If you travel to Xi'an, you can enjoy the scenery along the Qinling Mountains. Of course, since you have gone to Xi'an, you must see the Terracotta Warriors and Horses. When the No. 1 pit of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses was unearthed in the last century, A large number of bronze weapons.
There is a bronze sword among them. This weapon is engraved with the words "Temple Gong" (Temple Gong is a national agency specializing in weapons manufacturing), and there is also a line of small words "Five years, relative" Bang Lu Buwei made?.
What this line says is that this weapon was built in the fifth year of the Qin Dynasty by Lu Buwei, the Prime Minister. Bang?, the Xiangbang in the history books was changed to the Xiangguo. Of course, Lu Buwei's position at that time was the prime minister, but they all have the same meaning, so I won't ignore it here.
This Ge can be regarded as physical proof of Lu Buwei's legendary life in the Warring States Period, but Lu Buwei also left us a priceless spiritual wealth, which is "Lu Spring and Autumn".
This book is wealth to us today, but to Lu Buwei at that time, it was a life-threatening talisman. So why did "Lu's Spring and Autumn" kill Lu Buwei? Because this book offended Qin Shihuang.
Why did Qin Shihuang insist on giving Lu Buwei death? What really killed him was not his dictatorship, but this book. Let's take a look at what is recorded in this book in this article.
Confucianism, Mohism, and law.
After Lu Buwei became a powerful minister, he followed the example of the four princes of the Warring States Period and had thousands of followers under his command. However, he did not let the followers do anything, which was not in line with the rules of raising a scholar. In addition, Lu Buwei also Thinking about accomplishing something great that will be praised by future generations.
It is recorded in "Zuo Zhuan? The Twenty-Fourth Year of Duke Xiang": The Supreme Leader has established virtues, followed by meritorious services, and then has established words. Although they have not been abolished for a long time, these are called three immortals. Lu Buwei thought about his businessman It is difficult to establish moral character due to family background, and it is also difficult for these disciples to perform meritorious service. In the end, Lu Buwei chose to establish words, that is, write books.
Of course, it was impossible for Lu Buwei to write it himself, so he would need his group of disciples, so Lu Buwei called on his disciples to write down everything they saw, heard, and felt and submit it, but the works submitted were so diverse. Lu Buwei had a headache, so he found a few capable subordinates to screen and compile it, and finally compiled it into "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals".
This book contains six treatises, eight readings, and twelve chapters. It takes the strengths of hundreds of schools of thought and avoids the shortcomings of hundreds of schools of thought. It combines Confucianism and Mohism, and combines law and philosophy. Lu Buwei is also called a miscellaneous scholar. Of course, this book It’s not just other people’s views. Lu Buwei’s own governance concepts are also vividly reflected in this book. Of course, it is these governance concepts that make Ying Zheng very angry. We will discuss this later.
Ling a baby into the river, carving a boat to find a sword.
On the day the book was completed, Lu Buwei was so satisfied that he offered a reward of a thousand gold in Xianyang City to see if anyone could change a single word in it. You can't change the words, actually not necessarily, it's just that Lu Buwei is the prime minister who can control the sky with one hand. If you dare to change, you probably won't be able to take away the money, but no one can guarantee whether your life needs to be handed over.
In any case, the effect of Lu Buwei's promotion of his work was achieved. For a time, the entire Qin State set off a climax of reading "Lu's Spring and Autumn". Are you also curious about what is written in this book? , then let’s cite two fables from them.
A man walked to the river and happened to see another man holding a child and wanted to throw him into the river. The man hurriedly stopped him, but the man who wanted to throw the child into the river said, The child's father can swim, so the child should also be able to swim. This is the story of luring a baby into the river, satirizing those who force others to do things they cannot do.
If you are not familiar with this story, let us tell you another story. A man from Chu accidentally dropped his sword into the river when he was crossing the river. He quickly did it on the boat. A mark, when the boat arrives at the shore, according to the mark on the boat, jump into the river to find the sword. This is the story of engraving the boat to find the sword, which satirizes those who do not know how to adapt to things.
Restrict the power of the monarch and oppose the dictatorship of the monarch.
After talking about the two fables in "Lu Shi Chun Qiu", let's take a look at why Qin Shihuang was so disgusted with this book, because this book mentioned more than once the need to restrict the monarch's power and oppose The monarch is a personal dictator.
Lu Buwei believes that after the country is unified, the monarch's personal power will expand infinitely, which is detrimental to social stability and the development of the country. Therefore, he believes that monarchy must be restrained. Only in this way can the country enjoy long-term peace and stability. .
In addition, the book also mentions three methods of restricting monarchical dictatorship. The first is to use enfeoffment to limit the monarch's power. Of course, this enfeoffment is not based on blood like the slave society, but on the basis of blood. The second method is to use force to restrict the monarch's dictatorship. That is to say, if the monarch is unqualified, then use force to overthrow him. The third method is to use the method of dividing the merit between the monarch and his ministers to restrict the monarch's power.
After reading this, do you understand why Ying Zheng is very disgusted with this book? Ying Zheng is a person who can maximize the personal dictatorship of the monarch. However, Lu Buwei’s work clearly states that To limit the power of the monarch and teach people how to limit it, isn't this like plucking a tiger's beard and simply seeking death?
Feiyu said:
Why did Qin Shihuang insist on giving Lu Buwei death? What really killed him was not autocratic power, but a book. This book was "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals". Qin Shihuang was disgusted by the ideas in this book about restricting monarchical power. The one he admired most was Han Feizi's. Thought, because Han Feizi advocated that the monarch must be autocratic.
Why did "Lu's Spring and Autumn" cost Lu Buwei his life? Because this book offended Qin Shihuang, Qin Shihuang's thirst and desire for power exceeded that of any previous monarch. If he wanted to share his power, he had to see if he could still live.
In fact, to a certain extent, the governance ideas in the miscellaneous scholar Lu Buwei and "Lu's Spring and Autumn" are quite similar to the democracy of the Western Roman Empire at the same time. It is a pity that Qin Shihuang's excessive centralization of power made The idea of ??governing the country advocated by Lu Buwei completely came to nothing.
You may say that no matter what, Qin Shi Huang unified China. This cannot be denied, but the death of the second generation of the Qin Dynasty is inseparable from Qin Shi Huang’s excessive personal monarchy. If Qin Shi Huang could use Lu Buwei It is difficult to say whether the embryonic form of democracy can be realized based on the idea of ??governing the country, but at least the life of the Qin Dynasty will not be so short.
You may also say that the fall of the Qin Dynasty was caused by Hu Hai, Zhao Gao, Li Si and others. This cannot be denied, but even without these people, the Qin Dynasty would still have fallen, because after the death of Qin Shihuang At that time, social contradictions had intensified to the extreme. The irreconcilable social contradictions were destined to be buffered by the collapse of the Qin Dynasty.