Mongolians are mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the rest are distributed in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces. The population is 4,86,849, (the fourth census in 199), including 13, people in Yunnan, who live in Xinmeng Township, Tonghai County, and are divided into five natural villages: Zhongcun, Xiacun, Baige, Jiaoyiwan and Taojiazui. They are descendants of Mongolians left in Yunnan in the early years of Yuan Dynasty with Kublai Khan's war. It has been more than 74 years since the Mongolian people in Tonghai came from the prairie in the northwest of the motherland to the lakeside at the foot of Qihu and the foot of Fengshan in Yunnan Plateau. For more than 7 years, we have lived in harmony with people of all ethnic groups, had friendly exchanges, overcame all kinds of difficulties and obstacles with the spirit of self-reliance and national cohesion, and built the shore of Qilu Lake and the foot of Fenghuang Mountain into a land of plenty.
Animal husbandry is the main economy for Mongolian people to survive and develop for a long time. In addition, it is also engaged in processing industry, agriculture and industry. At present, farming is the mainstay. Mongolian people are good at singing and dancing, and there are two kinds of folk songs: long and short. The main musical instrument is Ma Touqin. Love wrestling. Mongolian yurts and Lele carts are their companions in nomadic life.
Language and writing: Mongolians have their own language and writing. Mongolian belongs to Mongolian family of Altai language family, and there are three dialects: Inner Mongolia, Weilat and Balhubriat. At present, the commonly used characters were created with Uighur letters in the early 13th century. At the beginning of 14th century, the original characters were reformed by Mongolian scholar Chaji Voser, and it became a standardized Mongolian language. The Mongolians in Yunnan can speak Yi language and Chinese, and their Mongolian language can be roughly communicated with the Mongolian language in the north.
The press, publishing, broadcasting, drama and film industry in Mongolian language have also developed considerably. The Secret History of Mongolia and other classics have been identified as world-famous cultural heritage by UNESCO. The famous heroic epic "Jianger" is one of China's three heroic epics; "Drinking Good Things" is listed as one of the important medical inventions that have made outstanding contributions to world civilization.
main distribution areas: inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Qinghai, Hebei, Henan and other places.
History
Mongols are nomadic people from the Central Asian steppe. They are fierce fighters, defeating every enemy on the pasture and invading the developed civilizations in the east and south. Since the 13th century, the tribes of Mongolia have been engaged in foreign wars after reunification. Along the footprints of their ancestors, Huns, thousands of years ago, the Mongols opened up an unprecedented empire. Because it caused a lot of death and destruction everywhere, it was regarded as "the devil's cavalry".
Mongolians live in the southern plain of Lake Baikal in Mongolia today. In its heyday, their empire started from South Korea in the east and crossed the Asian border, directly invading Russian land in Europe and as far as the Baltic Sea coast. They occupy most of Asia Minor, today's Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tibet, part of India and Myanmar, the whole of China and part of Vietnam.
In the early 13th century, the tribes in Mongolia were unified by Temujin. Temujin is also known as Genghis Khan (meaning the most powerful ruler). His ambition is to rule all the land in the sea (Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean), and this goal has almost been achieved. At first, he had only about 25, fighters. Later, he strengthened his strength by conquering other nomadic peoples and attacked the north of China in 1211. He captured Peking in 1215, which killed 3 million people in China. Later, the Mongols turned to the west, and in 122, they seized Bukhara, the largest trading city on the Silk Road. The whole city was razed to the ground and its residents were massacred.
Genghis Khan died in 1227, and his son Kushluk completed the conquest of northern China and continued to push to Europe. He attacked Kiev and Hungary in 124. Kushluk died in the journey in 1241, forcing the army to turn back immediately to solve the problem of inheritance. When the Mongolian rulers focused their military efforts on the Middle East and China, the European region was able to take a break. Xu Liewu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, wiped out the Muslim "Assassin Corps" and captured the Muslim capital Baghdad in 1258, killing 1, houses in the city. In 126, Egyptian Arab slave soldiers (advanced slave soldiers, a kind of Muslim army) defeated the Mongols in today's Israel, ending the threat of the Mongols to Islam and the Holy City.
Kublai Khan is another grandson of Genghis Khan. He completely occupied China in 1279 and established the Yuan Dynasty. Two attempts were made to invade Japan in 1274 and 1281, but the monsoon overturned the fleet, causing heavy losses. In 1294, Kublai Khan died in China. Since then, the Mongolian regime has declined in Asia and other regions. In 1368, the Yuan Dynasty, founded in China, was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty.
In the 197s, a warrior of Turkish and Mongolian descent claimed that he was a descendant of Genghis Khan, and sought the leadership of Mongolia in Central Asia in an attempt to restore the Mongolian empire. This man's name is Tim Mulun (meaning "Tumour" Tim Mu, whom Europeans call Timur and Asians call the Prince of Destruction). With an army of 1, cavalry, he swept Russia and Persia, targeting Muslims as the main targets. In 1398, he plundered Delhi and slaughtered 1, local residents. Then he went to the west and defeated Egyptian Arab slave soldiers in Syria. In 142, he defeated a large number of Ottoman Turkish troops near present-day Ankara, but then turned back. In 145, he launched an army to invade China, but died in the same year. He liked to plunder wealth and launch large-scale massacres, but during his reign, he did not consider setting up a stable government. Therefore, after his death, the vast land inherited and divided by his sons quickly fell apart.
Mongolians have a long history. The appellation of Mongolians was first seen in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, it was only the name of one of many tribes in Mongolia. The birthplace of this tribe is in the east bank of the Ergun River, and then it gradually moved westward. Tribes compete to plunder population, livestock and wealth, forming an endless tribal war. In the early 13th century, Genghis Khan unified the tribes in Mongolia and established a unified Mongolian aristocratic regime. In the Western Expedition in 1219, the territory expanded to Central Asia and South Russia. In 1271, the name of Mongolia was changed to Yuan. In 1279, the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed and China was unified. The Yuan Dynasty fell in 1368. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian people have made great contributions to China's politics, military affairs, economy, science and technology, astronomical calendar, culture, art and medicine.
On May 1st, 1947, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established under the leadership of China * * * Production Party, which became the earliest autonomous region in China. Later, nine autonomous prefectures were established one after another. County:
North Mongolian Autonomous County, Gansu Province (July 29, 195)
Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang (June 23, 1954)
Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang (July 13, 1954)
Xinjiang and Buksaier Mongolian Autonomous County (September 1, 1954)
Mongolian in Henan, Qinghai. Autonomous County (October 16th, 1954)
Former Guoerluosi Mongolian Autonomous County in Jilin (September 1st, 1956)
Dorbod Mongolian Autonomous County in Heilongjiang (December 5th, 1956)
Left-wing Mongolian Autonomous County in Harqin, Liaoning (April 1st, 1958)
Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County in Liaoning (April 7th, 1958) If there is a fire in front of the door or a sign such as a red cloth strip is hung, it means that there are patients or parturients in this family, and outsiders are forbidden to enter; Guests can't sit on the west kang, because the west is the direction of offering Buddha; Avoid the meat of dead animals and donkey meat, dog meat and white horse meat; Avoid red and white when doing funerals and black and yellow when doing happy events; Avoid baking feet, shoes, socks and pants on the brazier; It is forbidden to smoke, spit and touch utensils, classics, Buddha statues and make loud noises when visiting the temple, and not to hunt near the temple.
custom
greet each other when meeting, even strangers; When peers and acquaintances meet, they usually ask "Saibainu" (hello). If they meet elders or people who meet for the first time, they should ask "He Saibainu" (hello). It is a traditional Mongolian virtue to entertain passers-by (whether you know them or not), but you must respect your host when you are a guest in a Mongolian home. After entering the yurt, you should sit cross-legged around the stove on the carpet, but the west of the stove is the owner's residence, and the owner should not sit casually when he is not sitting. Guests usually drink milk tea from the host, and it is impolite not to drink it; The host asks for dairy products, and the guests don't refuse, otherwise it will hurt the host's heart. If it is inconvenient to eat more, eat a little.
offering Hada is also a noble courtesy of the Mongols. When offering Hada, the giver hands down and hands it to the other party, and the receiver should also take it with both hands down or let the giver hang Hada around his neck and express his gratitude.
Mongolian people pay great attention to etiquette and rules when they treat guests. For example, when eating mutton, it is generally to give the sheep's pipa bone with meat and four long ribs to the guests. If beef is used to treat guests, give them a spine with meat, half a rib and a fat intestine. The most grand banquet for guests is the lamb feast. The feast of the whole lamb includes bones, limbs, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sheep's head, and in some areas, sheep's heart, liver, rectum and belly are also added. The preparation method is to pour all parts of the whole lamb into a cauldron. After the water temperature rises, add a certain amount of cooked yogurt and boil it gently, and turn it frequently. The intestines, belly, heart, liver and burnt sheep's head are boiled in another pot. Serve with seasoning. When opening a banquet, put the cooked parts into a big plate, with the tail facing outwards, and the sheep's head should be engraved with a "ten" symbolizing good luck. When eating, the host should ask the guests to cut the sheep's recommendation bone, or the elderly should cut it first, and then everyone can eat it together. Before the girl gets married, her family must cook the breast of sheep for the girl to eat as a farewell. Roast whole sheep used to be used for sacrificial ceremonies or Aobao, but now it has become a special dish for grand festivals or welcoming VIPs.
Mongolian naming custom: With the prosperity and development of society, economy and culture, Mongolians are more and more aware of the symbolic function of names. The characteristics of their men's naming are as follows: 1. Naming according to national psychological habits, such as Timur, Geser and Bater; Second, according to the expectations of the elders, such as: Ji Ya Saiyin (good luck), Bajard (joy) Baiyin (abundance) Jirigele (happiness), etc. Third, according to the age of the elders when the baby was born, such as: Binta (5) Jirentai (6) Daleng (7), etc. Fourth, named after brave animals, such as Shao. Etc. 5. Give names according to the names of natural things, such as Chaolu (stone), Agura (mountain), Mu Ren (river), Tara (Yuan Ye), etc. Woman: 1. Give names to bright stars, such as Naren (sun), Saren (moon), Aodun (star), Naren Gao Wa (beautiful as the sun), Saren Gao Wa (beautiful as the moon). Named after beautiful flowers and trees, such as: Sarilang Flower (Shandan Flower) Qiqige (Flower) Nabuqi (Leaf) Begonia, etc. Third, named after jewelry and jade articles, such as: Haas (Jade) Tana (Pearl), alatan Gao Wa (Beautiful as Gold), etc. Taking ideals as names, such as Siqin (smart), Wuyun (smart), Gao Wa (beautiful) and Gaowa Siqin (beautiful and smart), etc. According to this method, there are many kinds of Mongolian women's names. The biggest feature of modern Mongolian names is that they don't have a name prefix, so they are just names and should not be understood as names. There are very few people with a surname prefix, which is only an individual phenomenon.
Religion.
Clothing
Jewelry, robes, belts and boots are the four main parts of Mongolian clothing, and the decorations on women's heads are mostly made of agate, pearls and gold and silver. Men wear robes and waists, and women have embroidered lace patterns on their sleeves and high collars, which are still similar to Mongolians. Women like to wear three clothes of different lengths. The first one is a close-fitting dress with sleeves reaching to the wrist, the second one is a coat with sleeves reaching to the elbow, and the third one is a collarless double-breasted vest with straight rows of flashing buttons, which is particularly eye-catching. Mongolian people have the fashion of solidarity and mutual assistance, and festivals include Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Torch Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Mongolian people are good at singing and dancing, and there are two kinds of folk songs: long and short. Their favorite dance is called "Jumping Music", and everyone forms a circle, clapping and singing while dancing. In recent years, contacts with relatives in Inner Mongolia have increased, and the "Nadam" grand meeting has been held to attract guests from all over the world.
Festivals
Traditional festivals include "White Festival", offering sacrifices to Aobao, Nadam, and the game of brave people on the grassland: bristle festival, etc.
The biggest festival among Mongolian people in a year is the annual festival equivalent to the Spring Festival of the Han nationality, also known as "Bai Yue". Legend has it that it is related to the whiteness of milk and contains the meaning of wishing good luck. The time of the festival roughly coincides with the Spring Festival. On New Year's Eve, every family eats hand-made meat, and also makes jiaozi and pancakes. On the morning of the first day of junior high school, the younger generation will offer a "farewell wine" to their elders.
In Xilin Gol League, besides the Chinese New Year Festival, the "Horse Milk Festival" is also celebrated every summer. Before the festival, every family should slaughter sheep to make mutton or lamb feast, and also squeeze horse milk to make wine. On the day of the festival, every herdsman's family will take out the best dairy products such as dried milk, cheese and milk tofu and put them on the plate to entertain guests. Koumiss is considered as a holy drink, dedicated to distinguished guests.
Nadam convention: held every summer and autumn during grazing leisure. "Nadam" means entertainment or games in Mongolian. The content includes wrestling, horse racing, archery, dancing, and material exchange. In addition, after liberation, many new contents have been added, such as track and field, ball games, cultural performances, photo exhibitions, film screenings, exchange of production experience, etc., which have become a favorite event of Mongolian people.
Luban Festival is a traditional festival of Mongolian people in Xicheng, Tonghai County, Yunnan Province. It is held every year on the second day of the fourth lunar month for one day. The Mongolian people who live here have learned building technology from other brothers. The houses they built are not only unique and beautiful in shape, but also durable, and are praised by people of all ethnic groups nearby. In order to commemorate and celebrate the achievements in civil construction, they designated the second day of the fourth lunar month as Luban Festival. On the day of the festival, the mud, wood and masons who go out to build will rush home to celebrate the festival, regardless of the distance. Every village has to kill pigs and sheep, and set up an opera. People also picked up the Luban statues carved from sandalwood, beat gongs and drums, and swam straight to the villages. Then, everyone gathered on the field to sing and dance.