This work is a contribution to the column of the Museum of History and represents only the author’s personal views. This work is not a rigorous historical academic study and is for reference only. Unauthorized reprinting is prohibited and violators will be prosecuted. Author of this article: Green-haired Water Monster In the third year of Long'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 399), Sima Yuanxian, son of King Sima Daozi of Kuaiji, sent slaves from the counties in eastern Zhejiang to be moved to the capital for military service, and was named "Lezu". The people in the counties in eastern Zhejiang were very angry. Taking this incident as a trigger, at the end of the Eastern Jin Empire, the twelve-year-long rebellion of Sun En and Lu Xun began. The Yellow Turban Uprising Let us turn the timeline back to the seventh year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (AD 184). This year, under the orders or instigation of Zhang Jiao, the poor peasants (mostly believers) wearing yellow scarves rose up in arms with the slogan "The sky is dead, the yellow sky is here to stand, the age of Jiazi will be good for the world", and history Called the "Yellow Turban Uprising". Throughout the history of feudal dynasties, peasant uprisings were common. However, Zhang Jiao, the mastermind behind the "Yellow Turban Uprising", was different. The tool he used to incite the working people to rebel with him was particularly special - religion. The image of Zhang Jiao in the game "In the Guanghe period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Jiao was the Taoist Taoist priest, and Zhang Xiu was the Taoist priest of Five Pecks of Rice..." At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Jiao founded Taiping Taoism based on the strange book "The Essential Art of Taiping". Later, in the name of helping the people, he preached everywhere to win people's hearts. He established a high prestige among the poor people who were already overwhelmed and their lives were unsustainable at that time, thus laying a solid mass foundation for the later "Yellow Turban Uprising". The fortune histories of Sun En and Lu Xun were very similar to Zhang Jiao's, but their propaganda tool was the Five Pecks of Rice Taoism founded by Zhang Xiu. According to the "Dianlue" cited by Pei Songzhi in "Three Kingdoms", the Five Pecks of Rice Dao is similar to the Taiping Taoist method. Because a quiet room is provided, the patient can think about his mistakes in it, and he is also made a ghost official. It is a common practice for the patient's home to have five pecks of rice. He was named the Five Pecks of Rice Sect. Who are Sun En and Lu Xun? "Sun En, whose courtesy name is Lingxiu, is from Langya and is a member of Sun Xiu's clan. The world has followed the Five Dou Rice Taoism." Sun En, from Langya, is a descendant of Sun Xiu's tribe. His family has believed in the Five Dou Rice Taoism for generations. The image of Sun En in the game is "Sun Xiu was named Junzhong and was from Langya. In the early Zhao Dynasty, Wang Lun was granted the title of Langya, and Xiu Gei was appointed as a minor official. Lun Shu made Xiu a calligrapher, and his literary talent was called Lunyi. Lun was granted the title of Zhao, and Xiu Gei moved to Zhao. "Sun En's ancestor, Sun Xiu, initially served as a minor official in Langya. Later, because of his good writing, he was favored and promoted by Sima Lun, the king of Langya at the time, and became a confidant. Later, Sima Lun was named King of Zhao, and Sun Xiu also moved his household registration to Zhao and was appointed as the minister. Sun Xiu was worthy of being a loyal follower of the Five Pecks of Rice Sect. When he was an official under Sima Lun, he still did not forget to teach the leaders subtly. "Lun and Xiu confuse witches and ghosts and listen to evil spirits. Xiu sent Yamen Zhao Feng to deceive him into saying the divine words of Emperor Xuan. He ordered Lun to enter the West Palace early. He also told Emperor Xuan to be the assistant of King Zhao in Beimang. So he built a temple for Emperor Xuan in Mang. "Mountain, it means that the conspiracy can be accomplished." Zhao Wanglun believed Sun Xiu's nonsense and believed that his father (Sima Yi) was under Jiuyou and supported him to replace Jin Hui Emperor Sima Zhong, so Sima Lun and Sun Xiu became one master and one servant. They exchanged opinions, unified their perceptions, and unswervingly started their own rebellion. Sima Lun had to admit that their rebellion was "effective". Although Sima Lun did not become emperor for a few days, he finally got over the addiction of being emperor and caused a trend of the times (the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, which intensified from this), and both the master and servant died. After the failure of Zhao Wanglun and Sun Xiu, the Sun family had moved to the south by Sun En's generation. Sun En's uncle, Sun Tai, served successively as general, prefect and other official positions in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The most powerful thing is that he used Wu Dou Mi Taoism as a medium to gain the faith of Sanwu Shishu and became the human spokesperson of Wu Dou Mi Taoism. "The Biography of Sun En" says that Sun Tai was "a cunning and talented person who deceived the people. Fools respected him like a god. They spent all their property to have children in order to pray for blessings." It can be seen that Sun Taiji is very popular. However, being a big liar and fooling some "fools" is obviously not Sun Tai's life ideal and pursuit. "Prince Shaofu Wang Yaxian talked to Taishan and told Emperor Xiaowu that Tai knew how to nourish his character, so he recalled him. Daozi thought he was the chief administrator of Xuzhou, but he still used Taoism to dazzle the common people. He moved to assist the general of the country... Yuanxian, the prince of Kuaiji, also "Shu Yitai sought his secret skills." According to historical records, at that time, the upper class and even emperors, such as Emperor Xiaowu of Jin, as well as the ruling Sima Daozi, Sima Yuanxian and his son, had great faith in Sun Tai or the Five Dou Rice Cult endorsed by Sun Tai. . The reason is that the Five Pecks of Rice religion has a "technique of taking food", which can lead to longevity. As for the royal family's belief in Taoism at that time, we can get a glimpse of it from some of Emperor Jian Wen's actions. Emperor Jian Wen, whose courtesy name was Dao Wan, had two sons.
One son was Emperor Xiaowu, whose nickname was Daosheng, and the other was named Daozi. The royal family was very particular about the characters they used in their naming. Emperor Jianwen's choice of characters seemed to prove the influence of the Five Dou Rice Cult among the royal family at that time. Reclining Statue of Sima Daozi In contrast, the genealogy of Lu Xun, Sun En's partner in the uprising, is much more prominent. "Lu Xun's courtesy name comes first, his nickname is Yuanlong, and he is the great-grandson of Sikong Zhonglang Chen." Grandpa Lu Xun is Lu Chen. Lu Chen is a native of Fanyang Zhuo County. His ancestor Lu Yu was ranked Sikong during the Cao Wei Dynasty. The clan is also a famous clan of Fan Yang. In Lu Chen's generation, during the Yongjia Rebellion, people were running all over the world. However, Lu Chen resolutely chose to stay in the north, and was then forced to serve as an official in the court of Hou Zhao of the Shi family of the Jie clan, resulting in "falling into the wrong place". By Lu Xun's generation, this Lu family had already crossed south. The image of Lu Xun in the game "At that time, the king of Jiangdong and the Xie clan were in great prosperity, and those who came from the north late to migrate were encountered by the imperial court. Although they had recovered their talents, they were not allowed to practice the Qing Dynasty." What is "the wilderness"? Southerners mocked northerners for their vulgarity and the remoteness of the northern land, calling them "barrenness". The Lu Xun family is the Lu family of Fan Yang, a high clan in the Central Plains. Because they crossed south late, they were still humiliated as "a deserted person". This psychological gap may have planted the seeds of hatred for Lu Xun, who had been looked down upon by the southern gentry since childhood. The era of the wealthy nobles in the Southern Dynasties was an era where family status was the most important, especially when it came to marriage. Judging from the fact that Lu Xun later married Sun En's sister, the Lu family in Fanyang was so arrogant that although it fell into a wrong place, it would not be reduced to a marriage with Sun En. In addition to the apparent decline of the Lu family, it may also be related to the fact that Lu Xun and Sun En are both followers of the Five Pecks of Rice Sect. After the Battle of Feishui in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xie An handed over power and retired, and died soon after. Sima Daozi and his son Sima Yuanxian took over the power. The politics were extremely corrupt, and the gentry's luxury was on par with the aristocrats of the Western Jin Dynasty. The lower class Wu people were in great pain due to frequent military service and heavy taxes. In addition, Huanxuan was particularly at odds with the ruling Sima Daozi and his son. The internal forces in the Eastern Jin Dynasty were at odds with each other, and the entire country was in a state of chaos. Sun En's uncle, Sun Tai, saw that the time was ripe and decided to raise the banner of revolution and overthrow the violent Jin Dynasty. "When Tai saw the army rising in the world, he thought that Jin Zuo was about to end, so he incited the people and privately gathered disciples. Many of the Wu scholars and common people followed him... Kuaiji internal history Xie Fang revealed his plan, and Daozi punished him." Sun Tai thought that Jin Zuo was about to end, so he summoned His disciples and disciples tried their best, but they did not expect to be reported by Xie Feng. They were killed by Sima Daozi before they could succeed. So Sun En took over his uncle's banner and inherited the title of "Five Pecks of Rice Spokesperson". He gathered desperadoes on the island and waited for an opportunity to take revenge on the Eastern Jin Dynasty. "When Yuan Xian rebelled against Wu Hui, the people were uneasy. Because of the commotion, En attacked Shangyu from the sea and killed the county magistrate. He also attacked Kuaiji and killed Wang Ningzhi, the internal historian, who numbered tens of thousands. So Kuaiji Xie Zhen, Wu Commandery Lu Quan, and Yi Xing Xu Yun The eight counties of Linhai, Zhouzhou, Yongjia, Zhangyong, Dongyang, and Xin'an all rose up at once and killed the chief officials in response. Within ten days, hundreds of thousands of people gathered. "Sun En and Lu Xun's uprising finally ended. When the opportunity came, Sima Daozi and his son imposed tyranny and raped Jiangzuo. After the "Legendary" policy was promulgated, the common people did not deserve to be violent for a long time. So Sun En waited for the opportunity to rise up. At this time, the followers of the Five Dou Rice Sect lurking in the court of the Eastern Jin Dynasty rebelled and responded. For example, Xie Zhen in Kuaiji came from the Xie family, one of the four surnames in Kuaiji; Lu Yu in Wujun came from the Lu family, one of the four surnames in Wujun. They are all prominent noble families in Jiangdong, but they side with the Five Dou Rice Sect. It is not difficult to see that at this time, the Five Dou Rice Sect had penetrated into the noble families and developed into a huge force hidden in the government and the public. "So En took control of Kuaiji and named himself the General of the East Conqueror, calling his party "Eternal Life People". All the thieves burned down warehouses, burned houses, filled wells with logs, and looted property. They gathered together in Kuaiji. His women were If the baby is too tired to leave, he will hold the baby in a bag and throw it into the water, saying: "Congratulations to you, please go to the Immortal Hall first. I will find you later." "" The teachings of the Five Pecks of Rice Sect are the pursuit of immortality, so Sun En called the members who followed him in the rebellion "immortal people". Sun En led his "immortal men" to burn, kill, loot and gather together in Kuaiji. In the army, some women held babies in their arms and could not follow. Sun En asked them to make a cradle out of wood, put the baby in it, threw it into the water, and said to the crowd: "Congratulations to these babies for going to heaven first. Waiting for a while." We will ascend to immortality after we die." From this, it can be seen that Sun En, a believer in the Five Dou Rice Sect, is actually using religion to realize his personal desires. After the uprising of Sun En and Lu Xun, most of their rebel members were residents who lived near rivers and seas all year round. Later, Sun En invaded Linhai and was defeated by Xin Jing, the prefect of Linhai. He had no way to escape and drowned himself in the sea. The believers who followed Sun En used their brains and read the "Taiping Yulan". One of the articles, "Taobu Corpse Interpretation" quoted from "Dengzhen Yinjue" recorded that the corpse interpretation can be explained by swords, soldiers, water and fire.
According to Sun En's method of death, it should be attributed to hydrolysis. Therefore, Sun En's drowning was deified as "Deng Xian Tang", and his self-sacrifice was misinterpreted as "Being a Narcissus". Pictures of Sun En and Lu Xun's uprising. After Sun En's death, Lu Xun took over the banner of rebellion and continued to win over people's hearts and cause chaos in Guangzhou in the name of becoming a "narcissus". Later, when Liu Yu, a newly powerful man in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was on his Northern Expedition, he invaded Jiankang and gained power for a while. Although he was defeated by Liu Yu and died in defeat, he still lived up to his reputation as a giant bandit. Once religion is tainted with politics, it will inevitably become a tool of fighting in the hands of mortals. People of that era couldn't bear the pain of reality, looked forward to the afterlife, and mistakenly believed in a lot of "gods and Buddhas" in the world. Unexpectedly, he fell into a bottomless abyss. References: [1], (Jin Dynasty) Chen Shou, (Southern Dynasties and Song Dynasty) Pei Songzhi's Notes on "Three Kingdoms" [M]. Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, 2009. [2] (Tang Dynasty) Fang Xuanling et al. "Book of Jin" [ M]. Guangming Daily Publishing House, 2018. [3], (Southern Song Dynasty) Liu Yiqing et al. "Shishuo Xinyu Xianyuan" annotated and quoted from Fu Chang's "Praise to the Dukes of Jin" [M]. Zhonghua Book Company Publishing House, 2009. [4], (Liang) Shen Yue. "Song Book" [M]. Guangming Daily Publishing House, 2018. [5] (Northern Song Dynasty) Sima Guang. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" [M]. Yuelu Publishing House, 2009. [6], written by Chen Yinke and compiled by Wan Shengnan. "Chen Yinke's History of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties" [M]. Tianjin People's Publishing House. 2018. Note: The pictures in the article are all from the Internet.