opening two cultural and sports shops in one place will exceed the demand, right? The cultural and sports shop owners should sell some school supplies, sporting goods and office supplies. I wish you a prosperous business! What exactly do the cultural and sports shops sell
pens, books, notebooks, badminton and other sports equipment, art supplies, etc. What are the specific classifications of styles?
the speech is a style
style, which refers to the style or genre of the article; It also refers to entertainment and sports.
Poetry, the earliest literary genre in China, originated from the labor voice of primitive people, and it is a literature with rhyme and singing.
Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the times; Divided into narrative poems and lyric poems according to expression; According to the content, it can be divided into four categories: pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, science poetry and object-chanting poetry.
1. Antique poetry
Antique poetry is a kind of poetic theme relative to modern poetry
2. A style of Chu Ci
poetry, named after it originated in southern Chu during the Warring States Period, is represented by Qu Yuan's Lisao, also known as "Sao Style". Chuci was formed in the era of ancient poetry, but its style is independent in view of the relationship between poetry and ode.
features: a large number of fairy tales are merged, full of fantasy and romance; In addition to lyricism, the method of laying out is widely used; The sentence pattern is relatively prosaic, and the word "Xi" is widely used.
3. Modern poetry
A style of poetry that is opposite to classical poetry, also known as "modern poetry" and "metrical poetry", has strict rules on the number of sentences, the number of words, the level and the rhyme. There are two categories: metrical poems and quatrains.
4. Rhyme
A style of modern poetry, which is divided into five rhythms and seven rhythms. It has certain specifications and requirements in phonology, level tone, sentence pattern and antithesis. The whole poem consists of eight sentences, which are divided into the first couplet, the parallel couplet, the neck couplet and the tail couplet.
5. quatrains
A style of modern poetry, which is divided into five quatrains and seven quatrains, is generally considered to be "half-verse".
6. New poetry
, also known as "modern poetry", refers to the new-style poetry produced since the May 4th Movement in China. In form, it broke the restriction of the old-style poetry, and adopted a relatively free form and a vernacular close to spoken language, which was convenient for reflecting social life and expressing thoughts and feelings.
New poems should be concise, rhyming and generally neat.
7. Singing style
A style of Yuefu folk songs. Song is a general name, boasting skills and acting, which is not strictly different from "singing", "song", "quotation", "sigh", "tune" and so on.
8. The word
has a tune name (Qupai) indicating music, which specifies the music of the words that can be sung, as well as the number of words, sentences, rhymes, rhymes and so on. Most of them are divided into pieces (segments), and "pieces" are also called "times" or "que", which means that the music is sung once.
Words summarize the length of musical tune, which can be divided into minor tune, middle tune and long tune (slow words).
Ci had its embryonic form as far back as the Liang Dynasty, and it was shaped in the late Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. A major style of novels and literary works. By describing the complete story and specific environment, we can create a variety of characters and reflect social life in a wide range of ways.
China's novels originated from ancient myths and legends, and experienced the development process of the Six Dynasties' tales, tang legends's tales, Zhang Hui's novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the "May 4th" modern novels.
according to the length of the article, it can be divided into long stories, medium stories and short stories; According to different contents, it is divided into social novels, fairy tales, historical novels, science novels and detective novels.
1. Strange stories
refer to an old novel about ghosts and gods in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties in China. Originated from ancient myths and legends. Such as "Search for God".
2. Anecdotal novel
It is a novel used to describe the wild rumors and anecdotes of intellectuals who advocate talking freely since Wei and Jin Dynasties.
3. Legendary novel
is a kind of classical novel with many strange and fantastic plots. Generally speaking, it refers to the classical Chinese short stories created by Tang and Song people. It is a treasure house for writers of novels and dramas in Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties to absorb themes. It originated from the Six Dynasties' "strange ambition".
4. The story-telling novel
refers to the original book used by the speaking artists in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Write down the contents of novels and stories in popular language, for your own memo or for teaching others. Later, it became a style of novel, that is, storytelling novel. It marks the maturity of Chinese classical novels.
(a novel in a fictional version)
5. Zhang Hui's novel
A style of ancient Chinese novels. It is a novel with chapters and narratives developed on the basis of telling history and scripts.
It is characterized by paragraphs summarizing the development and conflicts of the story, which are divided into several chapters, and the antithetical sentences are often used as the heads to reveal the contents of this chapter. There are often poems at the beginning of each time. In the first paragraph, bring up the content of the last time in order to connect the content of this time; At the end of each time, there are many suspense when the plot * * * comes to an abrupt end.
6. The floorboard of a kind of novels that condemn novels
to expose social ills, and lash and condemn all kinds of morbidities in feudal officialdom and society. Produced before and after the Revolution of 1911.
7. Romance novel
A kind of old-style novel. Summarize history books and legends, and write them in modern spoken language. It is developed from a story-telling book. Prose in ancient times, any prose without rhyme or rearrangement, including historical classics, was generally called prose. Modern prose refers to a literary genre that is equal to poetry, novel and drama.
Prose is characterized by a wide range of materials, "scattered in form and concentrated in spirit"; Free form and flexible writing; Language is not limited by rhythm, and its expression is implicit and meaningful.
According to the differences in content and expression, it can be divided into:
Narrative prose-prose focusing on remembering people, narrating events, describing objects and describing scenery.
lyrical prose-through the narrative description of characters, events or scenery, it achieves the purpose of supporting things and singing aspirations and expressing feelings in things. Symbols are often used to express the author's implicit * * *, guiding people to remember and associate.
Discussion prose-reasoning is often carried out with the help of the brief description of cases, the description of images and the expression of feelings. There is no need for logical reasoning and rigorous argumentation.
1. Ancient prose
refers to prose written in classical Chinese, which is different from parallel prose. Tang Hanyu opposed the style of writing of couples since Wei and Jin Dynasties, advocated the prose widely used in pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and called it ancient prose, which was later used as a proper name for prose.
2. Notes
① Inscription: an ancient style of writing on stone tablets to tell the life stories of characters.
② Travel Notes: It is a kind of prose genre that describes travel experiences.
③ Miscellaneous notes in Peach Blossom Garden: It's an ancient prose genre that sees righteousness according to things and writes what you see and hear without much discussion.
(4) recording ... events: it is a style that records the life stories of characters in ancient times.
⑤ notes: a short and rich style in ancient times, mainly taking notes. Mengxi Bi Tan.
3. Ancient argumentative writing style
① Original: ancient argumentative writing style. Yuan Jun (Huang Zongxi)
② Discrimination; It is an ancient argumentative style that distinguishes right from wrong.
③ saying: it is a style used in ancient times to explain things by narrating, discussing or explaining. Ma Shuo, Shi Shuo and Ailian Shuo
④ Theory: the argumentative style of ancient reasoning. On the Six Kingdoms
4. In ancient times, the courtiers presented the throne to the emperor-it was an argumentative style
① Sparse: it was a style in which courtiers presented their opinions to the emperor in articles. Also known as memorial, memorial. On accumulation and storage (Jia Yi)
② Table: the style of stating a certain opinion or thing. "Chen Qingbiao" (Shi Mi)
③ Tactics: The style of asking questions in imperial examinations is called strategic questions.
④ Irony: In ancient times, people were euphemistically persuaded to accept the opinions of their subordinates by means of metaphor and suggestion. Zou Ji satirizes coachable, King of Qi
5. Preface, postscript
6. Preface
One of the ancient literary styles, it was written for farewell.
preface to seeing Ma Sheng off in Dongyang
7. Historical biography
① Chronicle: a kind of biography, which specifically describes the deeds of emperors.
② aristocratic families: mainly describe the deeds of governors and special figures.
③ biographies: used to record the deeds of ordinary officials and common people, and also used to record the history of ethnic minorities and other countries.
8. Reportage
As a new style in prose, it is a general term for features and literary communication. It is news, vivid and political to report the things that people care about in social life quickly and timely by using literary expression. Known as the "light cavalry" on the literary front.
Three landmark works of China's reportage, The Bonded Worker, Who is the Most Lovely Man and Goldbach's Conjecture. The comprehensive stage art of drama shapes the image of stage art, reveals social contradictions and reflects social life by means of literature, music, dance, art, sculpture and architecture.
in China, drama is a general term for traditional Chinese opera, drama and opera. Also often refers to drama. In the west, it refers to drama.
the basic element of drama is conflict.
The language of drama includes dialogue and monologue; Stage description.
the structure of drama: single act and multiple acts.
classification: according to the genre of works, there are tragedies, comedies and dramas; According to the theme, there are historical dramas, modern dramas and pantomime; According to the structure, there are one-act dramas and full-length play.
1. Yuan Zaju
includes Sanqu and Zaju.
1) Sanqu
A new form of verse, which emerged in the Yuan Dynasty, developed on the basis of Jin's "folk songs and slang". There are two types: small order and number of sets.
Xiao Ling is a monotonous song, short and concise, not as strict in meter as words, and it is often used for lyrical scenery writing, such as Tianjingsha Qiu Si by Ma Zhiyuan in Yuan Dynasty.
The number of sets is a set composed of more than two pieces according to certain rules, also called "loose sets" and "sets". The whole set must belong to the same palace tune. The number of sets can be used to describe more complete plots, deeds or discussions, such as Yuan Sui Jing-chen's "The Return of Gaozu".
2) Zaju
is a comprehensive art including music, singing and dancing. Divided into three parts: Qu Ci, Bin Bai and Ke Xun.
The lyrics are composed of divertimento in Sanqu, which is used by actors to sing. Each fold is sung by a solo, and the other actors only have dialogue. Ke Xun is action and expression.
structure: "four folds and one wedge", and "wedge" is to explain or introduce the characters and connect the plot. Fold is the unit of music organization and the natural paragraph of story development.
The roles of Yuan Zaju: "End" and "Dan". Practical writing can be divided into four categories: recording facts, expounding opinions, explaining knowledge and handling affairs. These four categories are indispensable. Some people think that only the category of handling affairs can be regarded as applied style, and the first three categories are not counted. This view does not conform to the dichotomy. If the first three categories are neither literary nor applied, which category do they belong to? It is obviously unscientific to juxtapose them with literary style and applied style. Their practicality is so obvious that they should belong to the category of applied style.
The attribution of literary styles such as reportage, essays and popular science essays is particularly controversial. In our opinion, they should first belong to the applied style. Because they are vivid descriptions of important people and events that people are extremely concerned about, or unique explanations of some hot issues in real life, or vivid explanations of popular science knowledge, they all have obvious practical purposes and practical effects. Moreover, the categories in which they belong (recording facts, expounding opinions, and explaining knowledge) belong to applied styles, and I'm afraid it's not easy to separate them into literary styles. As for their use of some literary techniques, it is only to enhance their appeal and persuasiveness, so as to better serve practical purposes. (On the Scope and Classification of Applied Stylistics, No.5, 1992, Journal of Applied Writing)
The ancient literary style in this paragraph is a style in ancient China, which emphasizes literary grace and rhythm, and has the nature of poetry and prose. It is characterized by "spreading articles, writing things and writing ambitions", focusing on writing scenery and expressing feelings through scenery. It first appeared in the essays of various schools of thought and was called "short fu"; The "Sao Style" represented by Qu Yuan is the transition from poetry to fu, which is called "Sao Fu". The style of Fu was formally established in Han Dynasty, which was called "Ci Fu". After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it developed in the direction of parallel prose, which was called "parallel prose". In the Tang dynasty, it was transferred from parallel style to legal style, which was called "law fu"; In Song Dynasty, Fu was written in the form of prose, which was called "Wen Fu". Famous Fu include: Fu of Epang Palace by Du Mu, Fu of Autumn Sound by Ouyang Xiu, Fu of Qianchibi by Su Shi, etc. Parallel prose, a style, originated from Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties. It is called "Si Liu Wen" in the world with four characters and six characters alternately. Parallel prose often affects the expression of content because of accommodating sentence patterns and piling up words. After Han and Liu advocated the ancient prose movement, parallel prose gradually declined. The famous book "The Book with Zhu Yuansi" was written by Liang Wu Jun of the Southern Dynasties. The original meaning of the origin is an ancient argumentative style. This style is a fundamental investigation and discussion of a certain theory, proposition, political system or social custom, which is highly theoretical. Such as Han Yu's "Original Destruction" and Huang Zongxi's "Original Jun". Debate "debate" is to argue right and wrong, not true and false. This style is characterized by refuting a wrong argument or discriminating some facts. For example, Han Yu's "Taboo Debate" and Liu Zongyuan's "Debate on Tung Yefeng's Brother". Say that ancient arguments explain the floorboard of a class of articles. It is not much different from the "theory", so it was later collectively referred to as the article of reasoning and analysis. On the preface to distinguishing styles of articles: "The speaker explains, explains the meaning and explains it with his own meaning." The articles of this genre we have studied include Teacher's Theory, Horse's Theory, Young China's Theory, Snake Catcher's Theory and Huang Sheng's Theory of Borrowing Books. On theory is a kind of essay style, according to "Rhyme": "Commentators discuss things". "Selected Works of Zhaoming" states: "There are two kinds of theories. One is the theory of history, which is made by loyal ministers at the end of the biography to judge the good and evil of people. For example, Tai Shigong said after Historical Records. Second, in political theory, it is a fallacy for a bachelor's doctor to talk about people in ancient and modern times or comment on classics and history. " For example, The Theory of Six Kingdoms, The Theory of Guo Qin, etc. A general name for the memorials presented to emperors by ancient ministers. It includes playing, discussing, sparse, expressing, countermeasures and so on. "The article has a body order": "Before the Seven Kingdoms, it was called a book, and the Qin Dynasty changed the book to play. There are four kinds of rites in Han dynasty: one is to say chapter to thank you; Second, play to disintegrate; Three tables to express feelings; Four days of deliberation, with deliberation. "
(1) sparse. It means itemized statement. For example, Jia Yi's On Accumulation and Sparse Storage.
(2) table. Is to state an opinion or something. Such as Zhuge Liang's "model".
(3) countermeasures. In ancient examinations, questions were written on strategies, which made the examinees answer strategies, and the articles answered by the examinees called countermeasures, such as Su Shi's "Teaching War and Defending Strategies". Preface and postscript are also called "narration" or "introduction", just like today's "introduction" and "preface" It is an article that explains the intention of writing or publishing a book, the arrangement style and the author's situation. It can also include comments on writers' works and research on related issues. "Preface" is usually written in front of books or articles (some are listed in the back, such as Historical Records? Preface to Taishigong), listed at the back of the book is called "postscript" or "post-preface". This kind of article belongs to expository article or discussion according to different contents.