Zhuge Liang (181-234 AD), Han nationality, named Kongming, also known as Mr. Wolong. Born in Yinan County, Shandong Province, he was an outstanding prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period in China, as well as a statesman, military strategist, strategist, essayist, and diplomat. Historical records record that he was eight feet tall, which is about 1.84 meters today. Zhuge Liang's birthday: Xinyou, Bingshen, Guichou, Dingsi.
Zhuge Liang was born in Yangdu County, Langye County (today's Yinan, Shandong) in the fourth year of Guanghe, Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty (AD 181). County) an official's home. The Zhuge family is a prominent family in Langxie. Their ancestor Zhuge Feng once served as a Sili Xiaowei (chief of the garrison of the capital) during the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui, whose courtesy name was Jungong, served as the magistrate of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's mother Zhang died of illness when he was 3 years old, and his father died when he was 8 years old (one theory is that he lost his mother when he was 9 years old, and his father when he was 12 years old). Together with his sister and younger brother Zhuge Jun, he followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu, to Yuzhang. . The Eastern Han Dynasty court sent Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan, so Zhuge Xuan went to join his old friend Liu Biao, the pastor of Jingzhou.
In the second year of Jian'an (197 AD), Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his siblings lost their livelihood, so they moved to Nanyang. The 17-year-old Zhuge Liang, his friend Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shui Jing, Sima Hui. He saw that Liu Biao was incompetent and not the master of the world, so he settled in Longzhong Mountain, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, and lived in seclusion until the time came. This happened in 197 AD. Zhuge Liang has lived in seclusion in Longzhong for ten years. He has made many friends with famous people in the south of the Yangtze River. He "always compares himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi". He loves to sing "Liang Fu Yin" and has friends with Pang Degong, Pang Tong, Sima Hui, Huang Chengyan, Shi Guangyuan and Cui Zhouping. , Xu Shu and other celebrities. His intelligence is recognized by everyone and he has the ambition to bring order to the world. He paid close attention to the development of the current situation, so he knew the world situation well. Known as "Wolong". Marry Huang Chengyan's daughter as his wife.
In the twelfth year of Jian'an (AD 207), when Zhuge Liang was 27 years old, Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times, met with Zhuge Liang, and asked about the plan to unify the world. Zhuge Liang analyzed the situation at the time incisively and proposed to capture Jing and Yi first. As a base, he reformed politics internally, united with Sun Quan externally, pacified the Yi and Yue in the south, and reconciled with the Rong in the west. Waiting for the opportunity, he sent troops from both directions to the north to unify the country's strategic thinking. This conversation is the famous "Longzhong Dui". After listening to Zhuge Liang's incisive and thorough analysis, Liu Bei's thoughts suddenly became enlightened. He felt that Zhuge Liang's talent was rare, so he sincerely asked Zhuge Liang to come out and help him complete the great cause of reviving the Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang then went out to assist Liu Bei and joined forces with Sun Yat-sen to fight against Cao Cao. Cao's army was defeated in the Battle of Chibi. The three kingdoms formed a tripartite force and captured Jingzhou. In the 16th year of Jian'an, Yizhou was captured. Then he defeated Cao Jun and captured Hanzhong. In the twenty-sixth year, Liu Bei established the Shu Han regime in Chengdu. Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister, but he did not open a government to preside over the government.
In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), Liu Bei was critically ill in Yong'an. He called Zhuge Liang to pay attention to the funeral and said: "Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will surely be able to stabilize the country and achieve great things. If your heir can do it, If he is not talented, you can take care of him yourself." Zhuge Liang cried hurriedly: "I will do my best to help each other and be loyal to the chastity until death!" The emperor came to the throne.
When Liu Chan, the later lord of the Shu Han Dynasty, succeeded to the throne, Zhuge Liang was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang and led the pastoral care of Yizhou. The Prime Minister's Office was established to handle daily affairs. At that time, all military, political, and financial affairs in the country were decided by Zhuge Liang, with strict rewards and punishments. Externally, it formed an alliance with Soochow, and internally, it improved relations with all ethnic groups in the southwest, implemented farming, and strengthened war preparations. In the fifth year of Jianxing (AD 227), Liu Chan led his army to Hanzhong and made six northern expeditions to the Central Plains. Most of them were spent on food but without success. In the twelfth year, he finally became ill due to overwork and died of illness. In the original army of Wuzhang, he entrusted Jiang Wei with his funeral affairs.
Zhuge Liang was an orthodox thinker who upheld feudal principles and advocated Confucian loyalty and morality. However, Zhuge Liang did not adhere to Confucian dogma. He respected the king but did not resist the barbarians, and marched into the south. In the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang implemented the best national policy in the Three Kingdoms, and became a model for later generations with his spirit of "devoting his life and dying".
China has portrayed Zhuge Liang as a leader for thousands of years. The incarnation of wisdom, his legendary story has been recited by the world. Zhuge Liang is skilled in strategy, resourceful, and good at making decisions.
He once innovated the "continuous crossbow", which can fire 10 arrows continuously; he made the "wooden ox and flowing horse" to facilitate military transportation in the mountains; he also practiced the art of war, made the "eight formations", and invented the "Kongming Lantern".
Zhuge Liang’s uncle Zhuge Xuan was a famous scholar at that time. Zhuge Liang's brother Zhuge Jin served as an official in Wu Sunquan, worshiped as the general and the guardian of the left, and led the shepherd of Yuzhou. Zhuge, Liang's younger brother, served in the Wei Dynasty as an official, and later moved to Yangzhou as governor, Zhendong general, and Sikong. The three brothers "were both famous, each in the same country. At that time, it was thought that 'Shu got its dragon, Wu got its tiger, and Wei got its dog'" (Shishuo Xinyu·Pinzao notes: Dogs are the "merit") "Dog" is a dog, although it is not as good as a dragon or a tiger, it is still a very meritorious person, so it is also famous.)
Chronology of life
Era name AD age life and deeds
Guanghe 4th year 181 AD 1 year old Zhuge Liang, 14th day of the fourth lunar month in 181 AD Born in Langye Yangdu (now Yinan County, Shandong).
Zhongping 6 years, 189 years, 9 years old, Zhuge Liang's biological mother Zhang passed away.
In the 3rd year of Chuping, 192, at the age of 12, Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Gui passed away.
In 194, the first year of Xingping, at the age of 14, Zhuge Liang, his younger brother Zhuge Jun and his younger sister were adopted by their uncle Zhuge Xuan. His older brother Zhuge Jin went to Jiangdong with his stepmother.
In the 2nd year of Chuping (195), at the age of 15, Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan was appointed as the governor of Yuzhang. He and his younger siblings went to Yuzhang (now Nanchang) with his uncle.
In 197, the second year of Jian'an, Zhuge Xuan died of illness at the age of 17. Zhuge Liang and his siblings moved to Nanyang.
Jian'an 4th year, 199, 19 years old, Zhuge Liang and his friend Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shui Jing, Sima Hui.
Jian'an 12 years 207 years old 27 years old Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times. Zhuge Liang told Liu Bei a plan to divide the world into three parts, which is the famous "thatched cottage pair". He immediately came out to assist Liu Bei.
In the 13th year of Jian'an, 208 years, 28 years old, Zhuge Liang persuaded Sun Quan to form an alliance with Liu Bei and participated in the Battle of Chibi and won.
In 209, the 14th year of Jian'an, at the age of 29, Zhuge Liang was appointed as the military advisor Zhonglang General.
Jian'an 16 years 211 years 31 years old Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun guarded Jingzhou.
In the 19th year of Jian'an, 214 years, 34 years old, Zhuge Liang left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, and led troops with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun to join forces with Liu Bei. Liu Bei entered Chengdu and took charge of Bashu. Zhuge Liang was appointed as the general of the Shu army's military division, the general of the left, and the chief minister of the government.
In the 20th year of Jian'an (215 years), at the age of 35, Zhuge Liang rectified the internal affairs of Bashu.
In the 23rd year of Jian'an, 218, 36 years old, Zhuge Liang stayed in Bashu to raise military supplies to supply Liu Bei who was fighting in Hanzhong.
In 221, the first year of Shu Zhangwu, at the age of 41, Liu Bei ascended the throne and established the Kingdom of Shu. Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister.
In 223, the first year of Jianxing of Shu, at the age of 43, Liu Bei entrusted Zhuge Liang to Baidi City. Liu Chan made Zhuge Liang the Marquis of Wuxiang and led Yizhou as a pastoralist.
2 years after the founding of Shu, 224 years old, 44 years old, Zhuge Liang adjusted the internal affairs of Bashu and stabilized the people who were in chaos due to Liu Bei's defeat.
In the 3rd year of the founding of Shu, 225 years and 45 years old, Zhuge Liang led his army to the south and stabilized the four southern counties.
In the 4th year of the founding of Shu, in 226, at the age of 46, Zhuge Liang prepared to attack Wei.
In 227, the 5th year of the founding of Shu, at the age of 47, Zhuge Liang submitted the "Execution Form" to his later master Liu Chan for the Northern Expedition.
In 228, the 6th year of the founding of Shu, at the age of 48, Zhuge Liang lost his street pavilion in the Northern Expedition. Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su with tears in his eyes, demoted himself to the right general, and acted as prime minister.
In 229, the 7th year of the founding of Shu, at the age of 49, Zhuge Liang made another northern expedition, captured Wudu and Yinping, and restored his position as prime minister.
In the 8th year of the founding of Shu, 230 years and 50 years old, Zhuge Liang made another northern expedition.
In the 9th year of the founding of Shu, 231 AD, at the age of 51, Zhuge Liang attacked Qishan in the northern expedition, defeated Sima Yi, and defeated Wei general Zhang He.
In the 11th year of the founding of Shu (233 AD), at the age of 53, Zhuge Liang built a pavilion in Xiegu to gather grain.
In the 12th year of the founding of Shu, in 234, at the age of 54, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan during another Northern Expedition.
The Five Northern Expeditions
In March of the fifth year of Jianxing (AD 227), Zhuge Liang submitted a "Departure Order" to his later master and led his army to Hanzhong to prepare for the Northern Expedition. He first trained in Hanzhong for about a year, and then attacked the north. The three counties of Wei Nan'an (governing Longxi, Gansu), Tianshui, and Anding (governing Jichuan, Gansu) immediately surrendered to Shu. Emperor Wei Ming personally went to Chang'an to supervise the battle, and used Cao Zhen to supervise the armies in Guanyou, adopting a defense-oriented strategy. The Shu army first threatened to capture the county from Xiegu Road, and asked Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to lead an army to occupy Jigu (now northwest of Baocheng, Shaanxi Province) as a suspected army. Zhuge Liang led the main force to attack Qishan in the west. Joining the army, Ma Su led an army as the vanguard and stationed himself at the street pavilion. Ma Di's command was improper and he was defeated by the Wei army and lost the street pavilion. The Shu army lost its stronghold to advance and had to retreat to Hanzhong (official history does not mention the "empty city strategy" to retreat Sima Yi's army). Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Di with tears in his eyes, and wrote a letter demoting himself to the third rank and assuming the position of prime minister as the right general.
In the winter of the sixth year of Jianxing (AD 228), the Wei army attacked Wu in three directions, leaving Guanzhong empty. Zhuge Liang once again led his army to the Northern Expedition. The Shu army left Dashan Pass this time and besieged Chencang for more than twenty days before retreating after running out of food.
In the seventh year of Jianxing (229 AD), Zhuge Liang led his army to the Northern Expedition for the third time. The Shu army headed west, taking the two counties of Wei Wudu and Yinping and returned. Zhuge Liang was reinstated as prime minister.
In the ninth year of Jianxing (AD 231), Zhuge Liang attacked Wei for the fourth time, using wooden oxen to transport grain and surrounding Qishan Mountain. Sima Yi was the commander in chief and oversaw the resistance. Zhuge Liang led the main force to fight against Sima Yi. Sima Yi knew that the Shu army had come from afar and had limited food and logistics, so he took the risk and refused to go to war. Zhuge Liang ordered Li Yan to be responsible for logistics supply in Hanzhong. Li Yan failed to raise food and grass in time, so he wrote to Zhuge Liang saying that the emperor ordered the troops to withdraw. After Zhuge Liang retreated, he deceived the court and said that the retreat was to lure the enemy. When Zhuge Liang came back, he pretended to be surprised and asked: "The army rations are enough, why did you suddenly retreat?" So, Zhuge Liang took out Li Yan's letter as evidence when he went to court, and signed it with many soldiers to impeach Li Yan. , exempted him from being a commoner and exiled him to Zitong.
In February of the twelfth year of Jianxing (AD 234), Zhuge Liang launched his fifth Northern Expedition. He led his army out of Xiegu and occupied Wuzhangyuan (forty miles south of today's Qishan County, Shaanxi Province). This time we sent troops, we had made an appointment with Soochow to attack Wei at the same time. However, Dongwu delayed sending troops. It was not until May that Sun Quan sent Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin to lead troops to station in Jiangxia and Miokou (now Hanpu, Hubei) to attack Xiangyang. Sun Quan himself led a large army to surround Hefei Xincheng. In this regard, Emperor Wei Ming's strategy was to defeat Soochow first. He personally led the navy to march eastward, and asked Sima Yi, who was guarding the west, to hold on without fighting, and let the Shu army retreat after running out of food. But when Sun Quan learned of the Wei Lord's intentions, he believed that his side had become the main battlefield and suffered a loss, so he ordered his troops to withdraw across the board. On the Western Front. In view of past lessons, Zhuge Liang divided his troops into fields and planned to stay there for a long time. In August of this year, Zhuge Liang suddenly fell ill and died on the front line at the age of fifty-four. The Shu army withdrew across the board. Zhuge Liang left a will during his lifetime: "To be buried in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, just dig a grave in the hillside. The grave can hold the coffin. Wear ordinary clothes and do not carry any burial utensils."
Posthumous works
Zhuge Liang's writings are included in the "Zhuge Family Collection Catalog" in the original biography of "Three Kingdoms", with 24 chapters and 141,12 words.
Compiled by later generations, the "Collected Works of Marquis Zhuge Zhongwu" compiled by Zhang Shu of the Qing Dynasty is relatively complete.
Zhuge Liang's famous major works include: "The Master Before", "The Master After" (or the Yunhou Chapter was a forgery written in Zhuge's name by later generations, and the authenticity is doubtful), and "The Book of Commandments".
"Please declare the posthumous edict of Emperor Daxing"
Emperor Fuwei Daxing showed great benevolence and cultivated virtues. The sun is about to rise and suddenly the sky rises, and the concubines howl, as if they were mourning their concubines. After taking into account the imperial edict, the affairs were for Emperor Taizong, and the whole family mourned and took off their clothes after three days. After the funeral, it was as a courtesy. Chen Liang personally received the edict and feared the gods, so he did not dare to violate it. Please declare it and implement it. ○ "Three Kingdoms" Volume 32 "Shu Shu Biography of the First Lord".
"Southern Expedition Table"
At the beginning, it was said that Gaoding lost his cave and gained his wife. At the end of his career, he had to return to his hometown to survive.
However, Miao Man had a different intention, so he even killed people as allies and gathered more than 2,000 of his kind to fight to the death. ○ "Beitang Shuchao" Volume 158.
"Execution of the Master"
The minister made it clear: The late emperor's business was not halfway through, but the middle path collapsed. Today, Yizhou is weak and exhausted. This is the autumn of the survival of the sincerity. However, the ministers of the bodyguard are tireless at home, and the loyal people forget about themselves outside. This is because they want to repay the special experience of the late emperor to His Majesty. It is sincerely appropriate to open Zhang Shengting to honor the legacy of the late emperor and to magnify the spirit of the people with lofty ideals. It is not appropriate to belittle oneself, to use metaphors that are unjust, and to block the road of loyalty and admonishment.
The palace and the mansion are all integrated into one body. There should be no similarities or differences between them. If there are those who commit crimes and are loyal and good, they should be punished and rewarded by the officials, so as to show that your majesty governs the country in a fair and orderly manner. It is not suitable to be partial and to impose different laws both internally and externally.
Shizhong, Shilang Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc., are all good and solid, with loyal and pure aspirations. Therefore, the late emperor simply removed them and left them to Your Majesty. If you are foolish and think that all matters in the palace are no matter how big or small, if you consult them carefully and then implement them, you will definitely be able to make up for the deficiencies and benefit a lot.
General Xiang Chong was a man of good character and good military skills. He tried to use it in the past. The late emperor called him Neng. If you are foolish and think that all matters in the camp are no matter how big or small, if you consult them carefully, you will be able to make the formation harmonious and the good and bad will be settled.
Being close to virtuous ministers and staying away from villains is why the early Han Dynasty prospered; being close to villains and staying away from virtuous ministers is why the Han Dynasty has declined since then. When the late emperor was still alive, whenever he discussed this matter with his ministers, he would always sigh and hate Huan and Lingye. The ministers, ministers, chief historians, and soldiers who have joined the army are all ministers who have learned about the death of Zhenliang. I hope your majesty will trust them, and the prosperity of the Han Dynasty will be calculated in the coming days.
I am a commoner, plowing the land in Nanyang, trying to survive in troubled times, and not seeking to gain knowledge and reach the princes. The late emperor did not think that his ministers were despicable, and he was in vain. He paid three visits to his ministers in the thatched cottage. The counselors were grateful for the affairs of the world, so they allowed the late emperor to drive away. Later, when the army was overthrown, he was appointed to the army when he was defeated, and he was ordered to be in danger. It has been twenty-one years recently.
The late emperor was cautious in informing his ministers, so he sent his ministers important information before his death. Since receiving the order, I have been worried day and night, fearing that the entrustment would not be effective and would harm the late emperor's wisdom, so I crossed Lu in the fifth month and went deep into the barren area. Now that the south has been secured and the armored troops are sufficient, we should lead the three armies with rewards and secure the central plains in the north. We will wipe out the common people and the stupid people, drive out the traitors, revive the Han Dynasty, and return to the old capital. (North) [This] is why I reported to the late emperor and was loyal. Your Majesty's duty. As for considering profits and losses, and giving honest advice, you, yi, and yun are left to their own devices.
May Your Majesty ask your ministers to bring the thieves back to life; if they fail, you will be punished for their crimes, so as to appeal to the spirit of the late emperor. If there are no words to promote virtue, then blame You Zhi, Yi, Yun, etc. for their arrogance to show their fault. It is also advisable for Your Majesty to make your own plans, consult on the good ways, and listen to the elegant words. I deeply follow the late emperor's edict, and I am deeply grateful for the kindness.
Stay away now. I am in tears and don’t know what to say.
"The Book of Commandments"
A husband and a gentleman should cultivate their moral character through tranquility and cultivate virtue through frugality. Without indifference, there is no clear ambition; without tranquility, there is no far-reaching goal. Learning requires tranquility, and talent requires learning. Without learning, there is no way to expand talents, and without ambition, there is no way to achieve learning. If you are impatient and slow, you will not be able to stimulate your essence, and if you are dangerous and impetuous, you will not be able to cure your nature. Years go with the times, thoughts go with the sun, and they become withered and withered. Many people do not take on the world, and they stay in the poor house with sadness. How will they be able to get back to you!
Historical records
For details, see "Three Kingdoms". Volume 35? "Book of Shu: Biography of Zhuge Liang". Written by Chen Shou of Jin Dynasty.
Comments: Zhuge Liang is the prime minister of the country. He cares for the people, shows rituals, appoints officials, obeys the authority, is open-minded and sincere, and delivers justice. Those who are loyal and beneficial will be rewarded even if they are enemies, and those who violate the law and are negligent will be loved. Punishment is inevitable. Those who plead guilty and lose love will be released even if they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever words will be killed even if they are light; good deeds will not be rewarded if they are small, and evil will not be devalued if they are not small; common things should be refined, physical principles should be followed, names and responsibilities should be followed, hypocrisy Disdainful; finally within the territory of the state, those who are fearful but love them, and those who have no resentment despite severe punishments and policies, because of their calm intentions and clear warnings. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and Guan and Xiao are inferior to each other.
However, he has been trying to mobilize the masses for many years without success, so he must adapt to the general strategy and it is not his strength!
Historical evaluation
Chen Shou: ① Zhuge Liang is the Prime Minister of the country, he cares for the people, shows rituals, appoints officials, obeys the authority, is sincere, delivers justice, and is loyal to the times. Although those who violate the law and show indifference must be punished, even if they are close to each other, they must be punished; those who admit crimes and lose love must be released, although they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever words must be killed, although they are light; good deeds are not rewarded, and evil deeds are not devalued; common things are refined, The essence of physics is to follow the name and be responsible, and to despise hypocrisy; in the end, within the territory of the country, one is fearful but loves it; although the punishment and administration are severe but there is no resentment, one's intentions are calm and the admonishment is clear. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and Guan and Xiao are inferior to each other. However, he has been trying to mobilize the masses for many years without success, so he must adapt to the general strategy and it is not his strength! ② When he is about to die, his heir will be young and weak, and he will be dedicated to everything, no matter how big or small. Therefore, we connected with Soochow outside and pacified South Vietnam internally. We implemented laws and regulations, organized the military and brigades, and used crafts and machinery skills to the utmost. We were strict in science and education. We must believe in rewards and punishments. No evil will be punished and no good will be shown. As for officials, they will not tolerate rape. Be self-reliant, do not pick up lost things, the strong does not invade the weak, and the demeanor is awe-inspiring. ③Li Shu thought about it and thought it was true. To this day, the people of Liang and Yi still hear the words in their ears. Although Gantang sings about Zhao Gong and Zheng people sing about Zichan, they are incomparable. Mencius once said: "If you use the way of leisure to make people work, you will not complain even if you work; if you use the way of life to kill people, you will not be angry even if you die." Believe it! Commentators may blame Liang for not being brilliant in his writing, but being too thorough and thorough by Ding Ning. I foolishly thought that Jiu Yao was a great virtuous person and the Duke of Zhou was a sage. After examining the ministers, I found that Jiu Yao was brief and elegant, and that the Duke of Zhou's edicts were troublesome and thorough. Why? Jiu Yao talked with Shun and Yu, and the Duke of Zhou swore an oath with his subordinates. Liang's words are all ordinary people, so his writings cannot reach far. However, the last words of his teachings are all based on the experience of things, and his sincerity and sincerity are reflected in his writings, which are enough to understand the person's thoughts and principles, and they can be useful to the current world. ④ However, a talented man is better at governing the army, a clever plan is a shortcoming, and he is better at managing the people than generals. However, the enemy we faced may have talented people, but the numbers were too small, and their attack and defense were different. Therefore, even though they mobilized the masses for many years, they were unable to defeat them. In the past, Xiao He recommended Han Xin, and Guan Zhong promoted Wang Zicheng's father. They both considered their own strengths and could not take advantage of both. A bright weapon can govern politics, but it can also control and Xiao's Yapi. At that time, the famous generals did not have Chengfu and Han Xin, so their achievements were delayed and their righteousness was not as good as evil? Destiny has its destiny and cannot be fought with intelligence. ⑤Liang rarely has the talent to stand out from the crowd and is the weapon of heroic domination. ⑥ Prime Minister Zhuge was brave, loyal and strong, forgetting about himself and worrying about the country.
Yang Xi: He is loyal to the military and has great talents. He offers suggestions to the riverside and conquers Wu, Lian and Shu. He has the power to lead the world. After receiving the legacy of A Heng, he improved his martial arts and improved his writing, spread out moral education, studied physics and changed the wind, and the wise and foolish competed with each other in mind, and he forgot his body. In the country of Jingjing, the four descendants of Yisui came to the enemy's court many times, showing off their power, studying the great country, and hating the Weiyi.
Zhang Yi: Rewards should not be far away, punishment should not be close, no title should be obtained without merit, and punishment should not be avoided by high power. This is the reason why virtuous and foolish people forget their own bodies.
Jia Xu: Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country.
Liu Ye: Zhuge Liang was wise in governing and became prime minister.
Fu Qian: Zhuge Liangda knows how to manage changes, is upright and thoughtful, and acts as a leader.
Liu Bei: ① Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will definitely be able to secure the country and finalize major events. ② The solitary one has holes, just like a fish has water.
Cao Rui: Great ambition but no opportunity, many plans but few decisions, good soldiers but no power!
Sima Yi: He is a genius in the world!
Zhou Yu: Since Yu is born, how can Liang be born!
Historical status
The Tang Dynasty saw the first martial arts temple in Chinese history.
1. "New Tang Book - Rites and Music Five" records: "In the 19th year of Kaiyuan, the Taigong Shangfu Temple was built, and the Taigong was honored as King Wucheng. The ceremony was compared with that of King Wenxuan. The ten wise men of the martial arts temple are: Sun Wu of the Wu State in the Spring and Autumn Period, Sima Ranju of the Qi State, Wu Qi of the Wei State of the Warring States Period, Le Yi of the Yan State, Bai Qi of the Qin State, and Zhang of the Western Han Dynasty. Liang, Han Xin, Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han Dynasty, Li Jing and Li Shiji of the Tang Dynasty, and Taigong Wang was the chief worshiper of the Wu Temple."
2. Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty named Zhuge Liang the King of Wuling and granted the temple to Longzhong.
The Song Dynasty not only worshiped Zhuge as a loyal minister (given Yinghui Temple and added "Renji"), but also still worshiped Zhuge as a famous general. His status was second only to Zhang Liang, who ranked first alone, and was still the same as Sun Wu. , Han Xin, Li Jing and others are on an equal footing.
"History of the Song Dynasty" Volume 105 "Book of Rites VIII": In the fifth year of Xuanhe, the Ministry of Rites said: "Wuchengwang Temple will worship seventy-two generals." So the memorial day was laid, and Zhang Liang was honored in the temple.
Different grades are divided according to the direction:
First grade: Zhang Liang
Second grade: Guan Zhong, Sun Wu, Le Yi, Zhuge Liang, Li Ji and facing west, Tian Rangju, Fan Li, Han Xin, Li Jing, Guo Ziyi merged to the east
The third stage: Donglang, Bai Qi, Sun Bin, Lian Po, Li Mu, Cao Shen, Zhou Bo, Li Guang, Huo Qubing, Deng Yu, Feng Yi, Wu Han, Ma Yuan, Huangfu Song , Deng Ai, Zhang Fei, Lu Meng, Lu Kang, Du Yu, Tao Kan, Murong Ke, Yu Wenxian, Wei Xiaokuan, Yang Su, He Ruobi, Li Xiaogong, Su Dingfang, Wang Xiaojie, Wang Jun, Li Guangbi, and heading west;
Fourth stall: Xilang, Wu Qi, Tian Dan, Zhao She, Wang Jian, Peng Yue, Zhou Yafu, Wei Qing, Zhao Chongguo, Kou Xun, Jia Fu, Geng Yan, Duan Yan, Zhang Liao, Guan Yu, Zhou Yu, Lu Xun, Yang Hu, Wang Jun, Xie Xuan, Wang Meng, Wang Zhene, Hu Luguang, Wang Sengbian, Yu Jin, Wu Mingche, Han Qinhu, Shi Wansui, Yuchi Jingde, Pei Xingjian, Zhang Rendan, Guo Yuanzhen, Li Sheng, and heading east.
The Jin people followed the old system of the Tang Dynasty, but lowered the status of Guan Zhong and Han Xin, and eliminated Wang Meng and Murong Ke. Zhuge Liang's status as a famous general remained unchanged. Moreover, in the concept of "History of the Jin Dynasty", whoever says "Zhuge Liang does not know how to fight" proves that this person is "a big talker".
In the Yuan Dynasty, the number of worshipers in the Wu Temple was greatly reduced, and many people were eliminated, but there was still Zhuge Liang, whose status was equal to that of Sun Wu and others.
1. "The Five Wucheng King Articles of the Yuan Dynasty Sacrifice Chronicles" states: "King Wucheng established a temple to the west of the Privy Council Hall, and ten people including Sun Wuzi, Zhang Liang, Guan Zhong, Leyi and Zhuge Liang worshiped there.
2. Emperor Yingzong of the Yuan Dynasty conferred Zhuge Liang the title of King of Xu Lie Zhongwu Xianling Renji
After the birth of the novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Luo Guanzhong at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the story of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms became popular among ancient people. Quite popular. The author deified Zhuge Liang, who was endowed with the magical ability to control the wind and rain, and to avoid the huge influence of the novel.
Memorial Monuments
There are many memorial monuments to Zhuge Liang, including dozens across the country. Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty. He was named "Wuxianghou" during his lifetime (Wuxiang is in Wuxiang Town, Hanzhong City today), and was posthumously named "Wuxiang Hou" by Liu Chan after his death. "Zhongwuhou", so the temple was historically honored as "Wuhou Temple". The earliest Wuhou Temple to commemorate Zhuge Liang was in Mian County, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province. It was built in the spring of the sixth year of Jingyao (AD 263). . Opposite to the Tomb of Marquis Wu in Dingjun Mountain, the Wuhou Temple in Mian County is the most famous one in Chengdu. In addition to Wuhou Temple and Wuhou Temple in Mian County, there are also Wuhou Temple in Nanyang, Wuhou Temple in Baidi City, Wuhou Temple in Baoshan, Yunnan, and Wuhou Temple in Qishan. In addition, there is the Wuzhangyuan Zhuge Temple, which was built before the Tang Dynasty. The Wuhou Palace (Puqi, Hubei) was built in the Ming Dynasty, and the Huangling Temple (Yichang, Hubei) was built in the Jian'an period. Zhuge Town in Lanxi, Zhejiang, was named after the descendants of Zhuge Liang lived here for generations. There are 52 ancient buildings in the Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall, which house the memorial tablet of Zhuge Liang. In recent years, the Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall in Lanxi has become increasingly famous and influential.
Invention
China has always been famous for its politics. Military is the focus, and science and technology have never been paid enough attention. However, "The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms" records Zhuge Liang's wife Huang Yueying's three inventions. Quoting from "Wei's Spring and Autumn Annals": "It is also called Yuan Rong. It uses iron as an arrow, and the arrow is eight inches long. It can fire ten arrows at a time." This is a major improvement in military affairs, which makes it more effective against the powerful Wei army. During the confrontation, even if Sima Yi led the army, he could only hold on. In the end of Zhuge Liang's time, the Shu and Wei armies were always in balance. Providing grain and grass first, improving production tools is also a major achievement
Historical deeds
1. The Wa people surrendered
As far back as 225 AD, they lived in Gourd King. The Kanamanjuan tribe of the Wa people in the area signed an alliance with Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, and submitted to the Shu Han court. They vowed to guard the border and never rebel. For 1,700 years, the Wa people always followed this alliance.
In 1934, when the British army attacked the Banhong and Banlao areas, the Wa people kept this covenant in mind. King Banlao rose up to resist, organized the Wa armed forces, and swore an oath of allegiance to their most respected "Azu" - Zhuge Liang. This is the famous "Ban Hong Incident".
2. The "Tea Ancestor" worshiped by six ethnic minorities.
"Pu'er Prefecture Chronicles and Ancient Relics" records: It is said that Marquis Wu traveled through the six mountains and left copper gongs in Youle, copper trowels in the wild branches, iron bricks in the wild bricks, and wooden bangs in Yibang. , buried horses and pedals in Gedeng, and placed throwing bags in Mancai, which is why the mountain is named after it. One of the six major tea mountains is called Kongming Mountain. The local people also call the tea tree "Kongming Tree" and respect Zhuge Liang as the "Ancestor of Tea".
To this day, the villages of the Jinuo, Blang, Wa, Dai, Hani and Zhuang ethnic groups hold a gathering called the "Tea Master Meeting" on Zhuge Liang's birthday every year, where they sing and dance while admiring the moon. , set off Kongming lanterns and worship Zhuge Liang.
Other legends
Wuzhangyuan
Wuzhangyuan is located in Qishan County, Baoji City, 130 kilometers away from Xi'an in the east, 56 kilometers away from Baoji in the west, and 25 kilometers away from Qishan County in the north . It is more than 20 meters high and covers an area of ??about 12 square kilometers. Wuzhangyuan is surrounded by Qipan Mountain in the south and Weihe River in the north. The east and west sides are deep ditches carved by the river, making the situation dangerous. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang stationed troops in Wuzhangyuan to fight against Sima Yi. He later died of illness in Wuzhangyuan due to overwork, and Wuzhangyuan became famous all over the world. It was Zhuge Liang's last battlefield during the Three Kingdoms period.
In 234 AD, Zhuge Liang led his troops from Hanzhong, passed through the Qinling Mountains, and stationed at Wuzhangyuan. When we first arrived, we were short of food and grass, so we first settled in the fields to train our troops and waited to attack Wei. Wei general Sima Yi was well aware of Zhuge Liang's clever plan, so he stayed on the north bank of the Wei River and did not dare to send troops rashly. The two sides remained in a stalemate for a hundred days at Wuzhangyuan without fighting. Zhuge Liang had to lure Wei soldiers into Hulugou to fight, and set fire to the mouth of the valley in order to defeat Wei general Sima Yi. Unexpectedly, a heavy rain caused the Wei army to escape death. In the autumn of the same year, Zhuge Liang died of illness in the army, and the Shu army was defeated. When Sima Yi entered the place where Zhuge Liang was commanding the battle, he saw the dangerous position of the Shu army and exclaimed: "There are geniuses in the world." In order to commemorate Zhuge Liang, later generations built a temple here.
According to local folklore, when Zhuge Liang died, a star fell from the sky, hence the name. The place where Zhuge Liang farmed was known as "Zhuge Tian". The place where Zhuge Liang set up military tents to command operations still has the remains of a half-meter-high city wall, about 250 meters long from north to south and nearly 100 meters wide from east to west. The local people named this small castle "Huoluo City". On the Qinling hillside south of Huoluo City, there is a flat stone with chessboard lines on it. It is said that Zhuge Liang played chess here, so the mountain was named "Qipan Mountain". Many "Zhuge pots" have been found in the soil of Wuzhangyuan, and the iron pots have official script characters of the Han Dynasty cast on them. Wudayuan is now a piece of farmland. There is a river bay in the middle of the farmland. The local area is called Luo Xing Bay, and the village in the bay is called Luo Xing Fort.
There is Zhuge Liang Temple at the north end of Wuzhangyuan. It was founded in the early Yuan Dynasty and rebuilt in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. On the walls on both sides of the Xian Hall in the temple, there are paintings of stories of the Three Kingdoms, such as Ancient City Meeting, Empty City Strategy, Three Wars with Lu Bu, etc. There are 40 pieces of bluestone inlaid under the mural. Yue Fei's handwritten "Exhortation to the Master" is engraved on the stone with vigorous and powerful handwriting. In front of the stone, there is a stone inscription by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, praising Yue Fei: "pure and uninflected, his writing is like his person". (Some say it’s Longzhong, Xiangyang, and some say it’s Nanyang. It’s hard to tell?)
Eat melon seeds
There was a rule in Xiangyang: when you enter a watermelon garden, you can eat melons. After eating, the melon seeds cannot be taken away. It is said that this "rule" was also invited by Ge Liang to stay.
It is said that the watermelon planted by Zhuge Liang was large, sweet, and sour without tail. Everyone who comes to Longzhong as a guest or passes by must go to the melon garden to feast their mouths. The old farmers around came to learn from him the experience of growing melons. He told them without reservation that the melons should be planted on sandy soil and covered with sesame cakes or sesame oil. Many people came to ask him for watermelon seeds. Because they had not paid attention to saving the seeds before, many people had to leave disappointed. The next year, the watermelon garden opened again, and he put a sign on the ground that read: "Eat the melon tubes and keep the seeds."
Zhuge Liang washed the melon seeds, dried them in the sun, and then Distributed to nearby melon farmers.
Today, watermelons from Jiajiahu, Changfengzhou and Xiaofanzhou on the sandy land on both sides of the Han River are still famous for their large size, thin skin and sweet taste. In some places, the old rule of "eating melons and leaving seeds" is still followed.
Zhuge Liang captured Meng Huo seven times
The place where Zhuge Liang captured Meng Huo seven times was located in Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province today. Zhuge Liang marched southward, captured Meng Huo seven times and conquered Nanzhong.
After the Battle of Yiling, Liu Bei died in sorrow and anger. Taking advantage of this opportunity, Yong Kai, a powerful Han nationality in Yizhou County (now eastern Yunnan), went to Shu and attached himself to Wu, inciting Meng Huo, the leader of the ethnic minorities in this county, and the surrounding counties to rebel. In order to stabilize the rear, Zhuge Liang made full preparations. In the spring of 225 AD, he divided his troops into three groups and marched into Nazhong (today's Yunnan, Guizhou and southwestern Sichuan areas. This area is south of Bashu, so it is called Nazhong). Zhuge Liang adopted Ma Su's advice from joining the army: "attacking the heart is the first priority, attacking the city is the lowest priority; fighting with the heart is the highest priority, and fighting with soldiers is the lowest priority." After killing other rebel leaders, Zhuge Liang sent his troops across the Lu River (today's Jinsha River, Panzhihua, Sichuan) in May. City to Jinyang), and captured Meng Huo alive in Pandong (now the area of ??Qujing and Luxi, Yunnan).
Meng Huo has a particularly high prestige among the local ethnic minorities and Han people. If he can be made sincerely willing to submit, Nanzhong will be stabilized and Shu's worries will be relieved. Therefore, Zhuge Liang not only did not kill Meng Huo, but also took him to visit the Shu army's camp. But Meng Huo responded arrogantly: "I only regret that I didn't know your true and false intentions before, so I was defeated. Now thanks to you, I can see you." If my camp looks like this, it will be too easy for me to defeat you!" After Zhuge Liang heard Meng Huo's words, he knew that he was not convinced, so he immediately let him go back and fight again. In this way, he was captured again after fighting, and captured again. When he was captured for the seventh time, Meng Huo was still allowed to regroup and decide the outcome. At this time, Meng Huo prostrated himself in front of Zhuge Liang and said, "Sir, you are really powerful. We will never rebel again." Seeing that Meng Huo was finally convinced, Zhuge Liang recommended him to serve as an official in Chengdu, and also appointed local people as officials. After that, during Zhuge Liang's lifetime, there was no major turmoil in Nanzhong. From then on, Kong Ming no longer worried about the Nanman and concentrated on dealing with Wei.
Fengjie Baidi City----Liu Bei Tuogu and Shui Ba Zhen
Baidi City is located at the mouth of Qutang Gorge, the first gorge of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. Baidi City, located on the north side of Kuimen and straddling the throat of Sichuan and Hubei, serves as a military fortification. It has a wide area and a long history. It was the first century AD (the end of the Western Han Dynasty). Gongsun Shu took control of Shu and called himself "White Emperor", where he built a city and fortified it. During the Three Kingdoms period, Emperor Liu Bei of the Shu Han Dynasty was defeated in his attack on Wu and retreated to Baidi City. He died of illness in Yong'an Palace. Before his death, he entrusted the affairs of the state (half of the country) and the family (only the orphan alive) to Prime Minister Zhuge Liang. This is the well-known "Liu Bei Tuogu" in China. The existing Baidi Temple is a Qing Dynasty building, such as Mingliang Hall, Wuhou Temple, Tuogu Hall, Star Gazing Pavilion, etc., which promote historical celebrities related to "Tuogu" in many aspects.
The Eight Formations of Water are located on the north bank of the Yangtze River, about six miles east of Fengjie County, Sichuan Province today. It is said that Zhuge Liang once built stones on the dam to form the Eight Formations of Water, commonly known as the "Eight Formations of Water". On the formation map, there are eight vertical and horizontal rows of stone barriers, with a distance of two feet between the rows, totaling sixty-four.
Zhuge Liang and the Empty City Plan
Zhuge Liang’s Empty City Plan can be seen in the 95th chapter of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" "Ma Su refused to admonish and lost his place in the street pavilion, but Wu Hou played the zither and retreated to Zhongda"
Zhuge Liang’s empty city plan first appeared not in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but in the notes (Guo Chong Sanshi) from the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou, the official historian.