The begonia we usually refer to refers to plants of the genus Apple in the Rosaceae family. Sometimes it also includes Begonia papaya and Begonia of the genus Papaya in the Rosaceae family. In some cases, even Begonia in the Begoniaceae family is also generically called For Begonia. To be precise, crabapple refers to a plant of the genus Apple with a fruit diameter of less than or equal to 5cm for the purpose of cultivation and ornamental purposes. It is called crabapple in English. Begonia was collectively called Nai in ancient my country. The title "Begonia" appeared in the Tang Dynasty. In the "Erru Pavilion Qun Fang Pu" written by Wang Xiangjin of the Ming Dynasty, the name "Begonia" was used for four kinds of plants today: Xifu Begonia (?Malus) micromalus?), Malus halliana?, Chaenomeles speciosa? and Chaenomeles cathayensis? This view of Wang Xiangjin has far-reaching influence. Even though these four plants are of different genera, Begonia xifu and Begonia cuspiscens belong to the genus Malus, Begonia truncatula and Begonia papaya belong to the genus Papaya, they all have the word "begonia" in their names.
The "Book of Songs·Wei Feng·Papaya" recorded about 2,500 years ago: "Throw me a peach, and give me a Qiongyao in return. If a bandit repays you, you will always think it's good!" According to research, Wood peach is Papaya Begonia or Tiegan Begonia. This is the earliest written record of Begonia that can be found so far. Sima Xiangru's "Shanglin Fu" (125 BC - 128 BC) of the Western Han Dynasty contains records of "Coffin, Nai, Magnolia officinalis", etc. According to research, "Nai" refers to Chinese cotton apples and small fruit apples of the genus Apple. During the Zhenyuan period of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty (785-805), Jia Dan was the prime minister and wrote "Hundred Flowers Spectrum", in which Haitang was praised as "the fairy among flowers". This book was the first book to use the title "Begonia". Previously, "Begonia" was often used as " "氰" summary. Since then, the status and reputation of Begonia as an ornamental plant have become increasingly prominent, reaching its peak in the Song Dynasty, when the monographs "Begonia Ji" and "Begonia Pu" appeared to study Begonia. It is recorded in "The Story of Begonia" by Shen Li of the Northern Song Dynasty: "I heard that Emperor Zhenzong composed ten titles on miscellaneous flowers in the Houyuan, with Begonia as the first chapter, and gave it to his ministers to sing. Then we know that Begonia can compete with Peony and stand alone in Xizhou." Yuan Dynasty Begonia became a commonly used image among literati during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and many poems praising begonia were circulated. There are many celebrities who love crabapples in modern times. Zhu Ziqing wrote in the essay "Looking at Flowers": "I love the apricots with their old stems in full bloom, the little red peaches that are graceful in the wind, and the redbuds with stems as thick as beads; but I love them the most. It’s the Begonia of Xifu.” Another prose piece by Zhu Ziqing is directly titled “The Moon is Hazy, the Birds Are Hazy, and the Curtains Are Rolling with Begonias Red.” Begonia flower has won the love of the world for its beauty and beauty. In history, celebrities such as Yang Yuhuan, Du Fu, Su Shi, and Zhang Daqian had an incomprehensible relationship with begonia.
According to the Northern Song Dynasty music history "Yang Taizhen's Biography": "The emperor went to the Agarwood Pavilion to summon his concubine Taizhen. She was drunk at that time, but she didn't wake up. He ordered a powerful man to ask the servant to help her come. The concubine was drunk, her face was stained, and her hair was messy. The hairpin is horizontal and can no longer be worshiped. The emperor said with a smile, the concubine is drunk, because the begonia has not slept enough." This allusion has been passed down from generation to generation, and "begonia sleeps in spring" has become a theme that poets and painters of subsequent generations continued to chant and depict. In the literary works of later generations, Begonia was often used to refer to Yang Yuhuan, and later the Begonia flower was used as a metaphor for beauty.
There were many literati and writers who sang about Begonia in the Tang and Song Dynasties, but Du Fu’s Begonia poems were not seen alone. Sichuan's crabapples were famous all over the world in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu lived in Sichuan for a long time and sang all kinds of local flowers, but there was no poem about crabapples. Later generations often doubted this. Zheng Gu, a poet of the late Tang Dynasty, said in his poem "Appreciating Begonias in Sichuan": "The sky above Huanhua River is melancholy, and Zimei (Du Fu) is ruthless in order to promote it." Wang Anshi also mentioned: "Shaoling (Du Fu) helped you to promote poetry, but he had no intention of doing so. "Ode to Begonia." Wu Zhongfu believed that Begonia was so beautiful that even Du Fu found it difficult to describe it. "Zi Mei, a talented poet, has yet to stop writing and is still lonely in Jincheng." Lu You analyzed that Du Fu had a poem on Begonia, but it has been lost. A third explanation was also circulated in the Northern Song Dynasty: Du Fu did not write Begonia poems because he concealed the name of his mother's milk. This nonsense was criticized by Li Yu, a scholar from the Qing Dynasty: "However, I am afraid that even if my son is beautiful, he is good at reciting, and he cannot recite things. If a poem is accidentally left, even if future generations talk about his parents, it is very difficult. It is difficult for a talented man! "In short, why Du Fu didn't chant Haitang is a matter of suspicion among literati. ?
Literati in the Song Dynasty began to consciously introduce and cultivate crabapples.
In the seventh year of Yuanfeng, Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, Su Dongpo visited his student Shao Minzhan at the gate and planted the begonias he brought with him in front of Shao's Tianyuan Hall. Later, when Su Shi wrote, he would ask: "Is Begonia okay?" Shaw reported: "Begonia is okay." The tree still survives in Yongding Village, Zhakou Township, Yixing City, Jiangsu Province. In 1982, Yixing rebuilt the Begonia Garden at the original site.
Begonia was one of Premier Zhou Enlai’s favorite flowers during his lifetime. Xifu Begonia is widely planted in the Xihua Hall of Zhongnanhai in Beijing. In the spring of 1954, when the begonias were in full bloom in the West Flower Hall, Premier Zhou was attending the Geneva Conference in Switzerland and could not come to appreciate the flowers in person, so Deng Yingchao cut a branch of the begonia flower, made it into a specimen, put it in a book and asked someone to bring it to the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister was very moved when he saw the meaningful begonia flowers from the motherland. Even in his busy schedule, he did not forget to return warm greetings to Deng Yingchao and asked someone to bring back a sprig of peony to Deng Yingchao. Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao traveled thousands of miles to send flowers and greetings, which became a widely circulated story.
The life of the master of Chinese painting Zhang Daqian is full of legend. He loved plum blossoms, lotus, begonia and other garden plants with Chinese characteristics. When he was living in the United States, he begged begonias from friends and wrote "Begging Begonias": "Jun It's sunny and windy in the courtyard, and all the flowers will bloom in spring. Thinking that Concubine Yang would get up from bed, she begged for a begonia plant. "Zhang Daqian heard that there was a precious weeping begonia growing a hundred miles away, so he was even willing to buy a few copies of it. Pawn paintings, save money on food and clothing, "Pawn paintings and collect clothes and reduce food, but I am willing to teach you to live up to the good times; I heard that Begonia has not yet been hired, so I have to buy clothes before spring." This shows his love for Begonia. In 1958, Zhang Daqian was awarded the title of World Great Painter by the New York International Art Association for his painting "Begonia". At the end of 1982, Zhang Daqian, who was living in Taipei and was in the last stage of his life, painted "Begonia Sleeping in Spring" as a gift to his old friends in Sichuan. The painting depicts broken branches of crabapples with bright colors and charming shapes. He also wrote a poem to express his longing for his motherland and his old friends. Affection. There are quite a few literary works that reflect the Begonia flower culture. Below are only some of the works involving Begonia flower culture in poems, novels and operas. ?
(1) Begonia flower culture in poetry
Begonia cultivation began to flourish in the Tang Dynasty. Zheng Guyou, a Tang Dynasty man, sang a poem about begonia: "The spring breeze is used to even out the color, and it sells well with glasses and poems." "Beauty is most suitable for new rain, and enchantment is all about when it is about to bloom..." Zheng Gu wrote the beautiful and enchanting style of Begonia in "New Rain" and "when it is about to bloom" that are still praised by people. Begonia makes poets. Zheng Gu didn't see enough and couldn't finish writing. He drank and composed poems and couldn't forget to leave.
The most famous poem about Haitang in the Northern Song Dynasty is "Begonia" written by Su Shi in the seventh year of Yuanfeng, when he was exiled to Huangzhou: "The east wind is full of light, and the fragrant mist is covered with moonlight in the corridor. I'm afraid it's late at night. The flowers are sleeping, so burn high candles to illuminate the red makeup." This poem about Begonia is very popular. Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty used the beauty of Begonia to describe Yang Guifei's charm. Su Shi did the opposite and used Yang Taizhen's romantic style to describe Begonia's beauty. The poet uses flowers as personifications to express his deep affection for loving and cherishing flowers. Cherishing flowers is actually cherishing oneself, thereby expressing the feeling of "we are all fallen people in the world".
Lu You, another great poet in the Song Dynasty, was also obsessed with crabapples. In "Flower Time Traveling to Homes, Part 2" he said: "I would love the famous flowers even to death, but I only worry about the damage caused by the wind and the sun." Hong Fang. The green chapter plays to the Tongming Hall at night, begging for the spring shade to protect the begonia. "The poet is very crazy," he said. Tongming Hall, please borrow more cloudy days so that the begonias can bloom continuously. The ten poems in "Flower Time Traveling to Homes" are a series of poems written by Lu You for Haitang when he was in Chengdu. Lu Fangweng sang in "Begonia Song": "The Jade Rooster and Begonia are the only ones in the world, and the branches are like stained with orangutan blood... The boat sailed eight thousand miles east, and the peaches and plums became slaves. If the roots of Begonia could be moved, Yangzhou Peony would die of shame." "Because of his love for Begonia, Lu Fangweng was nicknamed "Begonia Epilepsy".
Li Qingzhao, a female poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, also had special feelings for Begonia. She wrote the well-known "Like a Dream": "Last night it rained and the wind blew, and there was no residual wine left in my deep sleep. I asked the man behind the curtain, but he said Begonia is still the same. Do you know? It should be green, fat, red and thin. "The phrase "green, fat, red and thin" appropriately refers to the changes of begonia after a night of wind and rain. The two colors of green and red refer to the fat and thin flowers. The two forms vividly depict the lush branches and withered petals after the rain, which are both vivid and accurate. "Green, fat, red and thin" has always been praised by people, and it can be regarded as the synonym for Begonia.
Yuan Haowen of Jin Dynasty wrote "Qing Ping Le": "I am separated from the intestines, and I feel thin and have light traces of makeup. Two swallows are flying here and there, and they know the news is near and far. There is a light rain in front of the building, and the begonia curtain The curtain is light and cold. Du Yu's sound of spring leaves, and there are countless green hills above the trees. "This poem expresses the feeling of longing for the distant spring, and expresses the light and distant lovesickness, as well as the nostalgia for youth and the attachment to life. These emotions are not expressed directly, but are expressed naturally through the depiction of typical scenes such as Haitang and Du Yu.
The literati’s praises of Begonia can be roughly divided into two categories: one is simply praising Begonia’s stunning beauty and blooming scenery, and describing its pleasing appearance, such as the poems of Zheng Gu of the Tang Dynasty; the other is borrowing Begonia expresses the feelings of regretting and cherishing spring, such as "Ru Meng Ling" by Yi An Jushi and "Qing Ping Le" by Yuan Haowen. Spring flowers are beautiful and full of vitality, but the good flowers do not bloom often and the good scenery does not always last. When the flowers fall and return in spring, it is more likely to cause the sentimentality of talented people and beautiful women. The reason is as Du Fu said: "It's not that I love the flowers and want to die, but I'm afraid that the flowers will run out." "The old lady urges you."
(2) Begonia flower culture in novels
There are fifteen chapters of Begonia mentioned in the classic "A Dream of Red Mansions", both concrete Begonia and Begonia. The wine order of the poetry club named after Begonia shows that Cao Xueqin is full of affection for Begonia. Cao Xueqin described Jia Baoyu's Yihong Courtyard as follows: "As soon as you enter the door, you are connected by verandas on both sides. There are several rocks in the middle of the courtyard, and several banana trees are planted on one side; on the other side is a Xifu Begonia, which is as powerful as Umbrellas are hanging with green silk, and flowers are spitting out cinnabar." This group of small garden scenes combines the characters of plants and characters, and is full of poetry and painting. It not only reflects the original stone image of the owner of the garden, Jia Baoyu, but also reflects his "refreshing feeling after seeing his daughter." "It's not unrelated to his character. Red Mansologists point out that in "A Dream of Red Mansions", Haitang also symbolizes Shi Xiangyun. [7] In the 37th Chapter of Tanchun, the Jie Haitang Poetry Club was launched. The first activity after the association was to chant Bai Haitang's seven-character poem. Everyone composed one poem, and one person in Xiangyun wrote two poems, which were praised by everyone. Named champion. There is a poem about Bai Begonia in Xiangyun: "The steps of Hengzhi lead to the door of Luoxue, and they are suitable for both wall corners and pots." The first sentence describes the planting environment of Begonia, and the second sentence points out the application form of Begonia. It can be planted on the ground or in pots. . The image of Begonia depicted in the whole poem coincides with Xiangyun's character. In Chapter 63, all the maids of Yihongyuan held a banquet to celebrate Baoyu's birthday. They invited all the ladies and they all performed flower-famous wine orders. The wine chips that Xiangyun drew were begonias. According to the analysis of red experts, the begonias that Xiangyun drew were It is its "natal flower". In "A Dream of Red Mansions", Haitang not only symbolizes Xiangyun, but also hints at the rise and fall of the Jia family.
Another novel about Begonia is the novel "Begonia" by Qin Shouou (1908-1993). This book has had a wide impact on readers in the occupied areas, and has been adapted into a variety of art forms and has been performed in various places for a long time. The novel describes the tragedy of Peking Opera artist Qiu Haitang, accuses the sins of the feudal warlords, and pours out deep sympathy for the lower class people. When Qiu Begonia took refuge in the countryside, a couplet was hung in her room: "After the begonias are in bloom, the swallows come to the courtyard at dusk; the shadow of the swing on the red wall faces the water, and the house faces the water." This couplet quotes ancient words and phrases, cleverly embedding the three characters of the host's stage name "Qiu Begonia", It expresses the longing for the loved one and the yearning for a peaceful life in a profound and tortuous way. It is quite profound and full of charm.
(3) Begonia flower culture in opera
The Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties were the heyday of ancient opera. Yuan Zaju is a typical representative of artistic achievements in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties and is the basis for the development of opera. The first flourishing stage. The masterpiece "Wutong Rain" by Bai Pu, one of the four masters of Yuan opera, tells the love story of Tang Xuanzong and Yang Yuhuan. In the fourth chapter of the play, Li Longji sighed: "Whoever hoped to see Maweipo in the dust, it is a pity that a begonia flower has been scattered." The direct use of begonia flowers to refer to Yang Guifei expresses that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty missed him alone in the palace. The desolate and desolate state of mind of Concubine Yang when she died also contains the author's own thoughts and feelings after the death of his country and family.
The name of the play "The Romance of the West Chamber" written by Wang Shifu of the Yuan Dynasty has been recorded in history. It is adapted from "The Romance of the West Chamber" by Dong Jieyuan, and tells the story of the hero and heroine Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying breaking through the shackles of ethical family rules and ending their marriage.
In the second chapter of the third book, Zhang Shengyun said: "If you want to go to the Begonia Flowers for an appointment, why does the sun take root again?" This describes Zhang Sheng's eagerness to see Yingying at night and hates the time passing too slowly. He uses "Begonia Flowers" "Yate" refers to a date with a beautiful woman. The Begonia flower culture in artistic works is mostly reflected in art forms such as paintings, bonsai and flower arrangements.
(1) Begonia flower culture in painting
Paintings before the Tang Dynasty were mainly religious paintings. By the Tang Dynasty, flower-and-bird painting gradually separated from landscape painting and became an independent painting subject. From then on, crabapples often appeared in flower-and-bird paintings, either as the main subject or as a foil.
During the Five Dynasties, Xu Xi, a master of flowers and birds in the Southern Tang Dynasty, was not an official in his life, but he painted many things from rivers, lakes, villages and wild places, so he was known as "Xu Xi's wild life", in contrast to Huang Quan's "Huang Family Wealth" , created two major schools of flower-and-bird painting in the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty. "Yutang Wealth" is a work handed down from generation to generation by Xu Xi. It is painted with magnolia, crabapple, peony, etc. Begonia is a homophonic word for "tang". "Yutang Wealth" later became a commonly used configuration form in Chinese classical gardens.
During the Chunxi reign of the Song Dynasty, Lin Chun's "Picture of Birds Coming When Fruit Ripens" was waiting for an order from the Academy of Painting. It is now in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing and is a color on silk. The rich pinpo fruit and the bird standing on the branch are described with exquisite and realistic coloring and painting. The bird is naive and cute, just like an innocent and lovely child, which makes the viewer endlessly amused. The flower and bird paintings of the Yuan Dynasty were not as colorful as those of the Song Dynasty, but they were simple, clear, calm and thought-provoking. Qian Xuan's "Eight Flowers Scroll" depicts eight kinds of flowers including crabapple. The brushwork is exquisite and delicate, and the dyeing is bright and beautiful. It is full of the quaint and elegant temperament of literati paintings. It is a representative of the flower-and-bird paintings of the Yuan Dynasty.
Begonia is also a symbol of beauty and ideals, in sharp contrast to the ugly reality. In the paintings of Zhu Da (Bada Shanren) in the early Qing Dynasty, all he painted were ruined mountains and remnants of water, or fish and birds with "white eyes looking at people", but he still had affection for the begonias he painted. In his "Inscription on Begonia", he described himself walking alone by the twists and turns of the stream, seeing "all the beautiful falling flowers", and actually hoped that "people's hearts are as happy as water, and they can cross the river bridge with them". It was the delicate petals of begonias that disappeared with the water, which made Zhu Da have the idea that his heart was like a stream flowing with the beautiful begonia flowers across the river bridge.
(2) Begonia flower culture in bonsai and flower arrangement
Begonia has become one of the important plant materials for bonsai in the Song Dynasty. The earliest record of potted crabapples is Fan Chengda's "Wu Jun Zhi": "Lotus crabapples are the best among flowers. Although all crabapples are gorgeous, they are all single-leaf, and only those in Shu have double leaves, as plump as small lotuses. Chengda since Returning to the east of Shu, I spread a few plants in earthenware pots and placed them on the stern of the boat. They were only about two feet high. They were still alive in Wu, and they bloomed in a few years, just like those in Shaocheng." This shows that double begonias were already present in Shu in the Song Dynasty. The potting method began to be used to introduce and domesticate garden flowers and trees, which also shows that begonia potted plants and bonsai appeared in the Song Dynasty. Because crabapples are easy to process and shape into ancient forms of piles, various schools of modern bonsai often choose crabapples with stems, hanging silk crabapples, Xifu crabapples and papaya crabapples. The Sichuan school most commonly uses crabapple shapes. Begonia is extremely suitable for making natural tree stump bonsai or regular tree stump bonsai, flower bonsai or fruit bonsai.
Begonias are also often used in flower arrangements. Flower arrangements in China originated from "offering flowers" in front of the Buddha. Zhang Qiande of the Ming Dynasty wrote a volume of "Vase Flower Pu" in 1595. In "Vase Flower Pu", Xifu Begonia was rated as the second grade and eight life. Both Gao Lian's "Eight Notes of Zunsheng" and Yuan Hongdao's "Vase History" consider Begonia an ideal vase plant. Begonias were often planted in private gardens in ancient times. Unfortunately, most of them were destroyed by wars, and very few remain. However, we can get a glimpse of them from written records. Li Deyu, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, recorded the strange flowers and plants he planted in his residence in Pingquan Mountain in "Records of Plants and Trees at Pingquan Mountain Residence": "The strange trees include: golden pines and Qi trees on the rooftop, crabapples, torreyas, and cypresses on Jishan... "This is an earlier article recording the use of crabapples in gardens for landscaping. From 1117 to 1122, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty built "Gen Yue" in the northeast of Kaifeng, the capital. Zhang Hao of the Southern Song Dynasty recorded in "Gen Yue Ji": "They also planted fragrant trees on the island and crowned it with crabapples, calling it 'Begonia River'... Build a fortress outside the embankment to guard it, and plant peach, crabapple, hibiscus and weeping poplar trees along the waterfront. "There is no gap." It can be seen that scenic spots named after Haitang appeared in the Song Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, crabapple was a common tree species in garden configurations. The "Begonia Chunwu" in the Humble Administrator's Garden built by Wang Xianchen in the Ming Dynasty is an excellent example of crabapple landscaping that has been preserved to this day.
The first host is cypress plants, such as juniper, dragon cypress, staghorn cypress, etc.; the second host is Begonia truncatula, Begonia truncatula, cypress, etc.
After the pathogen invades juniper and other trees, it will produce light yellow spots on the leaf axils or twigs in the first year, and then swell. By February or March of the next year, brown rice grains will be produced and break through the epidermis, which are teliospores. Teliospores grow singly or in clusters, causing plant branches to swell.