Education School-age children enjoy nine years of compulsory education, and tuition, book fees and transportation costs to school are borne by the state. Anyone with a high school diploma can go to college without taking the exam. In 2003, Austrian education funding totaled 5.75 billion euros, accounting for 9.4% of the total budget expenditure. In 2002, there were 6,715 primary and secondary schools and vocational schools with 1.233 million students, 19 universities and 197,000 college students. The famous University of Vienna was founded in 1365 and is one of the oldest universities in the German-speaking area. Education across the country is controlled by the federal government, and nine years of compulsory education is implemented for children aged 6 to 15. Tuition fees, book fees, and transportation costs to school are all borne by the state. There are currently about 230,000 college students in Austria, of which about 12 are foreign students. Austrian universities are tuition-free and implement a credit system. After completing the credits, you will receive a degree certificate.
In 2002, there were 245 newspapers of various types in the country, including 31 daily newspapers. The circulation of major newspapers in 2002 was: "Crown" 1.018 million copies, "The Courier" 258,000 copies, "News" 124,000 copies of "The Standard" and 111,000 copies of "The Standard". There are three main magazines: "News Weekly" with 304,000 copies; "Side" weekly magazine with 106,000 copies, and "Trends" economic monthly magazine with 82,000 copies.
The Austrian News Agency: established in 1946, mainly provides Austrian newspapers and radio stations with news from major news agencies in the world, and sometimes publishes official Austrian news.
A radio station was established in 1924. In 2001, there were five radio stations in China, broadcasting in four languages: German, English, French and Spanish. The TV program started broadcasting in 1957 and now has three programs.
Culture
When talking about Austria, everyone knows about its music and opera. Austria has produced many world-famous musicians in its history: Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Johann Strauss, and Beethoven, who was born in Germany but has lived in Austria for a long time. Over more than two centuries, these music masters left Austria with extremely rich cultural heritage and formed a unique national cultural tradition. The Salzburg Music Festival in Austria is one of the oldest, highest-level and largest classical music festivals in the world. The annual Vienna New Year's Concert is the most attended concert in the world. The Royal Opera House (now known as the Vienna State Opera), built in 1869, is one of the most famous opera houses in the world, and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra is universally recognized as the world's premier symphony orchestra.
Austrian school-age children enjoy nine years of compulsory education. Tuition fees, book fees and transportation costs to school are all borne by the state. Anyone with a high school diploma can go to college without taking the exam. The famous University of Vienna was founded in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking area.
In Austria, when you are a guest at the host’s home or invited to a banquet, you can wear dark or light clothes; for more formal and important occasions (such as when more important people are present), you should wear dark clothes. , to show solemnity, you can wear light-colored clothing to attend weddings or birthday celebrations; dark-colored clothing is required for concerts and operas. Austrian restaurants use "dove" as the star symbol of the restaurant. The more "pigeons" there are, the more upscale the restaurant, with the highest being four stars. Banquets can be divided into two types: work banquets and private banquets. If it is a work banquet, gifts are exempt; if it is a private banquet, gifts are required. Interesting Facts: Austrians who eat five meals a day gt; , is the main symbol of the "Music Capital" Vienna. The Vienna State Opera is known as the "World Opera Center". Built in 1869, it was originally the Royal Court Theater. Its predecessor was the wooden box theater on the Vienna Castle Square in the 17th century. In 1869, it was moved to the ring road in the city. In 1918, the Palace Theater became state-owned and was called the National Opera House. It was bombed during World War II and only a few ruins were left. It was rebuilt after the war and took 10 years to restore its original appearance. Although antique in appearance, the entire stage area is completely modern and equipped with state-of-the-art audio equipment. The rebirth was celebrated in November 1955 with a performance of Beethoven's Fidelio. The opera house is a magnificent Romanesque building.
The front hall and side halls are all made of marble, and the interior is painted with exquisite murals and photos of famous musicians and actors. The auditorium has 6 floors and can accommodate more than 1,600 spectators.
Vienna Concert Hall (Music Hall Vienna): The oldest and most modern concert hall in Vienna, Austria. It is the legal place where the "Vienna New Year Concert" is held every year. It was built in 1867 and completed in 1869. It is an Italian Renaissance building. The exterior walls are yellow and red, and there are many statues of music goddesses erected on the roof, which is quaint and unique. On January 6, 1870, the first performance was held in the golden concert hall of the concert hall. From 1872 to 1875, the famous musician Brahms was responsible for organizing concerts in the concert hall. Since 1939, the Vienna New Year Concert has been held here every January 1st. It was temporarily suspended due to the war and resumed in 1959. There is a collection hall in the hall, which is divided into two rooms. One is an exhibition room, where collections are regularly exhibited for people to visit; the other is an archive room, with bookshelves on one side filled with a large number of handwritten, woodcut, and printed music books and scores from past generations, and on the other side is a row of iron cabinets , which contains music manuscripts, letters and other handwritings of music masters, including Mozart's music manuscript: the last symphony, etc. In the middle of the room is a long row of tables for researchers to review materials. The archives were originally Brahms' office. Before his death, he repeatedly asked that all the thousands of music books and scores he collected should be donated to the archives. The concert hall belongs to the Austrian Friends of Music Association, which has more than 7,000 members and is said to be the oldest and largest music organization in the world.
Salzburg is the capital of the state of Salzburg in northwest Austria. It is adjacent to the Salzach River, a tributary of the Danube River. It is the transportation, industry and tourism center of northern Austria. This is the birthplace of the great composer Mozart and is known as the "Music and Art Center". Salzburg was established as a city in 1077 and served as the residence and activity center of the Catholic Archbishop from the 8th to the 18th century. In 1802, Salzburg was freed from religious rule. In 1809, it was returned to Bavaria according to the Treaty of Sch?nbronn. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) decided to return it to Austria. The architectural art here is comparable to Venice and Florence in Italy, and it is known as the "Rome of the North". The city is located on both sides of the Salzach River, nestled between the snow-capped Alpine peaks. The city is surrounded by lush steep mountains and is full of charm. The Hollhensalzburg (11th century) on the southern slope of the right bank of the river is still standing tall and tall after 900 years of wind and rain. It is the best-preserved and largest medieval castle in Central Europe. The Benedictine Monastery was built at the end of the 7th century and has long been the center of local evangelistic activities. The Franciscan Church was built in 1223. The cathedral, modeled after the Holy Church in Rome, was built in the early 17th century and was the first Italianate building in Austria. The Archbishop's Residence is a Renaissance palace from the 16th to the 18th century. Mirabell Palace was originally a palace built for the Archbishop of Salzburg in the 17th century. It was expanded in the 18th century and is now a tourist center including palaces, churches, gardens, museums, etc. In the south of the city is the Royal Garden built in the 17th century, famous for its "play of water". Under the eaves next to the door of the building in the garden, there are underground water pipes on both sides of the road that spray from time to time, splashing water, and causing rain curtains and fog. Walking into an artificially built cave in the garden, the gurgling water emits 26 kinds of bird sounds, forming a melodious song of birds singing in the sky. On a stage controlled by mechanical devices, through the action of water flow, 156 movable figures reproduced the scene of life in the small town here more than 300 years ago. Walking into Salzburg, Mozart is everywhere. On January 27, 1756, the great composer Mozart was born at No. 9 Liang Street in the city. In 1917, Mozart's former residence was turned into a museum.
Mozart’s former residence (Mozartst Seburtuts) is the birthplace of Austria’s famous 18th-century music master Mozart. It is located at Grainstrasse 9, Salzburg. This is a golden 6-story building. Mozart was born here on January 27, 1756 AD and spent his childhood here. Xizat was appointed as a court musician at the age of 14.
In 1781, he submitted his resignation to the court and moved to Vienna, thus opening the door to Viennese classical music until his death on January 5, 1791. In order to commemorate him, this place was turned into Mozart's former residence museum in 1917. The museum displays the violins, xylophones and pianos that Mozart used during his lifetime, as well as his handwritten scores, letters and stage play blueprints designed by himself. The museum still has a lock of Mozart's golden hair. In front of the former residence is a full-length bronze statue of Mozart. Mozart's Birthplace is a must-see for visitors to Salzburg. On display in the museum is a lock of Mozart's blond hair, the violin and sheet music he used when he was a boy. There is a full-length bronze statue of Mozart on the Mozart Square in front of the museum. There is also the Mozarte Music College near the square; even the chocolate candies sold in shops are named after Mozart. Salzburg has historically been known as a city of music, and the city holds international music festivals every year. Including Salzburg International Music Festival (lasts for 5 weeks), Salzburg Easter Music Festival (lasts for 2 weeks), Salzburg International Arts Festival (lasts for 5 weeks). The predecessor of the Salzburg International Music Festival was the Mozart Festival held many times from 1877 to 1910. It is dominated by the Vienna State Opera (one of the top ten theaters in the world) and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra (one of the three largest philharmonic orchestras in the world), and widely accepts famous symphony orchestras, conductors, soloists and soloists from all over the world. The Salzburg International Music Festival has become a world music event.
The Donau Tower in Vienna is located in the Danube Park north of the city and was built in 1964. The tower is 252 meters high and the bottom diameter is 31 meters. The Danube Tower towers into the sky, drawing a new skyline for the city of Vienna. There are two high-speed elevators in the tower. Visitors can take the elevator from the bottom of the tower to the 165-meter-high elevator terminal. There are open-air cafes and indoor cafes 5 meters above and below the end of the elevator. Climbing up to the 170-meter-high open-air cafe, you can feel the cold wind blowing against your face. Entering the 160-meter-high indoor cafe, you feel as warm as spring. Looking out the window, you can have a panoramic view of the majestic Alps in the distance and the blue Danube River passing through the city. Since the two cafes are built around the tower and their floor structures are connected to the tower axis, they can rotate around the tower at three speeds to form a unique rotating cafe. The cafe rotates once every 39 minutes. As the coffee shop rotates, the scenery outside the window also slowly moves. Visitors can enjoy the bustling urban landscape of Vienna and the pastoral scenery on the outskirts of the city while sipping a drink.
Schonbrunn Castle in Vienna Schonbrunn Castle is located in the southwest of Vienna, the capital of Austria. It is also known as "Schonbrunn Palace" and is the summer residence of the Austrian Habsburg royal family. It was built on the order of Queen Maria Theresa in 1694. The entire palace covers an area of ??26,000 square meters, slightly less than the Palace of Versailles in France. There are 1,400 rooms in the palace, 44 of which are decorated in the rococo architectural style popular in Europe in the 18th century. They are slim, gorgeous, elegant and unique; in addition, there are also halls decorated in oriental classical styles, such as inlaid red sandalwood. , ebony, ivory Chinese style and Japanese style decorated with lacquer and lacquer. The decorations and furnishings inside the room are also consistent with the architectural style. Among the dazzling array of ceramic furnishings, the large colored porcelain plates and ancient vases with flower patterns from the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty are the most precious. The palace has a restaurant and a gorgeous ballroom where successive emperors of the Habsburg dynasty hosted banquets. The Austrian government still holds balls there or entertains diplomatic envoys from various countries. In the palace, there are several gilt carriages used by Queen Maria Theresa during her coronation ceremony. They are extremely luxurious and attract people to stop. The corridors are filled with portraits of the emperors of the Habsburg dynasty and pictures recording scenes of their lives, as well as portraits of Queen Maria Theresa's 16 daughters. The most lovable of them is King Louis X of France. The portrait of Marie Antoinette, the sixth queen, as a girl. Her elegant and delicate brushstrokes show the luxurious scenery and luxurious life of the dynasty at that time in the painting. Later, Queen Mary, who grew up in this palace, and her husband Louis XVI were guillotined during the French Revolution.
At the corner of the room and the corridor are various styles of stoves, among which the large Russian stove is the most peculiar in shape and is a sight to behold. Behind the palace is a large Barot-style garden. Whenever the flowers are in full bloom, the exotic flowers in the garden are fragrant and pleasant, making people linger and adding to the beauty of the palace. Napoleon occupied Vienna twice and lived here both times. The famous composer Mozart also played the piano for the Queen on the palace stage in the palace when he was a child. After Napoleon's defeat, from September 1814 to June 1815, the famous Congress of Vienna to carve up Europe was held here. At that time, Austrian Prime Minister Metternich was famous for his manipulative skills in playing balance of power diplomacy among the European powers.
Historical Celebrities
Adolf Hitler (18:30 pm on April 20, 1889 - 3:30 pm on April 30, 1945), born He died in Braunau am Inn (Braunau am Inn, Linz, on the Rhine), a city on the border between Bavaria and Austria, and died in Berlin. Hitler was the president of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany, the Nazi Party, the head of the German Third Reich, and a war criminal in World War II. At the same time, he was also an outstanding orator, politician and adventurous military strategist.
Wolfgang Mozart (1756-1791): a great Austrian composer and an outstanding representative of the Vienna classical music school. Born into a family of Salzburg court musicians, he showed great musical talent at an early age and excelled in improvisation and composition. He composed a minuet at the age of six and successfully traveled and performed in Europe. Known as the "child prodigy". In 1773, he served as court musician of the Archbishop of Salzburg. In 1781, he was dissatisfied with the severe control imposed by the bishop and resigned angrily. He came to Vienna and embarked on the difficult path of a free musician. All of Mozart's works are permeated with his thoughts of pursuing democracy and freedom, and burst out with bright and optimistic emotions under huge social pressure. He widely used various music forms, successfully organically linked the national music of Germany, Austria, Italy and other countries with traditional European music, giving them profound ideological content and perfect form, opening up a new path for the development of Western music. A new road. Its creative techniques are novel, the melody is simple and beautiful, the texture is clean and meticulous, and the orchestration pays attention to the timbre effect. It plays a positive role in polyphonic music and has a great influence on the music creation of later generations. He created a total of seventy-five works in his short life, leaving behind famous operas such as "The Marriage of Figaro", "Don Juan", "The Escape from the Harem" and "The Magic Flute", making opera a A new genre with citizen characteristics. He also composed a large number of symphonies, concertos, piano pieces and chamber music ensembles.
Franz Schubert (1797-1828): composer and one of the founders of romantic music. Born on January 31, 1797, his father was the principal of a primary school in the suburbs of Vienna. He had 19 children, Schubert was the youngest. He loved music since he was a child. He started learning violin and piano from his father and brother when he was 8 years old. In 1811, he composed his first song "Hajar's Sorrow". At the age of 16, he became a teacher in his father's primary school. He teaches and composes music at the same time. At the age of 17, he composed music for Goethe's poems "Greching at the Spinning Wheel" and "Wild Rose". When he was 18 years old, one afternoon, he picked up Goethe's narrative poem "The Devil" to read, and suddenly his mood was aroused. An hour later, the world-famous song "The Devil" was born. This famous song immediately caused a sensation in Vienna and set him on the path of music creation. Schubert only lived to be 33 years old, but he wrote 634 art songs throughout his life. In addition, he also wrote 8 symphonies, some ensembles, sonatas, improvisations and other musical works. "Serenade" is appreciated by the world for its soulfulness and beauty. Schubert used harmonic color changes and various musical genres to depict personal psychological activities. He was full of the harmony and vitality of nature. He put his fleeting reverie into music scores and expressed what he felt Everything turns into a musical image, forming his unique romantic melody.
He admired Beethoven very much. In 1822, Schubert went to see Beethoven with his newly published works, and Beethoven happened to be out. Later, Beethoven discovered this piece of music while he was ill and said, "This work is full of magical sparks." However, when Schubert went to see Beethoven again, Beethoven was critically ill and could not speak. When Schubert was dying, he asked his relatives and friends to bury him next to Beethoven. Now their bronze statues stand side by side in Vienna Square.
Johann Strauss Jr. (1825-1899): the son of Johann Strauss Sr., a famous Austrian light music composer. Born into a family of musicians in Vienna, where dancing was popular, he had the same name as his father. His creations are famous for more than 120 Viennese waltzes such as "The Blue Danube", "The Story of the Vienna Woods", "The Life of the Artist" and "Sound of Spring". He was dubbed the "King of Waltz" by future generations. . He once led the orchestra to visit various European countries, making the Vienna Waltz popular throughout Europe. His waltzes are unique, with hearty, melodious melody, free rhythm and full of vitality. They are the main pieces of the Vienna New Year's Concert every year. He also composed more than 120 polka dances from the Czech Republic such as "Thunder and Lightning" and dozens of other dances. Since 1870, he has created sixteen operettas including "The Bat", "The Carnival of Rome", "Alibaba and the Forty Thieves", and "The Gypsy Baron", which have had a profound impact on the development of European operettas.
Stephen Zweig (1881～1942): a famous Austrian novelist and biographer, who was born into a wealthy Jewish family. In his youth, he studied philosophy and literature in Vienna and Berlin. Later, he traveled around the world, met people such as Romain Manland and Rodin, and was influenced by them. During World War I, he engaged in anti-war work and became a famous pacifist. I went to the Soviet Union in the 1920s and met Gorky. He was expelled by the Nazis in 1934 and went into exile in the United Kingdom and Brazil. In 1942, he and his wife committed suicide in loneliness and disillusionment. Zweig had outstanding attainments in poetry, short essays, novels, dramas and biographies, and was especially good at novels and biographies. His representative works include the novels "First Experience", "Malay Madman", "Fear", "Confusion of Feelings", "The Turning Point of Human Destiny", "Letter from a Strange Woman", "The Story of Chess", "A Woman's Life" "Twenty-Four Hours", "Dangerous Pity", etc.; biographies "Three Masters", "The Struggle with the Spirits", "Three Poets Describing Their Lives", etc. Zweig was interested in psychology and Freudian theory, and his works are good at meticulous character characterization, as well as descriptions of personal experiences and spiritual passion under strange fate.
Freud Sigmund (1856-1939): Austrian psychiatrist, neurologist, psychologist, and founder of the psychoanalytic school. Born on May 6, 1856 in a Jewish businessman's family in Moravia, he was the eldest son among his parents' eight children. When he was 4 years old, he moved to Vienna with his family. At the age of 17, he was admitted to the Medical College of the University of Vienna and received his doctorate in medicine in 1881. Later, he started practicing medicine and served as a clinical neurologist. He was engaged in the clinical treatment of mental illness throughout his life. In terms of exploring the causes of mental illness, Freud abandoned the prevailing theory of physiological causes at the time and gradually moved towards the theory of psychological causes. He founded the theory of psychoanalysis (Psychoanalysis, also translated as psychoanalysis), which believed that mental illness originated from the conflict of internal motivations in the mind. . He thinks sharply, analyzes meticulously, makes inferences step by step, and conceives step by step. When discussing issues, he often quotes literature, history, medicine, philosophy, religion and other materials to reveal the bottom layer of people's souls. His major works include: "The Interpretation of Dreams" (1900), "Three Essays on Sexuality" (1905), "Introduction to Psychoanalysis" (1910), and "Civilization and Its Defects" (1929). In 1886, he married Martha Burroughs and had three sons and three daughters. Their daughter, A. Freud, later became a famous psychologist.
Franz Kafka (1883～1924): Austrian novelist.
Born on July 3, 1883 in a Jewish businessman family in Prague, he entered Prague University to study literature and law at the age of 18. He began writing in 1904. His main works are four collections of short stories and three novels. Unfortunately, most of them were not published during his lifetime, and all three novels were not completed. Kafka is a famous European Expressionist writer. He lived in an era when the Austro-Hungarian Empire was about to collapse, and was deeply influenced by the philosophies of Nietzsche and Bergson. He also always took a bystander attitude towards political events. Therefore, most of his works used deformed and absurd images and symbolic intuition to express hostile people. An isolated, desperate individual surrounded by a social environment. It became a concentrated expression of the "confusion of modern people" sweeping Europe, and set off waves of "Kafka fever" in Europe. His most famous works include the short story "The Hole" (1923), which uses small animals to defend themselves against enemies, and expresses the mental state of small people in capitalist society who are unable to protect themselves at all times and the isolation and despair in a hostile environment. ; Through the absurd plot of Samsa, a clerk, who suddenly turns into a giant beetle that disgusts his family, the short story "Metamorphosis" (1912) expresses the "alienation" phenomenon in modern society that turns people into slaves and even "inhumans". Year); the novel "The Castle", in which land surveyor K is unable to advance or retreat in front of a castle that symbolizes mysterious power or invisible shackles, and can only sit back and wait for death; borrows the story of bank employee Joseph K who is inexplicably "arrested", and The absurd incident of being killed inexplicably, the novel "The Trial" which exposes the corruption of the judicial system of capitalist society and its anti-people nature, etc.
Carl Czerny (February 21, 1791 - July 15, 1857) was an Austrian. Famous composer, pianist and music educator.
Czerny studied under the famous musician and composer Beethoven. He was Beethoven's favorite student. Beethoven taught him how to play the piano for free for three years from 1801 to 1803. He actively promoted Beethoven's works and discussed how to play Beethoven's works correctly in Chapters 2 and 3 of Volume 4 of his work No. 500, "Complete Piano Theory and Performance". He could recite all of Beethoven's piano works.
As a piano educator, Czerny trained students like Franz Liszt. He taught Liszt to play the piano for free, and Liszt also said: "Everything about me was taught to me by Czerny."
As a piano educator, he wrote countless piano etudes throughout his life. A basic textbook for piano students. His status lies in building a bridge between Beethoven's era and modern piano performance.
Haydn On April 1, 1732, Franz Joseph Haydn, the founder of the Vienna classical music school, was born in the scenic village of Rolau in southern Austria near the Hungarian border. Died in Vienna on May 1, 1809. Haydn is an important composer with great influence in the history of world music. He was the first representative of the Viennese classical music school and a composer with a creative spirit. ?
On April 1, 1732, Maria Kohler, the wife of wheelwright Matthias Haydn, gave birth to a son in Rolau (located in Lower Austria, close to the Hungarian border). The date registered on the child's birth certificate is April 1, and his name is Franz Joseph Haydn. Joseph Haydn once said this to his first biographer, Diss: "I was born on April 1, and my father's diary also says so. But my brother Michael (another great composer) ) always said that I was born on March 31st. This is because he didn’t want to say that I was born on April Fool’s Day.” (It is also said that Haydn’s birthday is March 31st, because Haydn denied that he was born on April 1st. , it turned out that he didn't want others to say that he was a fool who was born on April Fool's Day.) Haydn's father was a carriage maker who made a living by building carriages, and his mother was a cook. Although both his parents were ordinary laborers, they both loved music, which gave Haydn the opportunity to be influenced by music since he was a child. His family was poor. In order to study, he left his parents at the age of six and went to Vienna. Haydn had superhuman musical talent. When he was eight years old, he was selected as a member of the children's choir of the Staifang Church at that time.
Later, when he grew up, his voice changed and he was kicked out of the choir. From then on, he lived on the streets and experienced all the hardships in the world. Fortunately, he was discovered by a singer and rescued by him, and he barely survived. This period can be said to be the most difficult period of his life. Although his life was difficult, his belief in loving music never wavered. He worked hard to learn music, and finally received the help of the Hungarian nobleman Paul Esterházy and became the marquis's court musician. After that, Haydn lived a stable life until his later years. Most of his works were created during this period. Because of his cheerful personality, security in life, and respect for his personality, his works always sound peaceful and optimistic. , unlike Beethoven's music, which has a strong fighting nature. ?
Haydn's main contribution to classical music is the symphony and quartet. Because he made a huge contribution to the formation and perfection of the symphony genre, he is called the "Father of the Symphony".