The Yellow River is upstream from its source to Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a length of 3,472 kilometers; From Hekou Town to Taohuayu, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, the middle reaches, with a river length of 126 kilometers; Below Taohuayu is the downstream, with a river length of 786 kilometers. (There are many opinions about the demarcation between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the division scheme of the Yellow River Conservancy Commission is adopted here.) The Yellow River traverses China from east to west, with a basin of 1,9 kilometers long from east to west and 1,1 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of 752,443 square kilometers.
The annual average flow of the Yellow River is 1,774.5 cubic meters per second, the annual average natural runoff of the whole river is 58 billion cubic meters, the average annual runoff depth of the basin is 77 mm, the per capita water consumption of the basin is 593 cubic meters, and the per mu water consumption of cultivated land is 324 cubic meters.
The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, and tributaries bring in a lot of sediment, making the Yellow River the most sediment-laden river in the world. The maximum annual sediment discharge reached 3.91 billion tons (1933) and the maximum sediment concentration was 92 kg/m3 (1977). The average sediment discharge of Sanmenxia Station for many years is about 1.6 billion tons, with an average sediment concentration of 35 kg/m3.
Yellow River allusions
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the birthplace of Chinese civilization. There are many anecdotes related to the Yellow River, all of which are related to its hydrographic and geographical characteristics.
mainstay
"mainstay". This idiom refers to a strong person or group that can play a pillar role, just like a pillar mountain standing in the torrent of the Yellow River. The mainstay mountain is actually a boulder, located in the rapids of Sanmenxia section of the Yellow River, and it is a stone island, which is called "the mainstay" or "the mainstay". The Yellow River water flows into the canyon and is bundled into a narrow stream by rocks on both sides of the river, rushing to the front of the pillar, forming a rapid vortex, splitting into two streams and leaving Sanmenxia Valley. The scene is thrilling. In the past, the Yellow River was well-developed in water transport and used to be the main route for shipping. But in Sanmenxia section, there are often people who hit the rocks. Even the mountains at the bottom of the water are called "rice piles" and "grain piles". When the back boat reaches this point, the boatmen get off the boat and pull it through. The legendary pillar is used to calm the waves of the river, but in the eyes of boatmen, it is a navigation mark. The stone was originally engraved with the words "follow me", which means to sail towards it. As long as the ship is coming towards it, when it is about to hit, the waves in front of the pillar will return to the water, just pushing the ship to a safe channel, which is very magical.
When it comes to shipping of the Yellow River, it has played an important role in history. Therefore, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a record that "Qin Su lost to Jin and went boating". Both the Western Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty established Chang 'an as their capital, and used the Yellow River and Weishui Waterway to connect the Canal and Jianghuai, making Chang 'an an an international metropolis with convenient transportation. However, the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River have many dangerous beaches, rapid current and much sediment in the middle and lower reaches, which is not conducive to navigation. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, highways and railways have risen, and the waterway has not been integrated for a long time, so the Yellow River waterway has declined.
In history, there was a saying that "Huang Heqing was born by a saint". But can the water in the Yellow River become clear? The Yellow River water is very clear in the reach of Qinghai, but after flowing through the Loess Plateau, the tributaries bring in a lot of sediment. This is mainly because of the environmental damage caused by human activities, resulting in soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. At present, the sediment flowing into the Yellow River every year is beyond human control. Although long-term efforts have achieved certain results and reduced sediment by 5%, there are still 8 million tons downstream, and the Yellow River still cannot be cleared. It's hard to be a saint. When a saint is born, the Yellow River will be cured first, and this sentence will be changed to "When a saint is born, Huang Heqing will be born".
Carp jumps over Longmen
"Carp jumps over Longmen". Longmen is at the southernmost tip of Shanxi-Shaanxi Canyon, 65 kilometers north of Hukou Waterfall. South of Longmen is the open Guanzhong Plain. The Yellow River water enters the wide river bed from the narrow Longmenkou, and the river property has changed greatly. The formation of Longmen, due to its East Longmen Mountain and its Xiliang Mountain each applying for the ridge, is close to each other, becoming a narrow mouth only more than 1 meters wide, which binds the river and forms a swift current. Whenever the flood season, the water level rises, and after the narrow valley, the valley widens, the water level drops sharply, and the gap is very large, so there is a saying that "Longmen falls into the water three times". The legend of "carp jumping at the dragon gate" refers to jumping here. It is said that small carp are not afraid of dangers and obstacles, and they are vying to jump the door of Jackie Chan. Those who can jump will become Jackie Chan immediately. Only those indomitable carp can finally become Jackie Chan. For thousands of years, this legend has also inspired the descendants of the Chinese people to fight hard and struggle endlessly. The ancients believed that this Longmen Gorge was opened by Dayu, so it was also called "Yumenkou".
There are many bends in the Yellow River, which is known as "the Yellow River with nine bends". The Yellow River has made many big bends on the Loess Plateau and roared away. Leaving the high-pitched folk song of Xintianyou still reverberates in our ears: "You know? How many bays are there in the Yellow River in the world? There are 99 bays of the Yellow River in the world ... ". In ancient times, "nine" and "ninety-nine" meant "many", indicating that the Yellow River has many bends. From the source to the mouth of the Yellow River, there are many big bends. There are six major big bends in the main stream, and there are more small bends, mostly in the Loess Plateau. Among the big bends, there are three big bends of 18 degrees, two big bends of 9 degrees and one big bend of 45 degrees. The general trend of the Yellow River forms a zigzag bend, and the general flow direction is still from west to east. The straight-line distance from the source to the estuary is only 268 kilometers, but the actual flow is 5464 kilometers, which is 2.64 times of the straight-line distance.
The Yellow River has a horseshoe-shaped bend called "Hetao". As the saying goes, "The Yellow River is full of disasters, but only one set is rich". The set mentioned here refers to the Hetao area. The Yellow River, which originally came from west to east, went from Gansu to Zhongwei in Ningxia, turned north along Helan Mountain, and then turned east to Linhe in Inner Mongolia. It suddenly turned around in Tuoketuo County, and went south along Luliang Mountain, making a big bend. This unique big bend is like a big cloth cover on Ningmeng Plain, so people call it "Hetao". Hetao Plain starts from Helan Mountain and Daqingshan in the west, reaches Hohhot and Helinger in the east, reaches Ordos Plateau in the south, reaches Langshan and Daqingshan in the north, and runs through Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. Part of Ningxia is called Xitao, also called Ningxia Plain or Yinchuan Plain; Inner Mongolia is called Dongtao, and it is divided into front and back sets, which are collectively called Hetao Plain. The Yellow River flows through here, which is located in the plain. The river surface is wide and the water flow is gentle. People have built many water conservancy projects to divert water from the Yellow River, forming the Yellow River irrigation area, which makes the grain and cotton rich and "plugged into the south of the Yangtze River".
"You can't wash it if you jump into the Yellow River". The original meaning of this sentence is that you have been wronged a lot, even if you jump into a big river like the Yellow River, you can't wash it. In fact, no matter who jumps into the Yellow River, you can't get rid of it. The reason for this statement is because of the sediment of the Yellow River. The Yellow River is famous for its abundant sediment. The ancients in China often described the sediment-laden situation of the Yellow River with "one stone in yellow water, six buckets in mud" and "the Yellow River fights water, and mud ranks seventh". The average sediment concentration of the Yellow River is 35 kilograms per cubic meter. Its amount of sand is unique among the rivers in the world. At the same time, the sediment particles in the Yellow River are very fine, and sometimes the river water even turns into mud, so it is really difficult to wash it on the body. It is really "jumping into the Yellow River can't wash it clearly".
"how the Yellow River's waters move out of heaven, entering the ocean, never to return", this poem is about the Yellow River rushing from the distant horizon in the west, and then rolling eastward into the sea. Today, "how the Yellow River's waters move out of heaven" is often used to describe the "hanging river" phenomenon in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. "Hanging river" refers to a river whose riverbed is higher than the ground on both sides of the river, also known as "river on the ground". The cause of the suspended river is that from the river with large sediment concentration to the river with open valley, small gradient and gentle flow, a large amount of sediment is piled up, the riverbed is constantly raised, and the water level is correspondingly raised. In order to prevent water damage, the levees on both sides of the river are also constantly raised, and the riverbed is higher than the ground on both sides of the river for a long time, becoming a "suspended river". After the Yellow River reaches the lower reaches, about 4 million tons of sediment is deposited in the lower reaches every year, and the riverbed is rising year by year, making the lower reaches of the Yellow River a famous "suspended river" in the world. At present, the riverbed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is generally 3-5 meters higher than the ground outside the dike, and it is as much as 1 meters higher in Caogang, fengqiu county, Henan. It's really "how the Yellow River's waters move out of heaven." Because the river is higher than the ground, generally speaking, the lower reaches of the Yellow River below Zhengzhou have become the watershed of the Huaihe River and Haihe River. Strictly speaking, the banks of the Yellow River no longer belong to the Yellow River basin.
Sanmenxia
The origin of the names "People Gate", "God Gate" and "Ghost Gate"-"Sanmenxia". Sanmenxia is the last gorge and the most dangerous gorge before the Yellow River enters the Great Plains. The terrain here is steep, the water is fast, and the stone walls on both sides are steep. The two stone islands in the river divide the rapids into three streams. People call these three waterways "Man Gate", "Shen Gate" and "Ghost Gate" respectively, hence the name "Sanmenxia". The water in Ghost Gate and Shen Gate is sinister, as if only ghosts and gods can pass through; However, the human gate is slightly slower, but it is also deep and fast, making it difficult for boats and boats to travel. Now, the "Three Natural Hazards" has disappeared, and it has been replaced by a dam across the canyon, which connects Shanxi and Henan provinces like a silver ribbon. This is the first large-scale water conservancy project on the main stream of the Yellow River-Sanmenxia Water Conservancy Project, which was started in 1957.
"Do a good job of the Yellow River"-Mao Zedong. Historically, the Yellow River has been flooded many times, with turbulent flows and large-scale river swings, resulting in frequent and painful disasters in a large area between Huanghuai and Huanghai. Rulers of all previous dynasties have regarded river management as a major event. After the founding of New China, the central government attached great importance to the work of smelting yellow river. In 1952, when Mao Zedong visited Beijing for the first time, he chose the Yellow River, and made the breach of the copper tile compartment at Dongbatou in Lankao in 1855 as the focus of his inspection. He traveled from Likou, Jinan to the old course of the Yellow River in Xuzhou, Lankao to Liuyuankou, the northern suburb of Kaifeng, and from the foot of Mangshan to the People's Victory Canal on the north bank of the Yellow River. During this inspection, Mao Zedong called for "we must do a good job in the Yellow River".
Weishui
"Distinctive" Weishui is the largest tributary of the Yellow River, which originates in Gansu and flows into the Yellow River through Shaanxi. Jingshui is a tributary of Weihe River, which originated in Ningxia. The two waters meet in Zhang Cun, Gaoling County, Xi 'an. The well-known idiom "distinct" comes from the intersection of two rivers. What is said is that at the intersection of Jingshui and Weishui, it is clear and muddy, and the boundary is clear and not mixed, which is used to describe the clear boundary. The ancients thought that the Jing water was turbid and the Wei water was clear. According to the textual research, the Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu wrote "Autumn Rain Sigh": "What is the difference between turbid water and clear water?" This idiom is probably the embryonic form. Then, can you still see the landscape where clear water and turbid water flow together in one river and are incompatible with each other at the intersection of the two rivers? It is still possible. However, when we came to the confluence of the two rivers, what we saw was that the Weihe River was turbid in the Jingshui River. Many experts personally went to the field and saw the phenomenon of being clear and muddy. Modern Chinese Dictionary therefore interprets this idiom as "Jinghe River is clear, Weihe River is mixed, and when Jinghe River flows into Weihe River, it is clear and muddy." Some people also wrote an article on this, thinking that the ancients made a mistake, and it should be clear and muddy. What the hell is going on here? Is it true that the ancients were wrong? In fact, from the point of view of the region where it flows, Wei River flows from Wushu Mountain in Gansu to Shaanxi and into the Yellow River, and the land that flows through the river is Guanzhong Plain and Qinchuan in 8 miles. Jingshui River flows through the Loess Plateau, which is an area with serious soil erosion. As far as the sediment concentration of river water is concerned, it should be that Jingshui is greater than Weishui. According to statistics, at present, Jinghe River transports 34 million tons of sediment to Weihe River every year on average, with an average sediment concentration of 196 kilograms per cubic meter; Before it was incorporated into the Jinghe River, the Weihe River transported an average of 178 million tons of sediment every year, with an average sediment concentration of 26.8 kilograms per cubic meter. Numerically, it is still muddy and clear, especially in the dry season. However, in modern times, due to human activities in the Weihe River basin, especially in the upper reaches, environmental damage is serious, and soil erosion is also an important problem. Due to the mineral composition of the soil in the area where the Weihe River flows, when the sediment content of the Weihe River reaches 1 kg per cubic meter, the water color will be reddish yellow. On the surface, the distinct natural landscape still exists, but the color of Wei water is darker than that of Jing water. It's not that the ancients made a mistake, it's the influence of future generations on the environment, which can't be ignored. Because of this idiom, many people come to see the "distinct" place every year. Now, the local people are ready to develop this tourist resource, and use yachts to take tourists to the "distinct" place.
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In the twenty years since the purple gas came from the east to King Zhao of Zhou, Yin Xi was ordered to pass the customs in Hangu, and when he saw the purple gas in the east, the clouds were steaming and Xia Wei, he climbed the mound before the customs and looked out, and saw an old man (Lao Zi I helped Lao Tzu to write the world-famous Tao Te Ching here. In order to commemorate this great event, future generations named Yin Xi's towering mound as the "Watch the Air Platform", and built a "Watch the Purple Building" with a height of more than 3 feet on the mound, which means "Purple gas comes from the east".
In 655 BC, Jin Xiangong tried to use the way of the state of Yu to cut down the Guo. Gong Zhiqi, a doctor in the state of Yu, remonstrated with Yu Gong, saying that the relationship between Yu Guo is like lips and teeth, which are both exterior and interior. When the lips are peeled off, the teeth will feel cold. Guo Guo is the barrier of Yu Guo. When Guo Guo dies, Yu Guo will die with it. Yu Gong refused to listen to Gong Zhiqi and promised the State of Jin to take the road. As a result, after Jin destroyed Guo, he returned to Li and destroyed Yu State.
Meng Changjun, the son of the Duke of Qi in the Warring States Period, was known as a teacher, and he gained a lot of talents and gained increasing prestige. When King Zhao of Qin knew about it, he worshipped it. Later, some people under the king of Qin were jealous. King Zhao imprisoned Meng Changjun and tried to kill him. Meng Changjun made people turn to Wang Xingji of Zhao for help. Yuki wants fox and white fur. There are those who can steal for dogs in Meng Changjun. They go to Qin Gong at night and learn to steal for dogs, so they get lucky. So luckily, Ji was the king, and Meng Changjun was released. Meng Changjun flew east and wanted to leave Hangu Pass. Zhao Wang regretted it, and people rushed to chase it. At that time, the law was closed: chickens crowed out of the guests. Meng Changjun was shut down at midnight, fearing that people would catch up with him. Some of the guests were able to crow, so they learned to crow, and Meng Changjun went through the customs.
After the death of Zhou Wuwang, Zhou Zhaofen, his son became a king when he was young, and Zhou Gongdan and Zhao Gong, the brothers of King Wu, were used to assist the government. At that time, the world was very unstable, and Zhou and Zhao decided to divide Shaanxi into two parts (the specific location of Shaanxi was divided, and the Water Classic Notes said that Shaanxi city or Shaanxi stranger was the boundary, while the bracketed records said that Shaanxi was the original boundary). In this way, the Duke of Zhou can devote his main energy to guarding against the rebellion of the adherents of the Shang Dynasty and stabilizing the newly developed places in the East. Zhao Gong's responsibility is to further develop agricultural production in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, establish a consolidated rear area, and relieve worries for the Zhou Dynasty to further explore its territory. The term "Shaanxi" in ancient books refers to the west of Shaanxi County. After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the name of Shaanxi Province also originated from this.
Zhao Gong loved the Duke of Zhou, and called him to govern Shaanxi, and Zhao Gong governed the west of Shaanxi County. According to legend, when he visited the countryside, he handled civil affairs in the fields. Local officials asked the masses to vacate their houses for him to rest and cook tea and prepare meals for him. He immediately stopped him, saying, "It is not my first monarch to learn from Wang Zhizhi." Zhao Gong also accepted civil cases under the tree of Tangli, and sentenced him to prison by hearing a lawsuit. He broke the case impartially, so that the people had no grievances, managed the land he was in charge of in an orderly way, prospered the economy, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. Therefore, after Zhao Gong's death, people missed his political achievements and the pear tree, and wrote Gan Tang's poems. Under the shady and lush Gan Tang tree, Zhao Gong left a caring and benevolent heart, and also left a legacy of Zhao Gong.