We know that Qin took Won as his surname and Qin Shihuang took Won as his surname, but how did his sons become Hu Hai and Fu Su? Hu is a big surname today, but Hu Hai and Fu Su are actually their first names, not their surnames and first names. So according to today's custom, they should be told to win the lake and the sea, the house and the Soviet Union.
Then the question comes, why do people call Qin Shihuang "Ming" and his son "Ming"? This is what this article will discuss: the surname culture in the pre-Qin period.
Surname system in pre-Qin period
There are many kinds of appellations in the pre-Qin period, and there is a systematic appellation system, which is much more complicated than today's "surname" model. This is also the reason why our current thinking can't understand the various names in the pre-Qin period.
For example, Confucius, his old man's surname is neither Kong nor Zi. In fact, Confucius was born in the Song Dynasty and is a descendant of the Shang Dynasty. It is the surname of Confucius, Zi is his surname, Qiu is his first name, not his word. Therefore, according to the custom of later generations, we should call Confucius "Qiu Zi" or "Zi Zhong Ni". But at the same time, Mencius, a great scholar, was not named as "Meng" or "Zi". The word "zi" here has become a respectful name of the ancients. Mencius is actually called "Ji" and is a true descendant of the royal family.
From the example of Confucius, we can sum up the names in the pre-Qin period, which can be roughly divided into four parts: surname, surname, first name and word.
Explained, "Name is life. In ancient times, the mother of God was born of heaven, so she was called the son of heaven and was born of a woman. " In the matriarchal clan society before Shang and Zhou Dynasties, people gradually formed surnames through their blood relationship with their mothers. For example, the eight surnames in ancient times: Ji, Jiang, Yao, Ying, Si, Yu, Gui and Bi all had the word "female".
With the reproduction of offspring and the growth of ethnic groups, people with the same surname are divided into many small families according to their blood relationship and living distance. In order to distinguish them from other people with the same surname, these families began to form "people" belonging to a certain family through their residences or other signs.
This surname culture formed a complete and strict surname system when the princes of Zhou Dynasty were separated. There is such a record: "The emperor took life as his surname, soil as his surname, and ruled the country by virtue." . Zhuang took this as his surname because he considered himself a clan. If an official makes achievements in the world, so will his family and city. "The Zhou emperor wanted to seal the princes, and the vassal States wanted to seal the literati, or in the words of their ancestors, or in official positions, or in fiefs, thus forming a complete surname system. For example, the emperors of the Zhou Dynasty were divided into clans, namely Jin, Lu, Wei and Yan. All surnamed Ji. However, due to the geographical division, different clans have been formed.
After determining the surnames of the vassal families, a set of standards for the use of surnames was also formulated. Records: "Three generations ago, surnames were divided into two parts. Men are called surnames and women are called surnames, so surnames are different. You have a last name, but you don't. So you don't get married, so there are differences between the same surname, different surname and the same surname. People with the same surname but different surnames can get married. If the surname is the same as the surname, the marriage will not succeed. After three generations, the surnames have been merged into one, so they will not get married, but look at the soil and see the nobles. "
There are not too many restrictions on names and characters, but parents or elders at home basically take care of themselves. Take Confucius as an example. When Confucius was born, his forehead was very high and shaped like a mountain, hence the name "Mountain". Adult Confucius needs to be endowed with the word "Zhong Ni", because he is the second child, and there is a Nishan Mountain in the east of Qufu. The words "Bo", "Zhong", "Shu" and "Ji" used by the ancients to distinguish children often appeared in names and words. Besides Ni, there are Gao Boyi, Guan Zhong and Bao. Sun Jian's sons, the eldest son Sun Ce, were named Sun Quan, Zhong Mou, the third son Sun Yi, Shu Bi and the fourth son Kuang, and Ji Zuo. They are also very representative.
"Meng" means the common people, so Meng Jiangnv, who went to the Great Wall in tears, is actually Jiang's eldest daughter.
But in ancient times, when men were nobles and women were base, women had no surnames, only first names, such as Xu Qinantai later. After marriage, women no longer use their first names, but only their surnames to prove their blood relationship with their families. For example, your daughter is called after marrying Jin Huaigong, and after marrying Chen Ying. In addition, some people have their own surnames and first names, such as Qijiang and Chen Gui. There are also some surnames, such as Han Ji and Ji Qin.
Zhu Di's surname is Xiong, so Sun is called "Xiong Yue" instead of "Xiong Yue".
From what has been discussed above, we know that in the surname culture in the pre-Qin period, surnames indicate a person's blood relationship, which proves that you have the same maternal ancestors as other people with the same surname. Shi said that a person's dignity may come from fiefs or official positions, which is unique to men. First name refers to a specific person, which is used to distinguish people with the same surname from people with different surnames. Words are the richness and extension of names, and only adults can understand them.
Under the patriarchal clan system in the Zhou Dynasty, people only called their surnames, not surnames, because only surnames can reflect the nobility and lowliness of the family where you were born. Such as bags, stones, bags, uncles; Guan Zhong, Ji Xing, Steward, Yi Wu and Zi Zhong; Born in a businessman, surnamed Fan, surnamed Li. Because of my low status, I don't talk much and I don't have a surname.
Guan Zhong and Bao contributed idioms: The Turn of the World.
Unlike surnames, a person's surnames change with his status. For example, Shang Yang, Ji Shi, Gong, He Weiguo and others recommended Shang Yang in Gongshu Cuo and said, "Gongsun Yang, my son is here." When Shang Yang left the State of Qin because he was not hired, he was called Wei Yang because he was born in the country of Wei. After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin Xiaogong called him "Shang Shi Yu Wu Yi" and Shang Jun called him "Shang Yang". Gongsun Zan, Wei and Shangdu can be surnames.
Shang Yang of Daqin Empire
In addition to ordinary nobles, the kings of the Zhou Dynasty and the monarchs of vassal states are called nobles and posthumous title. For example, when he was alive, he was called Duke Xiang of Jin and was sealed as a document after his death. Qin Mugong was called Qin Bo before his death and Qin Mugong after his death.
Qin Mugong and Berry invented this idiom: sheepskin is virtue.
The sons of the monarch are collectively called childe. For example, Duke Zhuang of Lu called his son Tong before he became a marquis. Qi Huangong is not Hou Ji, Xiao Bai said. Lu, like the State of Jin, was also named Ji, and was the imperial clan of the Zhou Dynasty. This is the surname of Qi Lu, a descendant of Jiang Ziya. As an old enemy of Qilu, Duke Zhuang of Lu once supported Gong Wei, who was exiled to Lu, as the king of Qi for a long time. Therefore, he is at odds with his son Xiaobai. After the "Cao Gui Controversy", Qilu signed a covenant with Qi Huangong, and both sides regarded Duke Zhuang of Lu as "ending the past".
Contribution Idioms in "Cao Gui Debate": One Step at a Time
Back to the first time, we talked about Qin Shihuang, Ying Shi and Scott. Although we call him Ying Zheng now, it was quite in line with the rules at that time, such as Shubian in the early Western Han Dynasty. Hu Hai and Fu Su, the sons of Qin Shihuang, were called Hu Hai and Fu Su in history. Another interesting and cold fact is that Zhao, one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, is also called Zhao. Qin and Zhao are considered his brothers.
After three generations, the surname became one.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, rites and music collapsed, and the patriarchal clan system, including the surname system, gradually disintegrated.
As an important part of patriarchal clan system, surname system is an important symbol to distinguish the lower nobility from the common people. However, due to the fewer surnames, the more clan divisions, and because people with different surnames could not marry, the development of ancient population was greatly restricted. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a large number of people died in the war and the people were depressed, which gradually broke the surname marriage system.
Monarchy in the Spring and Autumn Period
In addition, with the development of political reform in various countries, the well-field system began to disintegrate, and various vassal States began to establish family fiefs to promote the development of private economy and protect individuals and small families, thus obtaining stable tax and military resources. During this period, the surname "not born" merged with the surname "not expensive or humble", and even went to the bottom civilians, forming the concept of civilians. Records: "When Qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms, his sons and grandchildren took the country as their surname, or took the surname as their surname, but the surname was lost. From now on, the surname and surname are the same. " This is also the main reason why we call Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng instead of Zhao Zheng.
In the past, with the combination of surnames and surnames, men used to call their surnames, while women used to call their surnames in different ways. Unfortunately, however, women still use their surnames instead of their first names after marriage. For example, Queen Dou of the Western Han Dynasty, Queen Dugu of the Sui Dynasty and Sun Changhuang of Emperor Taizong did not even leave their names, let alone the homes of ordinary people.
In addition, the unification of surnames does not mean the disappearance of blood prejudice, but the difference between high and low marked by family settlement. For example, Qinghe Cui Shi, Hongnongyang, Chen, Langya Wang and so on. Are these place names added to celebrities one by one? Isn't it the surname used to distinguish between high and low in the pre-Qin period?