Jade has a wide range of meanings. Generally speaking, beautiful stones that are naturally generated and processed to be fine and smooth, bright in color, tough in texture and stable in chemical properties can all be classified as jade. What people usually say about jade is actually nephrite and jadeite. Nephrite refers to the jade composed of tremolite-actinolite minerals, namely white jade, jade, jasper, topaz, etc. Jadeite refers to jadeite which is similar to nephrite and originated from Myanmar. Diamonds, rubies, agates, corals, coal crystals and tortoise shells are "organic gems". People's requirements for soft and hard jade are consistent, that is, hard and dense texture and bright and beautiful color are better.
The earliest data of Neolithic jade in China can be found in the Xianren Cave site in Haicheng, Liaoning Province, which is a serpentine stone tool. Later, with the invention of grinding technology, people finally found out regularly that there are still a number of materials in stone that are particularly fine and beautiful after grinding. Although people still don't know it is jade, it has been deliberately selected for human body decoration.
Jade in China can be divided into nephrite and jadeite.
Jadeite, commonly known as "Emerald" in China, is a rising star in Chinese traditional jade, and also the top grade of all modern jade. The common jadeite colors are white, gray, pink, light brown, green, emerald green, yellowish green, purplish red, etc., most of them are opaque, some are translucent and have glass luster. According to color and texture, there are more than 2 varieties, such as sapphire green, brilliant green, yellow-sun green, sunny green, glass green, Ying Ge green, spinach green, shallow water green, shallow sun green, frog green, melon skin green, plum blossom green, blue green, gray green, oil green, violet and lotus root pink land.
nephrite is called real jade, such as white jade, sapphire, clear white jade, jasper and black jade, etc. They all have waxy luster and are pure and milky white. From the jade articles of past dynasties, nephrite is the main jade used in China, and ancient nephrite is called traditional jade in China. The common colors of nephrite are white, gray, green, dark green, yellow, black, etc. Most nephrite are opaque, and some nephrite are translucent and glassy. The varieties of nephrite are mainly divided according to different colors. The best white jade is as white as suet, which is called suet jade. Sapphire is grayish white to bluish white. At present, some people call grayish white sapphire sapphire. Jasper is green or dark green, and sometimes black spots can be seen, which is caused by impurities such as chromium spinel minerals. When it contains many impurities and is black, it is precious black jade. Topaz is also a more precious variety. There is a yellow shell of sugar water in sapphire, which is called "sugar jade" by the existing people, "pink jade" by some people when the white is slightly pink, and "tiger jade" when the tiger skin is colored.
people who are new to jade are most afraid of encountering fakes because they don't know jade. At present, the identification of glass imitation jade products on the market is probably the most common and simple one among fakes. Common ones are bare little rings, chicken hearts and jade tablets called "Emerald". Because this kind of glass product is made by casting mold, the high-temperature glass liquid will overflow a little at the edge of the object when it is combined, and it will become a faintly raised mold line after cooling. Touch it with your hands and you will find something with your eyes. If you look at the light with a magnifying glass, there must be large and small bubbles in it.
If you don't invite experts, beginners should identify the authenticity of jade by themselves, which can be observed from three aspects:
First, because the texture of glass is very brittle and hard, the structure arrangement is clear, and it lacks the density and toughness of jade, so it can't stand strong high-speed rotary carving, so it is generally impossible to process high relief and round carving on glass.
2. Look for bubbles with a magnifying glass. Even if you can only see one, you can confirm that it is not jade.
thirdly, chromium oxide is added to the glass, and the color is close to ruby; Adding cobalt oxide, the color is close to sapphire; Add chromium oxide and copper oxide, the color is close to emerald ... and so on, there are many kinds of fake jade. However, their colors are always thin, lacking the oily and rich feeling of natural jade color.
the identification of new jade is different from that of old jade. The identification of new jade focuses on the true and false varieties, the quality of texture and the fineness of carvers. The identification of old jade is relatively complicated. Besides several basic requirements for new jade, it is also necessary to identify the production and historical value of jade.
The textual research on the historical value of jade is based on defining the times. To be familiar with the common modeling, characteristic technology and color quality of jade articles in different times, you can often refer to books and materials on jade articles, which will subtly improve the dating level of jade articles. As much as possible, you can correct the parallax between the pictures and the objects in the book.
Identification of true and false jade
Jade can be divided into nephrite and jadeite, and jadeite is also called jadeite. From the chemical composition, nephrite is a silicate containing calcium, magnesium and iron, while jadeite is a silicate containing sodium and aluminum.
Here are some common methods to identify genuine jade:
(1) Water identification method
Drop a drop of water on the jade, and if it is dewdrop-shaped, it will be genuine jade.
(2) Touch by hand
If it is genuine jade, it feels cold and lubricated when touched by hand.
(3) observation method
When jade is observed in the bright place, it is true jade with clear color and even green distribution.
(4) Identification of the tip of the tongue
The genuine jade on the tip of the tongue feels astringent, but the fake jade does not.
in addition, you can also observe with a magnifying glass, mainly to see whether there are cracks, and the value of cracks is greatly reduced.
quality identification of jade
to identify the quality of jade, there are six standards, namely, "color, transparency, uniformity, shape, knock and shine".
(1) Green is the best color jade, and the value of red and purple jade is only 1/5 of that of green jade. If jade contains red, purple, green and white, it is called "Fu Lu Shou Xi"; If it only contains red, green and white, it is "Fu Lushou". The dim and yellowish ones are inferior. If it is monochromatic jade, it is better to have a uniform color.
(2) transparent
as crystal clear as glass, without dirty spots, without chaff and astringency is the top grade. Translucent and opaque jade are called intermediate jade and ordinary jade respectively. Before the Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, jade with red, green and white colors was called jadeite jade. In modern times, jadeite jade refers to generally transparent jade. At present, jadeite jade is transparent and green.
(3) Uniformity
The color of jade is uniform. Although it contains white and green but the color is uneven, its value is very low.
(4) Shape
The shape of jade can be processed into different styles according to different aesthetic requirements, and there is no special standard. Generally speaking, the bigger the jade, the better.
(5) Cracks and cuts are often found in knocking
jade, which is generally not easy to observe. If you knock with a metal bar or gently throw the jade on the counter, you can tell whether there is a crack or not from the clarity of the sound. The louder the sound, the better.
(6) Take a photo
There are black spots and flaws in the jade that are not easy to be found by naked eyes. You can take a photo with a magnifying glass of 1 times, and you can see everything at a glance.
the quality of jade can be divided into 1 grades, and each grade can be subdivided into upper, middle and lower grades. Among them, white jade has the lowest value regardless of its color and transparency.
natural jade is characterized by a slight light color, not a light blue (commonly known as evil color). There is also a kind of synthetic jade, which is made of jade powder, crystal and salt water, and looks like a dark "old pit jade". The identification method is very simple, because it is different from natural jade in proportion, and it can be weighed by hand or with a balance, and the heaviest one is real jade.
at present, the market is often mixed with some exquisite fake jade. The general methods to distinguish fake jade are watching, listening and testing.
(1) See
mainly depends on the transparency, internal structure and luster of the crystal. Real jade is transparent, oily and shiny, with natural patterns, and the internal fiber state is not easy to imitate.
(2) The sound of
genuine jade is crisp, and the sound of fake jade is boring.
(3) Measuring
is mainly about measuring hardness. With the glass plate (rubbing hardness of 5.5) as the standard, except for jade and turquoise, stripes can generally be drawn on the glass plate, while the jade itself is intact. Fake jade is generally soft and can't scratch the glass.
The common fake jade is generally made of plastic and glass. They are all amorphous materials with low hardness and low density, and have the essential characteristics of materials. For example, plastic can be picked with a steel needle, or it can be scratched and floated lightly in your hand. Glass shows bubbles in the light or sunlight, and it shows amorphousness under the polarizer (there is no periodic change of light and shade when it rotates), and there are raw materials to make spiral stripes.
quality identification of jadeite
among many members of the jade family, jadeite is the most precious one. It is a natural ore with extremely high hardness and little output. Its colors are mainly green and red. Red is Fei and green is Cui, hence the name Jade.
(1) Classification of jadeite jade
① Super grade: brilliant green (grandmother green), apple green, glass floor (translucent, fine texture), uniform and bright, without impurities and cracks.
② commodity grade: green, oily green land, slightly transparent, mottled and translucent grandmother green veinlets and mottled green.
③ Normal grade: lotus root powder ground, bean green, light green, fine white, slightly transparent. Opaque jadeite is generally only used as jade jewelry.
(2) quality identification of jadeite jade
① texture. Natural jadeite is transparent or translucent in texture, and its surface is oily and shiny. If you look closely, you can see nearly round slightly transparent "salt particles" and fibrous substances around it.
② hardness. Natural jadeite is jadeite, and its Mohs hardness is 7 degrees. It will be carved with a sharp knife without leaving any traces. The hardness of fake jade is low, and a sharp knife can mark it.
③ emerald. When natural jadeite is observed in strong light, it can be seen that there are emerald flashes of other mineral particles, which are called Cui Hua or emerald; Fakes made of glass, plastic and porcelain have no such "emerald" characteristics.
④ relative density (specific gravity). Natural jadeite has a hard and compact structure, no bubbles, high density and crisp sound when it is knocked; Counterfeit products have loose structure or bubbles, low density, and hoarse knocking sound.
⑤ color. The genuine product is rich and pure in emerald color. Some fakes are made of white jade, serpentine, Australian jade, Han Guoyu, marble and even miscellaneous stones. After decoloring, they are filled with high-hardness plastic slurry and colored, or immersed in green liquid to make "colored jade". When observed under strong light, green lines can be seen, which are messy and small; Although some of them do not show lines, they are unclear and have poor luster, and their weight is lighter than the real thing.
put the fake products into the melted wax solution, and the injected pigment will slowly separate out. In this way, the tested samples will not be damaged, and the authenticity can be identified.
observed by Celsi filter, the additive emerald is purplish red under the mirror, and the color of the natural genuine product remains unchanged.
Some fake jadeites are made by artificial melting of glass, with loose structure, even and dark green, and some have bubbles, and their voices are hoarse when they are struck with hard instruments.
(3) Jade shopping
① Look at the color. See if the color is pure, rich and uniform, and use a spotlight flashlight to check whether there are hidden variegated colors. The color is rich, pure and uniform, and the impurities are small. Emerald green has a higher price, followed by red and purple. Among the greens, the tender and slightly yellow seedling green is the best, followed by sapphire green, river green and oil green, and the green is evenly distributed.
② Observe the transparency. Observing under strong light, the higher the transparency, the better.
③ listen to the sound. The sound of knocking is crisp and pleasant.
④ Observe the emerald and stone flowers. According to light observation, jadeite has the flash of other mineral particles (that is, emerald), and there are often massive white flowers, called stone flowers. Both are better with less.
⑤ Look at cracks and dark spots. Some cracks exist in the raw ore, and some are caused by processing, so less is better; Black spots are black spots everywhere in jadeite, and it is better to be few and small.
⑥ look at the processing level. Smooth surface, good polishing and good shape are preferred. Put away
enthusiastic users | Published on February 2, 214 at 23: 4 Comment 3
Jadeite, also known as Burmese jade, is jadeite produced in Myanmar. Myitkyina, in the north of Myanmar, has the largest jadeite deposit, and it has been mined for gem-grade jadeite for a long time and supplied to all parts of the world. Therefore, people only know that jadeite is produced in the Union of Myanmar for a long time. Therefore, jadeite in the Union of Myanmar is synonymous with jadeite, which is the scientific name of gemstones, while Burmese jade is the jargon of experts. There is no such name in Myanmar, and jadeite is the laudatory name given to this natural spirit by China people. It comes from the name of a jade bird, because the most beautiful green (emerald) and red (jade) in gem-grade jadeite are the same as the color of this bird, so it gets a good name.
Emerald is the jewelry name of the mineral of pyroxene jadeite. Produced in the border area of Myanmar near China, the chemical composition of jadeite is sodium aluminum silicate, the hardness is Mohs 6.75-7, and the specific gravity is 3.4, with glass luster. Colors are: green, yellow, red, purple, white, blue and so on. Generally, the red one is called Fei, and the green one is called Cui, which is commonly called jade. General jadeite is opaque, but some jadeite with good quality are close to transparent body.
Jade's English name is jade, which comes from Spanish invaders. They named the jade plundered by Mexico Pieda be ijade, and ijade is the last word. Usually, jade refers to nephrite. The most famous jade in China is Hetian jade in Xinjiang, which, together with turquoise in dushan jade, Liaoning, xiuyan jade and Hubei, is called the four major jade in China.
The colors of jade are: red, yellow, blue, green, white, etc. According to different colors, it can be divided into white jade, topaz, jasper, black jade and sapphire.