Sun's surname has a long history, and there are many clues about its origin. The roots of Chinese Sun's surname absorb the blood of various periods, places and nationalities, and its development is like the convergence of rivers and streams. Sun Shi appeared in Wei, Qi, Chu, Wu, Jin, Zheng and Qin in the pre-Qin period, and in many vassal states in the Central Plains. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, some families have become Sun clan members by changing their surnames and giving them surnames. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, many ethnic minorities joined the ranks of Sun in the process of sinicization. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the government demanded that the compound surname be changed to a single surname, so that another group of compound surname clans with the word Sun became a member of the Sun surname clan. To sum up, there are five main sources:
First, the three main branches of Sun Shi in the pre-Qin period
According to the summary of genealogy and historical records in the Tang and Song Dynasties, Sun Shi mainly had three main branches in the pre-Qin period.
1. Ji's surname is Weiguo Sun Shi
Weiguo Ji's surname is after Zhou Wenwang. In the Tang Dynasty, Lin Bao's "Yuan He surname usurped" Volume 4 "Sun" surname contained: "After Wei Kangshu, the eighth son of Zhou Wenwang, he went to Wugonghe to give birth to Huisun, Huisun gave birth to his ears, and his ears gave birth to Wu Zhong, taking the word Wang Fu as his surname." Wu Zhong took the "Sun" in his grandfather's name "Huisun" as his surname, and called Sun Wuzhong, thus defending Sun Shi.
Wei Kangshu, whose surname is Ji Mingfeng, is the eighth son of Ji Chang, the king of Zhou Dynasty. After Zhou Wuwang Ji Fa destroyed the business, he stayed in Kang (now northwest of Yuzhou City, Henan Province) intact, and was called Kang Shufeng in history. After Ji Dan, the Duke of Zhou, put down the rebellion in Wu Geng, he enfeoffed some areas originally ruled by Shang and the seven tribes of Yin people to Kang Shu, taking Chaoge (now Qixian County, Henan Province), the old capital of Shang, as the capital, and established it as a country with the remaining people who supervised Shang. Weiguo is located in the northern part of Henan Province, and it also owns parts of the southern section of Hebei Province and the western end of Shandong Province. Wei Kangshu followed the exhortation of his elder brother Duke Zhou, and governed the country with the policy of "being wise and punishing carefully" by Wen Wang. Wei Guo improved considerably and became a big country at that time.
Wei Kangshu's eighth Sun Weiwu Gong, named He, was the king of defending the country in the Western Weekend and the early Spring and Autumn Period, and he reigned from about 812 BC to 758 BC. In the forty-second year of Duke Wu (771 BC), the dog Rong attacked Haojing in Zhoudu (now Chang 'an, Shanxi) and killed Zhou Youwang. Duke Wu of Wei joined forces with Duke Wen of Jin, Zheng Wugong and Qin Xianggong to help the Zhou royal family quell the rebellion of the northern minorities, and to protect Zhou Pingwang from moving eastward to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan), where he was given the title of Duke by Zhou Pingwang. Duke Ji of Wei Wu worked diligently in politics, and was very popular with the people. He was the most famous vassal at that time. Wu Gongyou's son was named Huisun, Huisun had a son's name, who was Wei Shangqing and ate fiefs in Qi (now north of Puyang County, Henan Province), and Ji 'er had a son's name B, the word Wu Zhong. According to the patriarchal clan system of Zhou Dynasty, the son of the monarch of the vassal state was called Gongzi, and the grandson was called Gongsun. The son of Gongsun had been slightly alienated from his long-term blood relationship, but his grandfather (father) could be named as the surname, and another branch of the clan was born. In this way, Wu Zhong took the word "Sun" of his grandfather Huisun as his surname, which meant that Sun Yi, Sun Wuzhong and Wei Guo Sun Shi were separated from Ji's surname.
Ji's surname is one of the oldest surnames in the Chinese nation, and the legendary Huaxia tribe in ancient history is famous for its two tribal leaders, Emperor and Emperor Yan. The emperor is the surname of Ji, named Xuanyuan, because he lives near Jishui, and then he got the surname of Ji, which is the emperor clan. Yandi was named Jiang, whose surname was Shennong, and got Jiang because he lived next to Jiang Shui, so he belonged to Yandi clan. Both Ji and Jiang take the female as their surnames, which, as the symbol of the clan, reflects the organizational structure of the primitive tribe with the blood relationship of the children born by women as the link. Some scholars infer that the birthplace of the emperor clan is about the north of Shaanxi today, while the ancestor of Emperor Yan is about the south of the west of Shanxi Province. The two tribes are not far apart, and even married.
The Zhou family is an ancient tribe that rises on the loess plateau in the middle reaches of Wei River. According to relevant legends, the surname Ji of Zhou Wang seems to be a direct descendant of the Chinese people. The ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty called Hou Ji, and it was said that he was the son of Di Ku. According to legend, Di Ku is also a descendant of the Yellow Emperor's son Xuan Tao, named Gao Xin's, who married the daughter of Tai's and gave up. Jiang Qiu, surnamed Jiang, should belong to the Yandi clan system. In this way, abandonment is the fruit of intermarriage between Huangdi clan and Yandi clan. It spread from Hou Ji to Gong Liu for more than ten generations, and moved to Jian (now Xunyi County, Shaanxi Province), and then to Gu Gongqi's father, and moved to Zhouyuan (now Qishan County, Shaanxi Province) at the foot of Qishan Mountain. Since King Jichang ascended the throne, Zhou became more and more powerful, and Ji Fa, the king of Wu, finally destroyed the business and unified the whole country. One of the 12th grandchildren of Zhou Wenwang took his grandfather's word as his surname and changed his surname to Sun. He mainly lived in his fief: Qi (located in the north of Puyang County, Henan Province).
2. Sun Shi, whose surname is Mi
The Book of the New Tang Dynasty Prime Minister's Lineage, written by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi in the Song Dynasty, said: Sun Shi "came from Mi's surname." Chu Fu gave birth to Wang Zizhang, with the word "no hook". He gave birth to Uncle Lv Chen, and Sun Wei gave birth to Ai Hunting, that is, Yin Shu 'ao and Sun Shi. And the highest-ranking official who went abroad: another Yin Sun Shuao, the source of Sun Shi in Chu.
the surname of Mi was the surname of Chu in the early Zhou Dynasty. The ethnic origins of Chu people include the theory of Chinese Huaxia, the theory of barbarians in Dongyi, the theory of three indigenous seedlings, etc. In fact, Chu people are formed by a continuous hybridization between Huaxia people in the Central Plains and the surrounding indigenous people, and Chu culture is the fruit of the fusion of Chinese culture and barbarian culture.
2 Five Sources of Sun's Surname (zt)
Qu Yuan's Lisao begins by saying that he is a descendant of Emperor Levin, claiming to be a descendant of Levin's family in the Central Plains. Levin is one of the five emperors in the legendary era of our country, and an important leader in the Yanhuang Alliance: Zhuan Xu. According to Sima Qian's Historical Records, Zhuan Xu was the grandson of the emperor and a tribal leader of Huaxia nationality at that time. One of its descendants is called Zhu Rong, and clan reproduction is divided into eight surnames, with Linjiang water and barbarians living together. Lu Zhong, a descendant of Zhu Rong, married the daughter of Ghost Fang, who was pregnant for eleven years and didn't give birth, so she gave birth to three people by caesarean section, three by opening the left rib and three by opening the right rib. The sixth son was Ji Lian, whose branch was Mi surname, which was the ancestor of Chu people.
During the Shang Dynasty, due to the fierce struggle in the Central Plains, the Jilian tribe gradually moved southward to reach the Hanshui River Basin. With the attachment of the local Miao tribe, the ancestors of Chu people and the aborigines of Sanmiao continued to merge, and their strength continued to grow. The most famous figure among the descendants of Jilian was the chief Ji Xiong. At this time, Shang Zhouwang's rule was extremely cruel. In order to survive and develop the Chu nationality, Ji Xiong decided to take refuge in the Zhou nationality, and made many contributions in the process of rescuing Zhou Wenwang and assisting Zhou Wuwang in the crusade against Zhou Wang. When Zhou Chengwang was a descendant of the hero, he made Xiong Yi, the great grandson of Ji Xiong, a viscount, and established the State of Chu, whose territory is located in the southwest of Henan and northern Hubei. Because of the historical achievements of the bear and its influence on the Chu society, from then on, the monarch of Chu changed his surname to bear.
Hong Mao was the monarch of Chu State in the early Spring and Autumn Period. His surname was Xiong Ming You, whose name was Hong Mao, and his son Zhang, played an important role in the diplomatic affairs of Chu State at that time. "A Brief History of the Clan" says: "Zhang Zhang's food city is in the town, so he is named after his family." In this way, Kou's family has gradually developed into a noble family of Chu, and there are many related figures in Zuo Zhuan. Lou Lucheng, the son of Lou Zhang, was named uncle. When Chu became the king, he was appointed as Ling Yin. His grandson, Jia Zu, whose name is Bo Zu, went in and out of the King of Chu's court at an early age to comment on political affairs, and Chu Zhuangwang was then Gong Zheng. The son of Jia Jia, Jia Ao, whose name is Ai Lies, is a famous sage of Chu State: Sun Shuao. Their descendants took Sun as their surname, and the Sun Shi clan of Chu State was born and multiplied.
3. Sun Shi, whose surname is Qi
The Book of the New Tang Dynasty and the Prime Minister's Lineage Table says: Sun Shi is still consistent, "from the surname of Gui. Qi Tian finished the word Jing Zhong, the fourth Sun Huanzi had no Yu, and the second son had no Yu: Huan and Shu. Shu Zi Zhan, Dr. Qi, has made great achievements in cutting Ju, and Jing Gong gave his surname Sun Shi, and his food was collected in Le' an. " This means that Dr. Chen Shu of Qi was given the surname of Sun with meritorious military service, which is the origin of the surname of Sun of Qi.
Gui surname and Yao surname are both the surname of Yu tribe. According to legend, Shun was born in Yao Ruins and got Yao surname. He lived in Gui and got Gui surname, which is the bend of the river. Gui means Gui water. In the south of Yongji County, Shanxi Province, it originates from Lishan and flows into the Yellow River. There are two opinions about the origin of Shun: The Historical Records of the Three Generations says that Shun is a descendant of the emperor family; And Mencius said: "Dashun, the people of Dongyi are also." According to the analysis of all kinds of ancient history records, Shun's place of voice, residence, production and work are not only in the Central Plains of Shanxi and Henan, but also in the places of Shandong and Zhejiang. Can it be speculated that the Shun nationality and its descendants should be the descendants of a branch of Huaxia nationality in the Central Plains and Dongyi tribe?
Tian Wan is a descendant of Yu Man, a descendant of Shun and a son of Yu Hao's father. When Zhou Wuwang attacked the merchants, Yu Huang's father was the official of Tao Zheng of Zhou clan, who was in charge of the production of pottery and managed the potters engaged in making and firing kilns. Because of his good management and complete equipment, and because he is a descendant of the sage Yu Shun, Zhou Wuwang married his daughter to Gui Man, the son of Yu Huang's father, and sealed him to the area of Huaiyang County in Henan Province today to establish the State of Chen. After Gui Man's death, posthumous title Chen Hugong, also known as Hu Gongman, took Chen as his surname.
from Chen Hugong, the state of Chen was inherited by twelve monarchs in ten generations, and civil strife occurred in Huan gong. Duke Huan was seriously ill and died. His brother killed the prince and stood on his own two feet, for the sake of Duke Chen. The three younger brothers, Yue, Lin and Chu Jiu, who were spared by the Prince, avenged their brother, and jointly designed and killed Duke Li by Cai. The three younger brothers successively acceded to the throne as Li Gong, Zhuang Gong and Xuan Gong. The public died five months later, and Zhuang died seven years later. After Xuangong succeeded to the throne, he had already established the crown of the prince, and later he wanted to change the money to favor the son of Ji, so he brutally killed the crown of the prince. Chen Wan, the son of Li Gong, had a good relationship with the Crown Prince and was afraid of his own disaster, so that he could flee to Qi in 672 BC. After Chen Wan arrived in the State of Qi, he humbly declined the position of Qing, and only took the position of "integrity" in managing all kinds of workers.
Chen Wan's fourth grandson, Chen Wuyu, served as an official "doctor", and his fifth grandson, Chen Shu, made great contributions to Ju 'an. Qi Jinggong gave him the surname of Sun, and named him Le 'an (now Huimin County, Shandong Province), so Sun Shi, the State of Qi, appeared.
Second, other branches of Sun Shi in pre-Qin countries
1. Sun Shi, a descendant of the royal family named Ji in the State of Jin
The name "Sun Zhou" appeared for the second time in Zuo Zhuan's Seventeen Years as a Duke (592 BC). Yang Bojun's note: "Sun Zhou is the Duke of Jin." "Historical Records of the Jin Family" says: "Those who mourn the public week, their big father Jie, and the public and young children of Jinxiang, can not stand, and the number is Uncle Huan, and Uncle Huan loves it most. Uncle Huan gave birth to Huibo and talked about mourning for the public. " Sun Zhou was also changed to Sun Shi as a side branch of the royal family because his grandfather was a small clan with few children and could not stand as the main one. Later, due to an accidental opportunity, the nobles of the State of Jin attacked and killed Duke Li, only to welcome Sun Zhou, a branch of the royal family, to the throne, to pay tribute to Duke Jin. According to Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, there is a retainer Sun Ming in Zhao Jianzi, Jin Qing. The retainer is generally a civilian class, which shows that Sun Shi has also been produced among the civilians in the State of Jin.
3 Five Sources of Sun's Surname (zt)
2. Sun Shi, a member of Zheng Guoji's royal family
Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Eight Years (565 BC) records: "Zheng Qun's son died of Xi Gong, seeking for his son. Zi Shang came first, Geng Chen in summer and April, and killed the orphans, Zi Xi, Zi Hou and Zi Ding. Sun strike, Sun evil out of the guard. " P Sun Ji and Sun Evil are the sons and grandsons of Zheng Guoji's royal family.
3. Sun Shi of the State of Qin
The Collection of Zhuangzi's Annotations on Horseshoe: "Lezyun: Sun's surname, Yang's name, Bole, Qin Mugong was a good horse." Bole Sun Yang knows a swift horse, and his story is widely spread. That is to say, Sun Shi also appeared in the State of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period, although his ancestral home is unknown.
4. Sun Shi of Shang Dynasty
Jin Shilu by Zhao Mingcheng of Song Dynasty (Volume 17) The Monument to Sun Genbei of Han Anping: "When you pass the examination, you come out first, and you have your own line of Yin Lishang, which is the seedling of Zi Tang; Another cloud won the victory of Wu Ding Zhou, sealed the tomb of Bigan, and the descendants analyzed it, avoiding the ground and hiding the track. The surname was Sun Yan. " Bigan was Shang Zhouwang's uncle, and he was an official in Shao Shi. Zhou Wang Yin abused excessively, and the national situation was in danger. Bigan made a face and protested directly, and was killed by Zhou Wang. Legend has it that after Bigan was killed, his wife fled to the forest to take refuge, and the son was named Lin Jian, and Lin Jian was the son of Bigan. Since then, all descendants of Lin have been ancestors of Bigan. Here, however, a descendant of Bigan named Sun emerged. The so-called "descendant analysis" should be another branch of Bigan family.
Third, change the surname to Sun Shi
1. The relationship between Xunzi and Sun Shi
Xunzi, a great thinker in the Warring States period, also had an indissoluble bond with Sun Shi. According to the Records of Historical Records written by Sima Zhen in Tang Dynasty and the Records of Hanshu Art and Literature written by Yan Shigu in Tang Dynasty, in order to avoid the taboo of Xuandi's name inquiry, the tour was changed to Sun's surname, and even Xun Qing in the Warring States Period was changed to Sun Qing; Of course, quite a few people changed their surnames back later, but after all, some people thought it was changed, because it also became a big source of the branch of Sun's surname in Han Dynasty.
2. There were children who took their mothers' surnames in the Han Dynasty
The biography of Xiahou Baby in Hanshu records: "The first baby was given a car by Teng Ling, so it was named Teng Gong. And the great-grandson is quite a master, and the master takes his family name and is called Princess Sun, so Teng makes his sons and daughters more Sun Shi. "
During the Three Kingdoms period of Dongwu, officials paid homage to Lieutenant General Wei Kou, led the satrap of Lujiang, and guarded Sunhe in Wancheng (now Qianshan County, Anhui Province), whose real name was Bo Hai, and was a native of Sun Shi, Dongwu, and also a native of Wujun. "History of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu, Biography of Imperial Clans" Pei quoted Wu Shu as saying: "River, strong clan son also, after the birth of Gu Yu." The so-called "clan son" of Sun Jian, and "the surname of Yu after leaving the family", should be the son of a married woman in the Sun clan, and naturally follow the surname of Yu. When he was young, he conquered the battlefield with Sun Jian, and he was often the forerunner, and Sun Jian regarded him as his confidant. Later, with Sun Ce, he pacified Jiangdong and made more meritorious deeds. "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu, Biography of Imperial Clans" said: "Sun Ce loved his son, gave his surname as Sun, and listed his family. Later, he was a general and went to the capital (now Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province). " Sun Ce not only gave him the surname Sun again, but also listed his family name, that is, he went back to Fuchun Sun Shi's genealogy.
3. It was adopted as a stepson by the Sun clan and changed to Sun's surname
For example, Sun Shimei's family in Lou County, Jiangsu Province (now Songjiang, Shanghai) in the Ming Dynasty, Sun Shimei was an official in Shenzhou, and his father, Sun Ne, was an official in Tiance, and his grandfather, whose real name was Zhu, became famous as Sun's family after he was appointed as Zhu Kui in Taichang Temple. "Rebuilding Genealogy in Jiangdu Sun Shi" says: The ancestor Sun Jinxing was born in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. "The male surname is Xu, and the second surname is Sun. Because of the secret of the Ming grandson, the ancestral legacy is awkward, and the genealogy is from Sun Shi, and Gai does not forget this." This person was changed from Xu to Sun Shi's stepson to Sun, and became the ancestor of Jiangdu Sun Shi clan.
Fourth, the compound surname saves words to become Sun's surname
Uncle Sun Shi. First, it originated from Ji's surname, which was recorded in Surname Spectrum. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu Huangong's son Gongziya was also called Uncle Ya, and his two grandchildren, Peng Sheng and Dechen, took Uncle Zhong as their surname, while Dechen took Uncle Sun as their surname. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Dr. Lu had uncles Sun Bao and Sun Dechen, and in the Western Han Dynasty, there were uncles Sun Tong. Second, it originated from the Tuoba nationality in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Book of Wei Official Records contains: "Tuoba's neighbor ordered his uncle's surname to be Yi, and later changed it to uncle Sun Shi." In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was an uncle, Sun Jian politician, whose surname was Yi Fang.
Changsun Shi. There are also two sources of Changsun Shi: first, the surname has existed in the Han Dynasty, and there are two articles on Changsun Shi in Hanshu Yiwenzhi Xiaojing; The Biography of the Scholars in Han Dynasty shows that Sun Shun, a native of Zichuan (now Changle West, Shandong Province), once studied under Wang Ji, and was famous for his scholarship and doctor. Second, it originated from the Tuoba nationality in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Book of Wei said: "Emperor Xiaowen took Tuoba as the length of the imperial branch and changed it to Changsun Shi." Changsun Wuji, the eldest grandson of Emperor Taizong in the Tang Dynasty, was the successor. Another "Zhou Shu" records that Sun Jian, a native of Luoyang, Henan Province, is a Xianbei nationality.
Shi Sun Shi. "Shi" was the lowest title in the pre-Qin period, and it was classified as "taking the peerage as the surname" in Tongzhi Clan Brief. A Textual Research on Surnames shows that during the Spring and Autumn Period, Dr. Qi had a scholar Sun Shi, and Twenty-five Years of Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong said: Cui Jue murdered Zhuang Gong and "buried his grandchildren." Du Note: "Shisun, a man's surname, because of his first name." Li is a place where people live in compact communities. The names of people indicate that the gentry and grandsons had a certain scale at that time. In Han Dynasty, there were gentry and grandsons Zhang, Samson Mu and Samson Rui, and in Northern Wei Dynasty, there were gentry and grandsons Tian and Yu.
4 Five Sources of Sun's Surname (zt)
Wang Sun's.