1. Words existing in Putonghua
1. Astronomy (9)
Sun-sun and moon-moonlight
Light rain-drizzle and light snow-fine snow
small wind-fine wind freezing-frozen ice
Snow-falling. Geography (4)
Small path-warm water-warm water
Pebbles-flat river snails
Boiled water (boiled water)-boiling water
3, Seasonal time (24)
daytime-before daytime-first
last year-the year before next-next year
yesterday-yesterday Sunday-Sunday
the day after tomorrow-the day after next
the day before yesterday-the day before yesterday. Every night-every night
in previous years (previous years)-a few years ago
in the morning (at dawn)-at dawn
at dusk (after sunset, before the stars rise)-at night
at night (from dark to dawn)-at night
on New Year's Eve (the last day of the lunar year Agriculture (2)
well rope-well rope garbage-garbage (lε sε)
5, Plants (16)
duckweed-coriander-asparagus
lentils-flat-pod millet-fine rice
sweet potato-impatiens crassipes-henna
corn-sunflower in bud. Animals (19)
cock-cock and hen-hen
egg-chicken and duck egg-duck
fish egg-roe eel-snake fish
earthworm-river hate spider-spider
scorpion-acid scorpion mosquito-mosquito. -cloth-winged
bat-flapping-winged firefly-lighting star
7, Houses (13)
upstairs-above and below the pavilion-your Excellency
floor-shelf window-sill window
key-key kitchen-under the kitchen
living room-toilet in front of the hall-excrement vat
cowshed-pigpen Appliances (11 pieces)
table-table washing water-washing water
rope-washstand-washstand
earpick-ear ring
dustpan-paste-paste
hammer- Appellations (7)
Boys-(male) cripples-girls with broken feet
Nijia blacksmiths-blacksmiths
tinkerers-misers-kids-Dong. Relatives (2)
Great-grandmother-old lady's brother-in-law-uncle Zami
Grandfather-grandmother-maternal grandfather-grandmother
uncle-aunt-uncle-sister
uncle. Wife
daughter-Nier's son-in-law-Niexu
11, Body (18)
face-face, mouth, thigh-big stomach
head-skull and neck-neck under head
shoulder-shoulder-mouth and saliva
left hand-backhand little finger-little finger
right hand-handy. (liquid)-nostril water
nose (one of the five senses)-nostril
12, disease medical treatment (3)
minor illness-slight illness-camel
stomachache-stomachache
13, clothes wearing (2)
Diet (1)
cake-fried dough sticks-towel gourd
breakfast-skylight white wine-soju
lunch-rice soup-rice soup water
dinner-Yan rice, night rice and rice wine-fermented egg soup
. Red and white events (4)
Marry a daughter-marry Ni and have a baby-have a baby
The groom-the bride-the new person
16, Daily life (16)
full meals-scooping meals for breakfast-eating the skylight
drinking-eating wine for lunch-eating the bread
smoking-eating cigarettes for dinner-eating dinner
washing your face-eating snacks-eating bits and pieces
taking a bath-bathing and shopping. Shit
wash (clothes, etc.) once-wash (clothes, etc.) once
17, lawsuit (1)
decapitation
18, communication (2)
shame-falling stocks and getting close to each other-set relationships
19, business Cultural education (2)
School-classroom-classroom
21, cultural and sports activities (2)
Playing-playing hide-and-seek-hiding sheep
22, actions (5)
Meeting-picking it up-posting it
. Location (8)
above-below the top-below the head
inside-outside-outside
right-hand along the edge-inside the hand
left-inside the edge-inside the head
24, Pronouns, etc. (12)
I-(I) I nong us-(I) I
you-er (nong) you-er
he (she)-qu (nong) they-qu people
mine-yours. Adjectives (2)
cool-cool and quiet-cold and quiet
26, adverbs, prepositions, etc. (5)
and (this ~ that is the same)-ask (~ canal)-ask (~ canal to borrow a book. Eat this bowl of rice! Words that exist in Xiuning dialect but not in Mandarin
In Xiuning dialect, some words are unique to Xiuning dialect, but their distribution ranges are different, and some words are only distributed in some areas of Tunxi District.
among plants-bract radish: corn. Mi: duckweed.
in the building category-sill window: window. Front of the hall: living room. Under the stove: the kitchen.
in the appliance category-washing face: washing face.
among relatives-DPRK: grandfather. Bride: daughter-in-law.
in the category of diet, the dumpling-shaped pasta is very common in Huizhou dialect.
in the daily life category-bathing: bathing.
in the communication category-falling stocks: shame, shame.
in the category of cultural and sports activities-play: play.
among adjectives-Qiu [le33]: things are slender. Verve: describe a man as beautiful.
boss: very big. Shallow waves: the water is very shallow.
arch: convex. Anxious lesbian: anxious.
annoying: annoying guy.
one of the additional components: the structural auxiliary word "de".
add: the postposition component of the verb is equivalent to "zai".
Some words peculiar to Xiuning dialect are not necessarily ready-made words in Putonghua in structure or word formation, they can be phrases or fixed collocations, and even some of them are just a simple phonetic symbol. For example, "three and a half years for a husband and wife" means that the husband and wife of Huizhou merchants have been together for a short time in the old days, and "speaking freely at home" means chatting. These fixed structures reflect the specific historical and cultural phenomena of Tunxi as an ancient historical city, which are often rare in other dialects and Putonghua. It can be said that they are unique words in Tunxi dialect. To sum up, we can see that many dialect words in Xiuning dialect are rich in rhetoric and reflect the thinking in images of Xiuning people interestingly.
For example, in the seasonal time category, "near the night" means dusk in Mandarin, that is, "after sunset but before the stars rise", while in Xiuning dialect, "near the night" means "next to the night", and its meaning can be understood literally.
The "snake fish" in animals means "Monopterus albus" in Mandarin, and "Monopterus albus" is defined as "fish" in Modern Chinese Dictionary, with a snake-like body without scales, yellow-brown and black spots. Living in a mud hole near the water, also known as eel, is such an animal that looks like a fish rather than a snake. It is called "snake fish" in Xiuning dialect, which fully embodies the characteristics of eel and reflects the wisdom of Xiuning people's name.
Xiuning belongs to Huizhou government, and Huizhou ancient houses are mostly bungalows with blue bricks and tiles. Huizhou merchants went out and returned to renovate and repair the building, so they couldn't expand the floor area of the house, so they worked hard on the space and set up a shorter floor on the high bungalow. To this day, Xiuning dialect still calls "upstairs" as "on the pavilion", "downstairs" as "your Excellency" and "floor" as "on the pavilion". This is related to the ancient Huizhou folk custom that "unmarried and married girls are not allowed to go downstairs". (see buildings)
In addition, calling "right" as "edge" and "left" as "edge" is related to people's usual living habits. People often use their right hands when eating and writing, and they are "comfortable" when working with their right hands and "uncomfortable" when working with their left hands, so they call "right" as "edge". The reason why "middle" is called "middle heart" is that the ancients thought that "heart" is the most important part of human body, while in ancient Huizhou customs, the portrait of ancestors was placed in the middle of the hall, which shows that the position of "middle" is very important. Associating the same important "middle" with "heart" shows that Xiuning people attach more importance to the middle of the hall, which shows that Xiuning people respect first. (see location category)
Xiuning people also have rich humanity, such as treating the whole house as one person. The house is originally lifeless, the door is the door and the window is the window, but in the eyes of Xiuning people, the threshold is like the tongue in a person's mouth, so it is called "the door tongue". Taking a door as a human arm, the "behind the door" is naturally called "behind the door". (see buildings)
When foreigners come to Tunxi, the biggest feeling is that Tunxi people speak fast, do things fast and are full of enthusiasm. Indeed, Tunxi people are quick-tempered and resolute, just like boiling water, while those who are unhappy and quick are called "warm". "Warm water" refers to "warm water". In Tunxi dialect, lukewarm water is used as a metaphor to describe a person's unhappy personality. For example, how can you do great things like this? In fact, the word "Wen Wei" was not originally created by Xiuning people. In "Guang Yun", "Wen Wei, just muddy and cut." In Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Warm, from the sound of water." In the forty-eighth article of Wang Jian's Gong Ci in the Tang Dynasty: "The fresh grass is warm and warm." Bai Juyi also has poems: "Warm water in the pool" and "Warm water freezes muscles". ) in these words, the water temperature is described by "temperature". In Tunxi dialect, the metaphor of water shows the flexibility and vividness of Tunxi people's thinking. (see geography)
In addition to the vivid features of Xiuning dialect vocabulary mentioned above, specifically, Xiuning dialect vocabulary also has the following characteristics:
First, Xiuning dialect vocabulary is not only rich in rhetorical features, but also has some ancient words and even extended ancient meanings.
Huizhou is located in a mountainous area, with inconvenient transportation. In ancient times, in addition to the "Shanyue people" who were born and raised in the mountains, there was a great migration of aristocratic families and people from the Central Plains to Huizhou mountainous area in the late Sui, late Tang and early Southern Song Dynasties. Most people in ancient Huizhou built settlements according to their surnames, but many historical remains can still be found after careful investigation of the language. Here are a few examples:
1. First, in
Guang Yun Xiapingsheng Volume II: "First, the Soviet Union cuts ahead." Biography of Historical Records of Chao Cuo: "Learning the name of Shen Shang's punishment is in the first place of Ji Zhang Hui." Xu Guang said, "Go first, sir." The biography of Han Mei Fu: "Uncle Sun Xian is not unfaithful." Yan Shigu's Note: "Mr.' First' Jude Yan also." In Xiuning dialect, "Xian" is also the provincial name of "Mr.", usually preceded by a surname or a first name, which is called "A Xian". For example, in Xiuning dialect, "Wang Xian, will you have a class this afternoon?" ("Mr. Wang, you didn't have class this afternoon, did you?" Here, the word "first" is an extension of the ancient meaning.
2. Eating (wine) (see daily life)
In Xiuning dialect, "eating" is not only used for chewing and swallowing general food, such as "eating" and "eating meat", but also used for swallowing various fluids. Drinking tea can be called "drinking tea" and drinking is usually called "drinking wine". Generally speaking, at banquets, the host always uses the word "eat" to persuade food and wine, regardless of whether it is "eat food" or "eat wine". In other words, the word "eat" in Xiuning dialect has both the double meanings of "eat" and "drink" in ancient Chinese and "eat" and "drink" in modern Chinese.
The general usage of "eating" and "drinking" in ancient Chinese has a division of labor, such as Xunzi Outline: "Those who drink without eating are cicadas; If you don't drink or eat, you will float. " In modern Chinese, the division of labor between "eating" and "drinking" is more clear. In Modern Chinese Dictionary, "Eat, put food in your mouth and swallow it after chewing." "Drink, swallow liquid or liquid food."
actually, "eating" is the same as "eating". "Eating" can instruct "eating", and "eating" can instruct "drinking". Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Eat, eat also", Zhengyun: "Eat, drink also". It can be seen that "eating" can be used both as drinking and eating. Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Send a Letter to Li School": "You can't eat wine", in which "eating" means "drinking". As for the examples of people in Yuan Dynasty's zaju and novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, drinking is called "drinking wine", which is even more numerous. For example, A General Statement of Warning to the World says: "The catcher has also eaten water and wine several times, which has no effect at all", "The Scholars": "Neighbors moved some tables and stools, so please register to sit and eat wine", and "Water Margin": "It turns out that Yang Zhi ate less wine.