1. Qian Xuesen (1911-present), a famous Chinese physicist and a world-renowned rocket expert. A native of Hangzhou, Zhejiang, born in Shanghai.
He graduated from the Department of Mechanical Engineering of China Jiaotong University in 1934 and studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and California Institute of Technology in the United States.
In 1935, he went to the United States to study aeronautical engineering and aerodynamics, and received a doctorate from the California Institute of Technology in 1938. Later, he stayed in the United States as a lecturer, associate professor, professor, director of the Supersonic Laboratory and director of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center.
After receiving his doctorate in 1938, he stayed at the school to teach and engage in rocket research.
The struggle to return to the motherland began in 1950. At that time, a senior U.S. Navy general said: "No matter where Qian Xuesen goes, he is worth the strength of five divisions. He must never be allowed to leave the United States." Therefore, Qian Xuesen He was persecuted by the U.S. government and lost his freedom. It took him five years to return to his motherland in 1955.
After overcoming all kinds of resistance and returning to China in October 1955, he held long-term technical leadership positions in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecrafts since 1958.
In 1959, he joined the Communist Party of China. He once served as the director of the Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the deputy minister of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry, and the deputy director of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense. He currently serves as the Honorary Chairman of China Science and Technology Association.
Qian Xuesen proposed extremely important implementation plans for the development of China's rocket and missile technology. Since April 1956, he has long held the technical leadership position in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecraft, and has made significant contributions to the development of China's rockets, missiles and aerospace industry. Qian Xuesen was vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, member of the Department of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, honorary chairman of the Chinese Astronautical Society, and chairman of the China Science and Technology Association.
Life
1. Early years
Qian Xuesen was born in Shanghai on December 11, 1911. In his early years, he studied at the High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University and Jiaotong University. In the summer of 1934, he graduated from Jiaotong University and was admitted to Tsinghua University to study abroad at public expense.
One day in August 1935, Qian Xuesen left the motherland on a ship of the American Mail Line from Shanghai. As the turbid waves of the Huangpu River rolled, Qian Xuesen said silently in his heart as he looked at the gradually blurred Shanghai City: "Goodbye, motherland. You are now dominated by wolves and in chaos. I will go to the United States to learn technology and come back to help you revive one day." Service."
Qian Xuesen went to the United States to enter the Department of Aeronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his academic performance has always been among the best. To learn engineering, you have to go to the factory to practice, but at that time, American aviation factories discriminated against Chinese people, so a year later he began to turn to aeronautical engineering theory, that is, the study of applied mechanics. In October 1936 he transferred to Caltech.
Qian Xuesen came here because of his reputation. Because, in the Aeronautics Department of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, a suburb of Los Angeles, there is a famous aerodynamics professor von Kármán, who is Hungarian.
In the early 1930s, aviation science was still in its infancy. Von Kármán was a leading figure in the field at the time and was later known as the "Father of Supersonic Flight." In 1970, a crater on the moon was named after him.
Von Karman raised his head and looked carefully at this dignified, short young man. He asked Qian Xuesen a few questions to answer. Qian Xuesen answered all his questions very accurately after a little thought. Von Karman secretly praised: This Chinese man's thinking is quick and wise. He happily accepted the student. In early 1945, Qian Xuesen became a member of the Air Force Scientific Advisory Group headed by von Kármán. After Germany surrendered, he went to Europe with the regiment's inspection team to inspect aviation and rocket technology. In early 1947, 36-year-old Qian Xuesen became a full professor at MIT. While under surveillance, he did not give up academic research in addition to teaching. In 1953, he published "Takeoff from Earth Satellite Orbit", which laid the foundation for low-thrust flight mechanics, and in 1954 he published the book "Engineering Cybernetics" .
When he said goodbye to von Karman before returning to China in 1955, von Karman said excitedly: "You have surpassed me academically now!"
Qian Xuesen became the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory led by Karman. of a graduate student. This laboratory later became the cradle of American rocket technology, and Qian Xuesen was one of the first three members to conduct rocket technology research here. From 1929 to 1934, he studied in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. After graduation, he applied for Tsinghua University to study in the United States as a public student. After admission, he interned at Hangzhou Jianqiao Airport. From 1935 to 1939, he studied in the Department of Aeronautical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States and received a master's degree. From 1936 to 1939, he studied in the Department of Aeronautics and Mathematics at the California Institute of Technology in the United States and received a doctorate. From 1939 to 1943, he served as a researcher in the Department of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology. From 1943 to 1945, he served as an assistant professor in the Department of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology (during this period: from 1940 to 1945, he was a communications researcher at the Sichuan Chengdu Aviation Research Institute). From 1945 to 1946, he served as associate professor in the Department of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology. From 1946 to 1949, he served as associate professor and professor of aerodynamics in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1949 to 1955, he served as director and professor of the Jet Propulsion Center at the California Institute of Technology. Married Jiang Ying in 1947.
Returned to China in 1955. From 1955 to 1964, he served as director and researcher of the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and director of the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense. From 1965 to 1970, he served as deputy minister of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry. From 1970 to 1982, he served as deputy director of the Science and Technology Committee of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and vice chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology. He has also served as the first and second chairman of the Chinese Society of Automation, honorary president of the Chinese Astronautical Society, the Chinese Society of Mechanics, and the Chinese System Engineering Society, executive director of the Presidium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and member of the Department of Mathematical Physics. From 1986 to May 1991, he served as Chairman of the Third National Committee of the China Association for Science and Technology. In May 1991, he was elected as the Honorary Chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology at the Fourth National Congress of the China Association for Science and Technology. In April 1992, he was appointed as the honorary chairman of the Presidium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In June 1994, he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
Qian Xuesen was an alternate member of the 9th to 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and vice chairman of the 6th, 7th and 8th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
In his early years, he did pioneering work in many fields of applied mechanics and rocket and missile technology. Many theories proposed by independent research and cooperation with von Kármán laid the foundation for the development of applied mechanics, aeronautical engineering and rocket and missile technology. After returning to China, he served as a technical leader in the development of rockets, missiles and satellites for a long time, and made outstanding contributions to the creation and development of my country's missile and aerospace industries. He has conducted creative research and made significant contributions in many theoretical fields such as engineering cybernetics, systems engineering and system science, thinking science and human body science, and Marxist philosophy. He won the first prize of the Natural Science Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1956, and the special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1985. In 1991, he was awarded the honorary title of "National Scientist with Outstanding Contributions" and the First-Class Hero and Model Medal by the State Council and the Central Military Commission. Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Author of "Engineering Cybernetics", "On System Engineering", "Introduction to Interstellar Navigation", etc.
Studying and research work is very stressful. Qian Xuesen works more than ten hours a day, reading books for half a day, discussing for half a day, and continuing to work hard at night. Three years later, he received a doctorate with honors and stayed at the school to teach, becoming von Karman's right-hand assistant. During this period, he not only mastered the basic knowledge of aerodynamics, but also stood at the forefront of this science. In 1939, he studied aerospace structures and achieved a breakthrough in just one year.
In his second year at Caltech, Qian Xuesen met F.J. Malina, a classmate who was studying rocket technology. After being introduced by Malina, Qian Xuesen participated in the Marxism-Leninism study group at the California Institute of Technology at that time, and met Weinbaum, the secretary of the group and an assistant researcher in chemical physics.
In the group, Qian Xuesen studied Engels's "Anti-Dühring" with everyone; current affairs were often discussed in weekly meetings. In the winter of 1938, after the outbreak of World War II, the group disbanded.
In view of the outstanding achievements of Qian Xuesen's research work and the needs of American wartime military scientific research, he was able to participate in confidential work. In 1944, the U.S. military commissioned Professor von Kármán as the leader and Malina as deputy to vigorously research long-range rockets. Qian Xuesen was in charge of the theoretical group and invited Lin Jiaqiao and Qian Weichang to conduct ballistic analysis, combustion chamber heat conduction, combustion theory research and other work. At the same time, Qian Xuesen also served as a technical consultant for Aviation Jet Company. In early 1945, he was also hired by the U.S. Air Force as a member of the Scientific Advisory Corps. During this period, he gained valuable experience in the scientific research of modern mechanics and jet propulsion, and became a famous and outstanding scientist at that time.
At the end of World War II, the U.S. Air Force highly praised Qian Xuesen for his "tremendous contribution" to the victory of the war. American columnist Milton Vioest believes that Qian Xuesen has been "a key figure in formulating the long-term plan for the U.S. Air Force to transition from propeller-driven aircraft to jet aircraft, and finally to the transition to unmanned spacecraft that fly in space." A bright star in the galaxy of scientists who helped the United States become the world's premier military power."
In the summer of 1946, Qian Xuesen left Caltech and became an associate professor at MIT, specializing in teaching graduate students in aerodynamics. In early 1947, 36-year-old Qian Xuesen became a tenured professor at MIT. In the summer of the same year, Qian Xuesen took leave to return to China to visit relatives, and in mid-September he married Jiang Ying (now a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music). Jiang Ying is the third daughter of Jiang Baili, a famous early military theorist in China. She is a soprano vocalist who received good music education in Vienna and Berlin.
From 1935 to 1955, Qian Xuesen lived in the United States for 20 years. During this period, he made brilliant achievements in academics, enjoyed generous benefits in life, and had convenient conditions at work. However, he was always attached to the motherland where he was born and raised. In letters to his father, he lamented more than once, "When will my travel career last?"
2. Returning to China
"I have always believed: I will definitely be able to return to the motherland. Today, I finally came back!" This is what Qian Xuesen, my country's famous scientist and rocket expert, said in the care of Premier Zhou Enlai on September 17, 1955. He embarked on the voyage back to China and arrived in Hong Kong on October 1, 1955. When he arrived in Guangzhou on October 8, 1955, he said something very emotional to Comrade Zhu Zhaoxiang, the scientist representative of the Chinese Academy of Sciences who received him. Also returning with him were his wife and two young children.
Qian Xuesen went to the United States as a publicly funded international student in August 1935 to study and research aeronautical engineering and aerodynamics. Before returning to China, he served as director of the Hypersonics Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and director of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center.
2. (1) The comparison between before I left and after I left is very clear
6. Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), the 16th President of the United States.
On February 12, 1809, Lincoln was born into a poor peasant family in Hardin County, Kentucky. In his own words, his childhood was "a concise chronicle of poverty." When he was a child, he helped his family move firewood, carry water, and do farm work. His parents were descendants of British immigrants who made a living by farming and hunting. In 1816, Lincoln's family moved to southwestern Indiana to open up wasteland and make a living. When Lincoln was 9 years old, his mother died.
The Civil War is known as the second American Revolution after the Revolutionary War. Lincoln became a symbol of black liberation. But the slave owners hated him with great hatred. On the night of April 14, 1865, while watching a play at Ford's Theater in Washington, Lincoln was assassinated by a thug bribed by southern slave owners. Lincoln's unfortunate death caused a huge shock at home and abroad. The American people deeply mourned him. More than 7 million people stopped on both sides of the road to pay their respects to the funeral procession, and 1.5 million people paid homage to Lincoln's body.
Lincoln was an outstanding politician who made great contributions to pushing American society forward. He was revered by the American people. In the minds of Americans, his prestige even surpassed that of Washington.
Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States. His life was full of hardships and ups and downs. He was born into poverty, his mother died when he was 9 years old, and he did not start studying until he was 15 years old. At the age of 24, he partnered with others to start a business, but it failed due to poor management and was in debt for 15 years. At the age of 25, his first love, Anne, died of illness. His death made him extremely sad, and he often suffered from depression after that; at the age of 32, he married Miss Mary Todd. After the marriage, his wife had a bad temper and was often away from home; at the age of 35, he began to run for public office and almost lost. He won every major election; at the age of 52, he was elected President of the United States. As a result, the Civil War broke out soon. The Northern Army was superior to the Southern Army in terms of personnel and armaments, but it repeatedly failed on the battlefield. The Civil War was originally planned to last for two years. Four years of fighting made Lincoln suffer a lot; at the age of 56, the Civil War finally ended, and Lincoln was re-elected as president, but he was assassinated while watching a play at Ford's Theater...
Lincoln's life was Through continuous hardships. Frustration is the main theme of his life, and depression is his personal enemy. But Lincoln survived until the last moment!
Not only that, Lincoln likes to laugh, because laughter is his medicine to relieve stress. Laughter can give him a moment of rest from endless troubles. More importantly, laughter can sublimate Lincoln's mood, allowing him and the people around him to get tips of wisdom from "the laughter of troubled people."
"I am very grateful to you for reminding me of my father, who has passed away. I will always remember your advice. I know that I will never be able to do as well as my father as a shoemaker. "Okay."
The Senate fell into silence. Lincoln turned to the arrogant senator and said: "As far as I know, my father has made shoes for your family before. If your shoes If it doesn't fit, I can help you correct it. Although I am not a great shoemaker, I have learned the skills of making shoes from my father since I was a child." Then he said to all the senators: "The same goes for anyone in the Senate. If the shoes you are wearing were made by my father and they need repair or improvement, I will help as much as possible. But one thing is for sure, I cannot be as great as he was. His craftsmanship is unparalleled. ” At this point, Lincoln shed tears, and all the ridicule turned into sincere applause. Later, Lincoln got his wish and became the President of the United States.
One day, Lincoln, Secretary of State William Seward and Secretary John Hay visited the residence of General McClellan, the new commander of the Union Army of the Potomac (he was appointed by Lincoln after the outbreak of the American Civil War). first legion commander). The servant told Lincoln that the general had gone out to attend a wedding and had not returned. After waiting for about an hour, General McClellan came back, but ignored Lincoln and others and went straight upstairs. After waiting for about half an hour, the servant went to report again, but received a cold reply: "The general has gone to bed."
On the way home, both Seward and Hay were indignant at McClellan's arrogant behavior, but Lincoln did not agree. Instead, he persuaded the two of them not to worry about the details, and finally said with a serious face: "As long as McClellan can win us victory, I am willing to lead the horse for him."
McClellan later proved to be A general who was as timid as a mouse, Lincoln had to replace him. Unfortunately, the few generals Lincoln later replaced were not competent enough. It was not until he finally replaced General Grant that he achieved frequent successes on the front line. But not long after, someone complained to Lincoln that General Grant often drank on the front line. Lincoln smiled and said: "I really want to know what kind of wine Grant drank, so that I can send a bottle to every general on the front line." ”
Lincoln liked to tell jokes. Whenever he told a joke, his face would light up, his eyes would shine, his voice would tremble, and sometimes he would dance and laugh first. . After being ridiculous, Lincoln's mood would often immediately drop and he would look at everyone with a sad face. This is Lincoln's character.
Lincoln, who was born impoverished, faced setbacks throughout his life, losing eight times in eight elections, failing in business twice, and even suffered a mental breakdown once.
Many times, he could have given up, but he didn't, and because he didn't give up, he became one of the greatest presidents in American history.
"The road was difficult and muddy. One of my feet slipped, and the other foot became unstable. But I took a breath and told myself, 'This is just a slip, not a slip.' Dead and unable to get up'" - Lincoln said after losing the Senate race.
[Edit this paragraph] "It is my bounden duty to abolish slavery"
In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States. Lincoln sympathized with the tragic situation of black people, opposed and hoped Gradually abolishing the barbaric system of slavery. This is also an important reason why he was elected president. Lincoln experienced countless failures and setbacks that changed his destiny in his life, but he finally changed the history of the United States.
Lincoln Born in a peasant family, he participated in labor since childhood and worked as a hired worker, rural postman, etc., and then entered the political arena. Lincoln studied hard, had noble moral character, was kind, cautious and firm in doing things, and was praised by people. Once, Lincoln As taxes, they arrived in New Orleans, the center of the southern slave trade, on a ship. At the auction market, Lincoln saw some slave traders branding slaves with red irons, and wisps of smoke came out. Lincoln's soul was strongly shocked. . He said to his companions: "When the day comes that I have the opportunity to fight against slavery, I will definitely defeat it completely. It is my unshirkable duty to abolish slavery!"
[Edit this paragraph] Geti Gettysburg Address (Chinese)
Link: Gettysburg Address
Abraham Lincoln
(This is Lincoln’s speech on February 11, 1861. The speech delivered at the dedication ceremony of the Gettysburg Cemetery is recognized as the highest example of English speech)
Eighty-seven years ago, our forefathers founded a new nation on this continent. . This country is founded on the ideal of liberty and the principle that all men are created equal.
We are currently engaged in a great civil war. This war is a test of whether our nation, or any nation that shares its ideals and goals, can long survive. Now we come together - on one of the great battlefields of that war - to dedicate a small portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who gave their lives that that nation might live. It is entirely appropriate and appropriate for us to do this.
However, in a deeper sense, we have no ability to dedicate or make this land more sacred. Because the warriors, living and dead, who fought here have made this land so holy that our little power is no longer enough to uphold it. Perhaps the world will not notice or remember what I say here today, but the deeds of these heroes will never be forgotten.
What we latecomers should do is dedicate ourselves to the work that the heroes have fought for and pushed forward but have not yet completed. We should dedicate ourselves to the great task they have bequeathed to us. Our martyrs have given all their sincerity to our cause. We should draw more spiritual strength from their examples and be determined to prevent their blood from being shed in vain. Under God's protection, our nation will have a new life of freedom. Our government of the people, by the people, and for the people will endure forever.
[Edit this paragraph] The Gettysburg Address (English)
(By Abraham Lincoln)
-Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
-Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives. That nation might live . It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
-But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.
-It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great taste remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to - that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve - that these dead shall not have died in vain - that thi
s nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Translation: (Reporter Abraham Lincoln)
- Fourscore years and seven years ago, our fathers raised this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the assertion that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether this country, or any country so conceived and dedicated, can be sustained in the long term. We held a great battlefield of war. We have dedicated part of this area as the final resting place of those who gave their lives here. The country may live. This is entirely appropriate and correct and we should do this.
, but, in a broader sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot dedicate, we cannot hollow out this reason. The brave men, who lived and died, who struggled here, have a divine power that extends far beyond our poor, to add to it or to detract from it. The world will not notice nor remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.
This is about the unfinished work of our lives but dedicated here, they are here to fight who have hitherto been so advanced and noble. And it is to the great taste that we come here to devote to the rest of what is before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion - which gave rise to their last full measure of devotion - to which we are here highly determined - these Death must not die in vain - this nation, under God, must have a new birth of freedom - this government of the people, by the people, for the people, must not perish from the earth.
Life of Lincoln (1809-1865)
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States and led the great struggle to save the Union and end slavery. Although he only received a little primary education on the frontier and had little experience in public office, his keen insight and deep humanitarian awareness made him the greatest president in American history.
Lincoln was born at dawn on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin 3 miles south of Hall, Hardin County, Kentucky. In his own words, his childhood was "a concise chronicle of poverty." When he was a child, he helped his family move firewood, carry water, and do farm work. When he was 9 years old, his mother died, which was a cruel blow to Lincoln. Fortunately, his stepmother was very kind to him and often urged him to study and study. He and his stepmother had a very harmonious relationship. Later, when Lincoln grew up, he began to make a living independently. He worked as a farm laborer, a stonemason, a boatman, etc.
In 1830, Lincoln's family moved to Illinois, where he gave his first political speech. Because he criticized black slavery and put forward some suggestions that were beneficial to public causes, Lincoln gained influence among the public. In addition to his outstanding character, he was elected as a state legislator in 1834. Two years later, Lincoln became a lawyer through self-education, and soon became the leader of the Whig Party in the state Congress. In 1846, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.
In 1854, bourgeois people in the northern states who advocated the abolition and restriction of slavery established the Democratic Party, and Lincoln soon became the leader of the new party. In 1858, he delivered his famous speech "Family Troubles," calling for the restriction of the development of black slaves and the reunification of the motherland. The speech expressed the wishes of the northern bourgeoisie and reflected the wishes of the people across the country, thus winning Lincoln great popularity. In 1860, Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States as the candidate of the Republican Party.
Shortly after Lincoln took office, southern slave owners provoked the Civil War.
In this war, the burden on Lincoln's shoulders was unmatched by most previous American presidents. But he fulfilled his duty with extraordinary perseverance and determination, never wavering in his direction: to restore the Union and abolish slavery, even when vilified. In September 1862, Lincoln issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation, announcing the abolition of slavery and the emancipation of black slaves. The Civil War ended with a Northern victory in June 1864, and it marked the complete collapse of slavery.
Due to Lincoln's outstanding achievements, he was re-elected as President of the United States on November 8, 1864. However, before Lincoln could put his postwar policies into effect, tragedy occurred. Lincoln was assassinated at 10:15 pm on April 14, 1865, at Ford's Theater in Washington. The murderer was a deranged actor with Southern sympathies. Abraham Lincoln died on April 15, 1865 at the age of 56. After Lincoln's death, his body was displayed in 14 cities for more than two weeks before being buried in Princefield.
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Goods delivered to the south , witnessed firsthand the barbaric cruelty of slave owners and the cruel torture of black slaves. After he became a member of the parliament, he often gave speeches criticizing slavery and was very influential among the masses. The Democratic Party of the United States was established in 1854. Because this party advocated the abolition of slavery, Lincoln participated. Two years later, he was nominated as the vice presidential candidate at the first national convention. . He
said in his campaign speech: "We will fight for freedom and the abolition of slavery until our Constitution guarantees free speech
until the entire vast land is protected by sunshine and sunshine. It is only free workers who work under the rain and dew."
In 1858, while running for the Illinois Senate, Lincoln published an article titled "The House Divided."
In his speech, he compared the coexistence of the two systems of the North and the South to "a house that is cracked." He said: "A house that is cracked
cannot stand. I believe that this government cannot remain half-slave and half-free forever." Lincoln's speech was vivid and profound, expressing the demands of the northern bourgeoisie and reflecting the aspirations of the people across the country. Earned him a great reputation.
In 1860, Lincoln was elected President of the United States.
Lincoln's election posed a serious threat to the interests of southern planters. Of course, they did not want a person who advocated the abolition of slavery to be president. Hoping to regain the leadership of the country they had long controlled, they launched a rebellion before Lincoln took office.
In December 1860, the southern state of South Carolina first declared its independence from the Union, and then slave states such as Mississippi and Florida also seceded from the Union. In February 1861, they announced the establishment of a "Confederacy of America", elected the great plantation owner Jefferson Davis as president, and also formulated a "Constitution" declaring that black slavery was the property of the Southern Confederacy. Founding
Foundation of the country: "Blacks cannot be equal to whites. Black slave labor is a natural and normal state."
On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy went to war without declaring , quickly captured Fort Sumter
where the federal government troops were stationed. Lincoln had to declare war on the South. Lincoln himself did not advocate the use of radical means to abolish slavery. He believed that peaceful means could be used to first limit slavery and then gradually abolish it. The key was to maintain the unity of the Union.
Under the control of this kind of thinking, the northern government had no preparation for war at all and just responded hastily, while the south had long-planned plans and excellent equipment and training. It had a well-trained army, so even though the North had advantages in many aspects, it was still defeated by the South.
Even the capital Washington was almost defeated by the rebels.
The North's defeat on the battlefield aroused strong dissatisfaction among the people. Demonstrations broke out in many cities, demanding that the government
take measures to reverse the war situation. Only then did Lincoln realize that in order to win this war, he must mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, abolish serfdom, and emancipate black slaves.
Several attempts were made to attack the fortress without success. In April 1863, Grant implemented a new offensive plan, first destroying various strongholds around the fort, and then surrounding Vicksburg. The navy also came to help, attacking from land and water at the same time, violently shelling the fortress, and the deafening sound of the cannons continued for 47 days. On July 4, the rebels trapped in the fortress ran out of ammunition and food and were forced to surrender. This time, the Northern Army captured 29,000 rebels.
Immediately afterwards, the Northern Army quickly pursued the rebels with the force of autumn wind sweeping away fallen leaves, and captured the rebel capital Richmond on April 3, 1863.
On April 9, the rebel commander-in-chief Robert E. Lee led the remaining 28,000 troops to surrender to Grant in the small village of Appomattox. The four-year Civil War ended with the North's victory.
The Civil War is called the second American Revolution after the Revolutionary War. Lincoln became a symbol of black liberation. But the slave
his master hated him with great hatred. On the evening of April 14, 1865, while watching a play at Ford's Theater in Washington, Lincoln was assassinated by a thug bribed by a southern slave owner. Lincoln's unfortunate death caused a huge shock at home and abroad. The American people deeply mourned him. More than 7 million people stopped on both sides of the road to pay their respects to the funeral procession, and 1.5 million people paid their respects to Lincoln. The legacy of
. Lincoln was an outstanding politician who made great contributions to pushing American society forward. He was revered by the American people. In the minds of Americans, his prestige even exceeded that of Washington.
8. (1) Red apricot
(2) Lotus
(3) Peach blossom
(4) Spring breeze
(5) Spring Silkworms
(6) Spring Comes
9. Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous.
This will work!
Thank you