What was the name of the reform initiated by Tsar Alexander II? What are the positive effects?

serfdom reform In 1857, Tsar Alexander II established the General Committee of Peasant Affairs and began to prepare for the reform. In March 1861, the tsar finally issued a letter to reform. The core of the reform has two points: first, the serfdom was abolished, and all serfs were granted personal freedom, including migration, marriage, change of occupation, ownership of property, conclusion of contracts, etc. Second, it is stipulated that all the land is owned by the landlord, and the peasants buy a small piece of land in accordance with the regulations. The ransom amount is two or three times the actual price of the land, and the peasants pay part of it, and the rest is paid by the government in the form of paid bonds. The peasants must pay off the principal and interest within 49 years. There are other aspects of the reform, such as organizing free farmers into communes, where public officials are elected by farmers, but they must obey the management of local administrative agencies. Alexander's good intentions can be fully seen from his reform provisions. After the serfs were liberated, the key was the land issue. It is impossible in a reform (not a revolution) to liberate serfs with land and let serfs get the land they have been operating for free. Because the property right of the land was originally owned by the serf owners, the serf's right to operate was combined with their serf obligations. Alexander wanted to satisfy both feudal nobles and serfs to the greatest extent, and it was probably the best choice to keep the domestic situation stable while undergoing great changes and let serfs acquire land by redemption. It is obviously irresponsible to say that Russia's reform in 1861 was only a plunder of peasants by feudal owners. After liberation, many serfs were still unable to stand on their own feet economically because of land reduction and other reasons. They had to accept the exploitation of landlords in the form of feudal land rent. The reform was not thorough, but after all, they had taken the most difficult step. In 1857, the reform of serfdom was first tried out in the Baltic Sea, which was politically enlightened. In Lithuania, the serf owners announced the liberation of serfs and made them independent free farmers. Since then, the relationship between serf owners and former serfs has changed into the relationship between landlords and farm labourers. Since then, reform measures have been gradually implemented in Petersburg and other provinces. The reform of serfdom promoted by Alexander II touched the interests of Russian landlords and nobles and met with fierce opposition. Their argument against the reform is that it will cause political turmoil in Russia and aggravate the economic difficulties after the Crimean War. At this time, most Russian revolutionaries have been exiled overseas, and there are also different opinions on Russia's future path among revolutionaries. Landlords and nobles used radical revolutionaries' remarks to amplify the negative impact of reform and counter the reform measures. In addition, during this period, the Russian state treasury was empty, and the whole country relied on debt to live. Due to the shortage of funds, even the top priority of re-equipping the army was temporarily put on hold. The landlords and nobles blamed all this on the reform of serfdom. In the face of heavy resistance, Alexander II still carried out the reform to the end. On February 19th, 1861, Russia announced a new law on farmers. On March 5, Alexander II officially announced the liberation of all serfs in Russia, and serfs became farmers who cultivated freely. Although the free peasants have nothing and no land of their own, they must depend on the original landlord to survive in economic relations, but their political significance is no small matter-farmers have gained equal political rights, become free people and can move freely, which means they can get rich through newly reclaimed land, thus gaining complete independence in economy. Alexander II announced the abolition of serfdom, which was a social progress in quality in Russia. The influence of this reform is so great that it is called the greatest social movement after the French Revolution. So Alexander II won the title of "Liberator". The liberated peasants' sense of stability was destroyed by the reduction of land, the payment of ransom, and the chaos brought about by the reform, and the resistance struggle became more intense. In 186, there were 126 peasant riots, and in 1861, the number increased to 1176. However, Russia's political situation remained stable in general, and finally it passed this chaotic period and entered a new era. The most far-reaching influence of reform was to promote the development of capitalism, and a large number of farmers who had obtained free status but lacked land flocked to cities to work. In order to adapt to the change of economic base, the superstructure has also made some reforms, such as setting up local self-government institutions and urban self-government bureaus, introducing jury system in justice, and giving universities extensive autonomy.