The largest river in South America, with the largest flow and the widest basin in the world. It is about 6,400 kilometers (4,000 miles) from the birthplace of the Kaiali-Apurimac river system in Peru, which is slightly shorter than the Nile. Its westernmost source is the towering Andes less than 160 km (100 mile) from the Pacific Ocean, and its mouth is in the Atlantic Ocean.
Amazon River is located in the north of South America, with the widest drainage area and the largest flow in the world. Originating from the eastern slope of Cordillera in the Andes of Peru, there are two sources: one is the Maranon River, which is usually regarded as the positive source of the Amazon River, and it originated in the high mountain area of the Andes of Peru; The other is the Ukaj-Ali River, whose source is called the Appuhn Mark River. After crossing the towering mountains, the maranhao River and the Wu Kaiali River meet near Nota, Peru. The main tributary of the Amazon River winds through seven countries in South America. The Amazon River from Iquitos, Peru to Manaus, Brazil is called Solimos River, and the section from the mouth of the Negro River to the Atlantic Ocean is called Amazon River. The Amazon River flows eastward through northern Brazil and empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Marajo Island.
The vast Amazon river basin is the largest lowland in Latin America, with an area of about 6 million square kilometers (2.3 million square miles), almost twice that of any other major river basin in the world. The widest point of the Amazon river basin is about 2776 kilometers (1725 miles) from north to south. Including most of Brazil and Peru, parts of Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia, and a small part of Venezuela, about two-thirds of the main stream and most of the river basins are in Brazil. It is estimated that the flow of the Amazon River accounts for 65,438+0/5 of the total flow of the earth's surface, and the average flow of the estuary is about 65,438+075,000 cubic meters per second (6,654,38+080,000 cubic feet per second), which is more than 65,438+00 times that of the Mississippi River. A large amount of fresh water makes it as far away as possible.
Central and northern Andes and Amazon basin
The Amazon basin is not an infinite swamp. Although a large area of lowlands is flooded every year, most of the land is hilly "terra firme", which far exceeds the flood level. There is a vast tropical rain forest in the basin, which is the largest treasure house of biological resources in the world.
The first European to explore the Amazon was Spanish soldier orellana. It is said that when he reported a fierce battle with tribal women warriors, he compared them to the Amazon in Greek mythology, so he named the river Amazon. Although Amazon is used to referring to the whole river, according to the nomenclature of Peru and Brazil, it is only applicable to some river sections. In Peru, the upstream of the main stream flowing to Iquitos is called the Maranon River, and the one flowing from Iquitos to the Atlantic Ocean is called the Amazon River. In Brazil, from Iquitos to the mouth of the Negro River is called Solimos River, and from the Negro River to the mouth is called Amazon River.
Amazon boa constrictor, Brazil, in the northern part of the Amazon River basin.
The source of the Madeira River in southern Bolivia (about 20 south latitude), the source of the Poyut River in Cuenca, Ecuador (79° 3L west longitude) in the west, and the Bay of Marajo in Brazil (about 48 west longitude) in the east. The whole basin spans 25 latitude and longitude is 3130'. If the source of the Amazon River is the maranhao River, its total length is 6299km, and if the source is the Kaiali River, its total length is 6436km, ranking second in the world after the Nile. The average annual discharge of the estuary is 65,438+750,000 m3/s, the average annual runoff is 6,930 billion m3, the average annual runoff depth is 1200mm, the suspended sediment concentration is 0.22kg/m3, and the sediment discharge is 900 million t. In wet years, the river near Manaus in the middle reaches is 5km wide, the downstream is 20km wide and the estuary is 80km wide. The estuary is trumpet-shaped and 240 kilometers wide. The average water depth of the downstream channel is 20-50m, the maximum water depth is 100m, and the annual variation of water level is 9m. The annual average flow of Iquitos in the upper reaches is 20420-28200m3/s, and the average ratio of the Amazon River drops to 0.035m/km from Iquitos to Haikou.
The Amazon River is the second longest river in the world (about 6,400 kilometers) after the Nile. In northern South America. It is estimated that about 20-25% of all water flowing on the earth's surface is in the Amazon River. The estuary is 240 kilometers wide, and the flow in flood season reaches 654.38+0.8 million cubic meters per second, which is 654.38+00 times that of Mississippi River. The displacement is so large that the sea water becomes weak within the range of 160 km from the shore. There are more than 1000 known tributaries, of which 7 tributaries are more than 1600 km long. 20 of them exceed 1000 km.
It is formed by the confluence of the Keali River and the maranhao River, which originated in the Andes of Peru, and flows eastward through northern Brazil to join the Atlantic Ocean near Marajo Island. The total length is 6437 kilometers (from the source of the Kaiali River). There are more than 20 tributaries whose length exceeds 1000 km. The basin covers an area of 6.22 million square kilometers, accounting for about 35% of the South American continent, including most or part of the territories of Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and other countries. Most areas in the basin belong to tropical rain forest climate, with annual rainfall exceeding 2,000 mm and abundant water all the year round. The average annual discharge of the estuary is 220,000 m2/s, and the flood season discharge exceeds 280,000 m2/s. It is the largest river with the widest basin area in the world. In Shangyuan area, the mountains are high and the valleys are deep, the slopes are steep and the water flows rapidly, with an average gradient of about 5.2‰. After entering the plain, the slope is small. The average velocity in the middle and lower reaches is 0.7-1.7m/s. The depth of this river is very wide. Most rivers in Brazil are more than 45 meters deep, and the water depth near Manaus is 99 meters. The lower reaches of the river are 20-80 kilometers wide, the estuary is trumpet-shaped and 240 kilometers wide, and shoal sandbars are listed. Tides can rush to Obidos, 960 kilometers above the estuary. More than 5,000 kilometers of the main stream can be navigable all the year round, and ships with a draft of 5-6 meters can travel back 3,700 kilometers from the estuary to Iquitos, Peru; The navigable river length of the whole water system is 30,000 kilometers (normal water level). Hydraulic resources are also quite rich, but they have not been fully developed.
The fertile silt deposited in the Amazon River nourishes an area of 65,000 square kilometers, and its basin area is about 7.05 million square kilometers, almost twice that of any other big river basin in the world. The famous Amazon rainforest grows in the Amazon River basin. It is also the largest plain in the world (covering an area of 5.6 million square kilometers). The plain is low and flat, mostly below150m above sea level, so there are many rivers and lakes here. Rainy, humid and continuous high temperature are its remarkable climatic characteristics. There are the richest and most diverse biological resources in the world, with millions of species.
The Amazon River is the largest river in South America and the largest river in the world. The Amazon River rises in the Andes in southern Peru and flows eastward. Along the way, it received 1000 tributaries, with a total length of 6,400 kilometers, and finally merged into the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon river basin covers an area of 7.05 million square kilometers, accounting for about 40% of the total area of South America. The amount of water injected into the Atlantic Ocean every year is about 6,600 cubic kilometers, which is equivalent to 1/6 of the total amount of water injected into the ocean by rivers in the world.
The upper reaches of the Amazon River are about 2,500 kilometers long and divided into upper and lower sections. The upper section is about 1000 km, with a drop of 5000 meters. The mountains are high and deep, and the slopes are steep and flowing rapidly, forming a series of rapids and waterfalls. Downstream, two huge tributaries flow into the section between the two estuaries of the Amazon River. Because they enter the Amazon plain, the flow rate is slow and the meander is developed, and the end river is about 2000 meters wide.
The middle reaches of the Amazon River flow through Peru, Colombia and Brazil, with a total length of about 2,200 kilometers. In northern Brazil, the Amazon River is 45 meters deep and 3000 meters wide, and its flow rate is slow. Islands and continents crisscross in the river, and rivers are distributed in a network. The floodplain on both sides of the river is 30 ~ 100 km wide, with low terrain, dense lakeside and poor drainage. On both sides of the river, there are many shipping tributaries on the Amazon River near Gurupa, Pará, Brazil, which originate from the eastern slope of the Andes and are distributed in a feather shape. At the end of the middle reaches, the river channel is 1 1km wide and 99m deep.
The downstream reaches 1600 km, sometimes the water depth is wide, the terraces on both banks are clear, the terrain is low and flat, and the floodplain is dotted with lakes, sometimes the water surface is tight and the water flow is accelerated. The mouth of the sea is 330 kilometers wide, and the tides in the Atlantic Ocean can go up downstream, reaching as far as 1600 kilometers. The Amazon river system spans the north and south of the equator. It is hot and rainy all the year round, and it is rich in species, with more than 2,000 kinds of freshwater fish. There are also manatees, freshwater dolphins, crocodiles, giant water snakes and other aquatic animals. Most areas in the basin are covered with dense tropical rain forests, with a wide variety of plants and rich mineral resources.
However, the Amazon River is the most famous freshwater ornamental fish producing area in the world. Its rich and beautiful freshwater tropical ornamental fish have always touched the hearts of ornamental fish lovers and biologists all over the world.
The Amazon River is the pride of Latin American people. Flowing through Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and other countries, it nourishes 8 million square kilometers of vast land and breeds the world's largest tropical rain forest, making the Amazon River basin the most mysterious "kingdom of life" in the world.
The Amazon River is more than 6,000 kilometers long and has thousands of tributaries. Together with the main stream, it forms an Amazon river network with a total length of more than 60,000 kilometers, with a basin area of about 8 million square kilometers, most of which are in Brazil.
Due to the rain near the equator, the Amazon water is abundant all the year round. The annual average flow of the mouth of the Amazon River is 220,000 cubic meters per second, which is the widest and largest river in the world. Brazilians proudly call it "river and sea". The height difference between the source of the Amazon River and the estuary is not big, and it is located in the equatorial rainy area. The river bed is deep, wide and flat, and the flow rate is very slow, which is suitable for shipping. Manaus Port is an important port of Amazon River.
There is also a natural wonder of the Amazon River-tidal bore, which can be compared with the tidal bore of Qiantang River in China. After crossing the vast South American continent, Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Marajo Island in Brazil. The mouth of the Amazon River is a huge trumpet. After the tide enters this trumpet mouth, it is continuously squeezed and lifted into a wall-standing tidal head, which can be traced back to 600 ~ 1000 km. Generally, the height of tidal head is1~ 2m, and it can reach 5m at high tide.
Brazilians call the Amazon tide "Bobo Roca", and tourists rush to go at high tide. Every high tide, the sound of the waves is deafening, and the sound travels for miles and is magnificent.
The Amazon River, with a total length of 6,440 kilometers, ranks second among the rivers in the world, second only to the Nile River, which is 6,695 kilometers long. The Amazon River injects 65,438+065,438+06,000 cubic meters of water into the Atlantic Ocean every second, which is about three times more than the Pisa River, ten times more than the Mississippi River and sixty times more than the Nile River, accounting for one-fifth of the total flow of rivers into the sea in the world. Abundant water and surging water power rushed into the Atlantic Ocean 160 km from the fresh water in the estuary. Among the tributaries, seven are longer than 1600 km; The longest is the Madeira River, which is more than 3,200 kilometers long.