the chicken lamp on the kang, put the dog lamp on the door, put the cat lamp in the corner, etc., and light them one by one. Uncle Cang Guan's lamp is five inches high, wearing a red tassel hat, holding a dustpan in his left hand and a bucket in his right hand, riding a horse with several pockets on his body. Put the lamp in the bowl and float in the water jar. When you release it, you should read: "Grandpa Cang Guan drinks horses, and carries money and grain (or pockmarked seeds and black beans). Pockmarked seeds fry oil and black beans feed cows." In order to beg for good weather and good harvests.
Every Manchu family pays attention to cooking sticky sorghum rice, and puts it in the warehouse, weaving a pony with a straw stick and inserting it in the rice basin, which means that the horse carries food home, has plenty of food and clothing, and has to add new rice three times in succession. Some people also use sorghum stalks to make two hoes and stick them in their rice.
Bunching activities on Bunching Festival
There are many stuffing activities among the people, which are closely related to eating habits. In northern Shanxi, it is customary to steam oat noodle nests, which are shaped like grain hoards. Using buckwheat noodles as pills and placing them in the hollow of the oat noodle nest is called filling the warehouse. In the southeast of Shanxi, millet flour is made into balls and placed in granaries. Jinzhong area also uses grain flour as a group to fill the warehouse. Lvliang area likes to eat cakes. Wenshui county takes some of the wall soil smoked by lights in the granary and calls it filling the warehouse. In southern Shanxi, pancakes should be spread with thin noodles, wrapped in dishes and eaten in rolls. If the people marry a new wife, the new wife will personally put the pancakes in the granary. On the festival of filling positions, folk customs pay attention to being fond of entering and being disgusted with leaving. Grain should be added to the barn, water should be added to the vat, and
some coal should be put at the door to save the house. It is taboo for farmers in the old customs to sell grain on this day. Grain stores like to buy food on this day. On that day, the grain store will hold a wine banquet and give a warm reception to those who come to sell grain. Some farmers forced by life have to sell food on this day, and they can earn a good meal anyway. Up to now, some elderly city residents are still used to buying rice and noodles on the filling day.
In the warehouse filling festival, lights are lit at night in most areas to worship the warehouse god. Lights should be placed in all places related to diet. Commonly known as "lights are lit, incense is burned, and every family's grain fills the warehouse." Luliang area is the most typical. According to the number of people in the family, each person belongs to the zodiac, and they are kneaded into corresponding life's core monuments lanterns with flour. Then pinch two dogs, a chicken, a fish, a population plate, a barn official, a small handleless wine cup, a hip flask, silver money, a silver ingot, a donkey carrying charcoal and so on. At night, oil these lamps and light them. Life's core monuments lights are placed on the kang at home, dogs are placed at the gate, chickens are placed in the courtyard, fish floating tanks, donkeys stand in the barn, warehouse officials are hung in the skylight, and the rest are at home. When placing the surface lamp, you should also shout the corresponding auspicious rich language, such as "the warehouse official sends food"! "Chickens lay more eggs" and so on. On the night of the Filling Festival, people in northern Shanxi used to hold lanterns and look for "filling insects" (that is, various revived small insect ants) everywhere in the courtyard. The more they found, the better the omen.
In some counties and cities in Linfen, it is also said that it is a mouse wedding day. Don't light the lamp at night, which is called rat bogey. On the filling festival, Linxian and other places burn firewood at the door to express their grief for those who died first. Lingchuan and other places should use all kinds of meals to pay homage outside the door, and send them to their ancestors with common names. In some villages in southern Shanxi, colored paper pieces are cut and pasted on doors, and colored paper gourds are cut and pasted on hats. Call this day the alchemy day of Taishang Laojun, which can cure all diseases and keep peace all the year round. On the filling day, Hongtong County and other places are used to inviting their son-in-law to eat pancakes.
Historical records record that there is a folk song on the Tiancang Festival
: "After the New Year, on the 22nd, rice and flour will be filled as lamps. Take a broom, sweep the east wall, and pick up the year of insect inspection. "
"Dream of China in Tokyo" "On the 25th of the first month, cattle, sheep and tapirs in other people's markets competed for the sun. If a guest stays hard, he will leave. It is called filling the position. " In the Qing Dynasty, Pan Rongbi's "Victory at the Age of Emperor Jing" was filled with articles, and on the 25th day of the first month of each year, the whole family added dishes for a big meal. If a guest comes, he will stay and leave drunk. Commonly known as filling the warehouse, it is a good omen to wish to fill the barn.
Tiancang, the official name of the star, belongs to Lousu, with * * * six stars. Book of Jin? Tian Wenzhi said: "There are six stars in Tiancang, which are hidden in Lounan and Canggu." More precisely, the star hidden in "Canggu" is a "stomach star", such as "Historical Records"? It is recorded in the Official Book of Heaven: "The stomach is the storehouse of heaven." Tang Zhang kept the festival just: "The stomach dominates the granary, and the house of grains is also. Zhan: Ming is the world's peace, and the grain is abundant; Otherwise, it is also. " It seems that the stomach star is in charge of the granary, which is related to the abundance of grains and is what people need to pray for. Cangjie is not only related to the astronomical phenomena, but also related to the human body. This concept originated very early. Huangdi Neijing, a book written at the end of the Warring States Period? Su Wen? Linglan's Secret Code says: "The spleen and stomach are the palace of granary, and the five flavors come out." That is, because the stomach can contain grains, it is the official of granary. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty also explained that the stomach is the valley house. The ancients compared their understanding of the human body to the celestial phenomena and thought that the stomach star was a celestial warehouse. As the author of Ningjin County Chronicle quoted by Guangxu said, "Taking the stomach star as the sky warehouse, it is said that people are connected with the sky", "My hometown painted the shape of the warehouse with gray, placed seeds in the middle, and still looked up at the sky and prayed for the New Year", which revealed the origin of the Tiancang Festival. Based on the theory of Tiancang, the ancients produced Cangshen again. Guangxu's Ningjin County Annals quoted Chunqiu Wei as saying: "Heaven's granary is famous for its gods and names." Then there are Han Xin, Xiao He and others.
Tiancang Festival custom
Tiancang Festival custom is based on the above theory. The first thing is to store grain as a warehouse. The Customs in Volume 9 of Hebei Bazhou Annals compiled by Ming Jiajing records: "On the 2th and 25th, the shape was hoarded with kitchen ashes, and the grain was scattered in the middle, and it was pressed with bricks and stones, which was called filling the warehouse." This is to take the meaning of storing the valley in the sky to herald a bumper year. Yongzheng (1723 ~ 1735) of Qing Dynasty also recorded in Shuozhou Annals of Shanxi Province: "The charcoal ash was laid on the ground, and the kiln was gouged out and built, which was named Tiancang." Zuocang, Tongzhi Hebei "Yanshan County Records" and so on called it "Dadun". The custom of adding storage was extended from making warehouses. Daoguang (1821 ~ 185) recorded in Huozhou Annals of Zhili, Shanxi Province: "Every family hoarded food and water, lit lamps and burned incense to worship the god of warehouses." Daoguang Shanxi's Datong County Chronicle has a record of "those who bought rice on this day to add positions". This is the meaning of "Tiancang". Since it is necessary to add positions, it is also taboo to make money. Ganlong Shanxi's "eldest son county annals" said that it was a day of "taboo and joy." Ganlong Henan Huixian Annals:
"The 21st is for filling positions, and the 19th is for small filling positions. Wealth must be careful, that is, the population does not make it easy to get in and out. " As a result of hoarding grain and hoping for a bumper harvest, it is natural to think of preventing mice from consuming grain. The local "Pingyang Mansion Records" in Qianlong, Shanxi Province said that "no lights are turned on at night, and it is common to call mice taboo".
followed by the god of sacrifice. Jiaqing Shanxi's "Jiexiu County Records" said: "Making noodles and making people look like warehouse gods." Qing Fucha Dunchong's "Yanjing Year's Chronicle" also said: "Every 25th, grain merchants and rice vendors offer sacrifices to Cang Shen, and firecrackers are the most prosperous." Sacrifice not only to Cang Shen, but also to anyone who can keep things. Guangxu Shanxi Yuci County Chronicle records: "On the 2th, each family took the grain surface as a slap, lit lamps at night, and worshipped the gods of warehouses, boxes and shackles, saying that they filled their positions. On the 25 th, the lights were burned and incense was burned at night, and the old man filled the warehouse. " In addition to the function of "wasting light", burning lamps also has the meaning of offering sacrifices to God. In addition, Daoguang Hebei Nangong County Chronicle holds that the use of lamps is the meaning of harvest. Cang Shen, also known as Cang Guan, said in the "Fugu County Records" in Shaanxi Province: "Rice flour is used as a lamp at night, or it is used as a character to hold a lamp, which is called Cang Guan." The Records of Gu 'an County in Xianfeng Hebei Province records: "On the 25th day of the first month, it is customary to spread firewood and ashes in the courtyard in the shape of hoarding, or square or round, and set firecrackers in the middle to shock it, which is called swelling and hoarding, and it is also called filling the warehouse." The third is the change in diet. Qing Pan Rongbi's "Ji Sheng at the Age of Emperor Jing" said: "The fifth day is the filling festival. When people go to the market (buy) cattle and sheep, they will eat like a pig, and when they stay, they will leave full, which is called filling the warehouse. " "Yongpingfuzhi" in Qianlong, Hebei Province also records: "There must be food and clothing every day." In Huaixian County, Shandong Province, "Tiancang is a word, and the custom in the city is to learn from the sky or to fill it, and the warehouse is to turn into a voice. Therefore,' Tiancang Day' is the day to fill the voice, which means that it is appropriate to fill the voice with food, so every session is a day, and every family's food will be richer than usual." This is the stomach bin that fills the stomach.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a phenomenon that the festival of filling warehouses was mixed with the festival of piercing the sky. Some people think that the filling festival originated from the sky-piercing festival. This is because Tiancang Festival is the same as or similar to Tianchuan Festival. The pronunciation of the names of the two sections is also close; In addition, although the origin of Tianchuan Festival was early, it declined in Ming and Qing Dynasties, while Tiancang Festival rose in Ming and Qing Dynasties. For example, in Shanxi Province, Ming Jiajing's "Qu Wo Zhi" Volume 1 "Customs" said: "Twenty, make pancakes and invite my husband to fill the position." Under the name of the filling festival, it is the custom of wearing the festival, and the two festivals have been mixed. The Records of Yangcheng County, Tongzhi of Qing Dynasty, recorded: "On the eve of the New Mindfulness Day, various families made cakes with Liang and Xiaomi as crumbs, worshiping warehouse officials, which was called mending the sky and wearing it, and it was said that adding warehouses was popular. Burning a lamp in the corner of the room is called marrying according to a mouse. " Tian Cang is commonly known as Tian Cang, and the customs and events recorded are a combination of Tian Cang Festival and Tian Cang Festival.