Jiangxi dialect has a long history and has begun to take shape since the Western Han Dynasty. When Zhang Yu County was established by Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, Nanchang was ruled by the county, and eighteen counties were under its jurisdiction, all over Jiangxi today. With population, there will be languages and dialects. Only with population can we talk about setting up counties. Therefore, the establishment of Zhangyu County and Eighteen Counties is the inevitable result of Jiangxi's economic and cultural development, and it is also the concrete manifestation and proof of the beginning of the formation of Gan dialect.
Gan dialect has a long history, which is the product of Zhongyuan dialect and integration of language, an ancestor of Jiangxi province, before Tang and Song Dynasties. Formed in the Han Dynasty and settled in the Tang and Song Dynasties. From ancient times to Zhou Dynasty, Jiangxi has always been the activity area of Jiangxi ancestors, such as the Three Temples. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period of the Zhou Dynasty, Jiangxi was ruled by Wu Yuechu successively, and the residents should use the ancient Yue language and the ancient Chu language. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Central Plains migrated to Jiangyou many times on a large scale. The Chinese in the Central Plains contacted and merged with the local Wu dialect and Chu dialect, and gradually formed the Gan dialect. The common point of Gan dialects is that when the ancient voiced initials are voiced, they are all aspirated and voiced consonants. No matter how flat it is, such as "companion, weakness, existence, weight and strength", Gan dialect is a voiced consonant, the first word in Mandarin is aspirated, and the second word is not aspirated. Wu dialect (such as Shanghai dialect and Shangrao dialect)
In many ancient places, the main vowel was [ε] (or similar [e,]), such as Nanchang: saw kiεl dog kiεul root kiεnl lamp tεnl plow KI ε N.
Generally, there are two pronunciations of "stalk" and "stalk". The two pronunciations mentioned here are based on the system of several words, rather than focusing on how many different pronunciations a word has. A group of homologous words, in written language or new words, have one set of pronunciations to form the same phonetic features, while in daily spoken language, in the most basic words used in daily life, these words have another set of pronunciations to form another same phonetic feature. We call the former "literary reading" and the latter "reading for nothing". Literary and colloquial reading is about a batch of words. One of the words may have both literal and white sounds; It may also be that there is only a literary sound without a white sound; Or conversely, only white pronunciation, no text pronunciation. Such as Nanchang terrier:
Sheng Qingying's life
Read sεn provinces and cities T 'in youth in the movie sεn students P 'in peace.
Read saη for nothing, save T 'iaη vegetables, and shadow saη raw and cooked P 'iaη flat land.
For example, in Nanchang, a ηon coat ηau loves ηai crow ηa "size", and the vowel reading [ai] comes from crab photographer Gaiche. Mandarin pronunciation [a] vowel, from Guo Shetang left cut. Nanchang dialect calls the mother's sister "[t' o] Niang" and Fuzhou dialect calls chestnuts "[ho] chestnuts". The [t' o] and [ho] here are the "big" characters from Tang Zuoqie, that is, [ta] in Mandarin.
The word "stem" of "vegetable stem" has a [u] intermediate sound in most places, but there is no [u] intermediate sound when reading [kη] in Putonghua, such as:
Nanchang kuaη Pingxiang Library? Peng zekuan
The vowels of "verb class" are different, and the vowels of "Guan Guan" are different in most places. These two pairs of words had different vowels in ancient times, which became the same as Mandarin, while the Gan dialect still retains different characteristics, such as:
Yichun, Fuzhou, Ji 'an, Nanchang
Move bump bump.
Ban Pan Pan Pan Pan
Kun Kun Kun Kun
Tube width width width width width
Except Ji 'an and Pingxiang, Gan dialect and other dialects in other parts of the province basically have entering tones. The basic situation of Rusheng characters in Gugian and Pingxiang areas is that the initial consonants of ancient Qing Dynasty are flat today, the initial consonants of ancient full-voiced are flat today, the initial consonants of sub-voiced are flat today, and some of them are flat today.
Vocabulary: The sun is called "sun" or "hot head" (in some places, the pronunciation of "solar heat" is not different). Say "rain" when it rains. Stand in most places and say "? Arowana Baoyun concave muscle insurance? Some places read it as "bullying"). Sit and drink tea and say "sit and drink tea". Say "poke" in communication. The third person pronoun says "go". I have to say "I".
Gan dialect is the most important dialect in Jiangxi province, which not only covers two-thirds of the province's area and population, but also distributes in parts of neighboring provinces such as Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Fujian and Zhejiang. Jiangxi Ganyu District includes the following 62 cities and counties: Nanchang, Nanchang, Xinjian, Anyi, Yongxiu, xiushui county, Dean, Xing Zi, duchang county, Hukou, pengze county, Gao 'an, Fengxin, Jing 'an, Wuning, Yichun, Yifeng, shanggao county, Qingjiang, Xing 'an and Pingxiang.
Bailey, Chongren, Yihuang, Lean, Cheng Nan, lichuan county, Zixi, dongxiang county, Jinxian, Nanfeng, Guangchang, yingtan, guixi city, Wannian, yujiang county County, yugan county, leping city, Poyang, Hengfeng, Yiyang County, Buried Hill and Jingdezhen. Jiangxi Gan dialect area can be divided into Changjing, Liu Yi, Jicha, Fu Guang and Yingyi.
Long sperm tablet
Changjing Film: including Nanchang City, Nanchang County, Xinjian, Anyi, Yongxiu, Xiushui, De 'an, Xing Zi, Duchang, Hukou, Pengze, Gao 'an, Fengxin, Jing 'an County, Wuning and other cities and counties. Hunan Pingjiang also belongs to this film.
Changjing tablet has three main characteristics: First, the entering tone is divided into yin and yang, and the value of the entering tone of yin is high and that of the entering tone of yang is low. (Except for the three counties: Xiushui enters the tone regardless of yin and yang. The entering tone of "Gu" is limited to the ancient entering tone with clear initial consonant and clear initial consonant with secondary initial consonant, and the ancient full-voiced initial consonant can be traced back to today's Yang. There is no Rusheng in Hukou, and the ancient Rusheng characters are gone now. Such as Nanchang: 100% white, 6% green.
Yin enters Yang, Yin enters Yang, Yang enters two places, and Yin and Yang are divided. For example, in Nanchang, the tone of yin is 45, the tone of yang is 1 1: Dandan's frozen point is half accompanied, and the initial consonant breathing affects the tone differentiation. Gao 'an, Fengxin, Jing 'an and Wuning are exceptions. The breathing of initials affects the differentiation of tone categories, which is rare in Chinese dialects all over the country, such as Mandarin, Copper dialect and Agricultural dialect. Breathe a word and don't breathe a word, and the tone of the two words remains the same. Third, the word "dish" is not aspirated, but the word "dish" is aspirated. The tone of the two words is still the same, but in Nanchang dialect, the tone of copper and agriculture is different, because the word "copper" is aspirated and the word "agriculture" is not aspirated. Then the word "dish" is not aspirated, and the word "dish" is aspirated. The tones of the two words are different, and the word "vegetable" has become the upper voice, just like the word "color". The breathing of initials affects the differentiation of tone categories, and the specific situation varies from place to place, so I won't elaborate here.
Wuning County has preserved a relatively complete initial consonant of full voiced stop and fricative stop, which is an individual exception in Gan dialect, similar to some places in Wu dialect and Xiang dialect.
Xing Zi, Duchang, Hukou, Wuning, Pengze and other counties are close to Jiujiang Mandarin District. Influenced by Mandarin, they say "drink tea" instead of "eat tea". Hukou said "stop" instead of "worry", and near the Hakka dialect area of Tonggu, it said "hot head" instead of "sun". Other places say "tea", "worry" and "sun".
Liuyi tablets
Liu Yiping: including Yichun, Yifeng, Shanggao, Zhangshu, Xingan, Xinyu, Fengcheng and Wanzai. Liuyang City and Liling City in Hunan Province also belong to this film.
The characteristic of Liu Yi's films is entering tone, but the tone of words such as "100% white and 6% green" is the same regardless of yin and yang. There is no difference between yin and yang in removing sound. Fengcheng and Wanzai are divided into yin and yang, with yin entering low and yin entering high. This is an exception. Except for neologism, the aspiration of Liu Yipian's initials does not affect the differentiation of tone categories.
The tones in Yifeng, Shanggao, Xingan and Wanzai counties have tone sandhi, which is a high tone, indicating nicknames, nicknames and contempt. Say "windy" when there is wind, and say "windy" in the long-distance film.
Chicken camellia oleifera abel.
Jicha tablets: including Ji 'an, Ji 'an, Jishui, Xiajiang, Taihe, Yongfeng, Anfu, Lianhua, Yongxin, Ninggang, Jinggangshan, Wan 'an, Suichuan and Pingxiang. Chaling, Youxian and Yanling counties in Hunan Province also belong to this film.
The main feature of Jicha tablets is that there is no entering tone, which is widely used in other parts of the province. In most places, jicha tablets have four tones: flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. Note that although Mandarin is also one of these four tones, it has different connotations. The initial consonants of Jicha tablets are now in a flat tone, the full-voiced initial consonants are now in a flat tone, and some of the sub-voiced initial consonants belong to a flat tone and some belong to a flat tone. The exception is that Xiajiang ancient Rusheng character system belongs to Yin Ping. The initial consonant of Ninggang ancient entering tone belongs to flat tone, while the initial consonant of voiced tone belongs to unvoiced tone. Yongfeng north has a tune, regardless of yin and yang; There are entering tones in the south, which are divided into yin and yang, yin entering low and yang entering high. Wan 'an and Suichuan have Rusheng, which originated from the initials of the ancient Qing Dynasty. There are no full voiced initials and some sub-voiced initials in the ancient tone.
The Gan dialect in Ninggang and Jinggangshan has only three tones, which are the places with the least tones in the province and rich tone sandhi. The so-called tone sandhi is simply that a word is pronounced in one tone alone, but in a coherent flow, it becomes another tone when it is added before and after other words. Tone sandhi is a complex phonetic phenomenon, which may be caused by many reasons.
Read more vowels [? ] or [ε] vowels. The word "Zen" in Xiajiang is pronounced with the initial [s], which is the same as that in Gannan Hakka dialect. The wind is big and says "the wind is big". Transplanting is said to be "ploughing the fields" (other places in the province generally say "planting crops"). Tibetan things say "no" clothes are torn by nails and say "rotten" instead of "broken", which is different from most other Gan dialect films.
The word "Guan" in Gan dialect and Gannan Hakka dialect generally has two pronunciations. The initials of Guan are Guan [k] and Guan [k'].
Fu Guang tablets
Fu Guang Film: Including Fuzhou, Linchuan, Chongren, Yihuang, Le 'an, Cheng Nan, Lichuan, Zixi, Jinxi, Dongxiang, Jinxian, Nanfeng and Guangchang. Jianning and Taining in Fujian Province also belong to this film.
When it comes to the characteristics of Fu Guang's films, first of all, we will think of the pronunciation of ancient Chinese characters. Read the first letter of [h] every time you open your mouth (read the first letter of [t']), for example:
Tang Tao is insatiable.
Fuzhou
Lichuan
In some places, such as Lichuan and Guangchang, the initial consonant of Touding not only reads [h] today, but also reads all kinds of sounds, such as Lichuan:
geotextile
In ancient times, it is another prominent feature of Fu Guang's films that the initials are called uniformly today when they are pronounced [t], such as:
Plough six beams
Fuzhou
Lichuan
In some places, you can also read that sentence in a low voice, such as Li Chuan:
Green green
Cheng Nan's dialect is quite special. One kind of vowel is also pronounced softly, but the initial does not pronounce [t], and the vowel is different from three kinds of words when pronounced [l], such as [iou] and [].
Louliu
The [m/p] rhyme is preserved in many places, such as:
Sanlaiyintianjia
Fuzhou
Lichuan
Negative words (or falling tone) rarely appear in other parts of the province, while the negative words in Fu Guang films (including the falling tone of Le 'an) are mostly falling tone, which sometimes seems to give listeners a feeling that they don't like learning Mandarin. In fact, it is a misunderstanding, such as "
Vegetables grow strong and lungs grow by half.
Fuzhou
Lichuan
The tone of Fu Guang films is divided into yin and yang, and the tone values are mostly yin into low and yang into high, while in other places, Gan dialect is either yin into high and yang into low, or the tone is not divided into yin and yang, or there is no tone, which is one of the reasons why the dialect of Fu Guang films sounds different, such as:
Baibai green willow
Nanchang
yichun
Fuzhou
These features are sporadic in other parts of the province, but they are not as centralized and consistent as Fu Guang's films.
Lexically speaking, people always say "sorry" when hiding things (pronounced "resistance", rhyming set, rhyming). Wu dialect, Hui dialect and Gan dialect in the northeast of Jiangxi also say so. Only xiushui county, Wuning county and duchang county in Changjing dialect say "I'm sorry". "Stubborn" children always say "accusations" in the streets (Guangyun bribed Wu), such as Fuzhou, Lichuan, Guangchang and Jinxian. Except Fengcheng and yujiang county County, which are adjacent to Fu Guang films, they also said "accusation", but other places in Jiangxi did not say so.
Nanfeng County and Guangchang County are two special counties in Fu Guang's films, which have some characteristics of Gan dialect and Hakka dialect, and can be regarded as the transitional zone between Gan dialect and Hakka dialect. Nanfeng and Guangchang both say "eat rice and drink tea", not "eat rice and drink tea". Shadow mother basically doesn't spell [initials] as soon as she opens her mouth, but spells zero initials. When she reaches her mother, she doesn't pronounce [t] initials. These characteristics are like Hakka dialect. However, this small piece is more characteristic of Gan dialect after all. If you say "I" instead of "Jie", you can pronounce the initial [h] in your mother tongue. In addition, Levin in Guangchang is low. Nanfeng's entering tone can be divided into two categories according to ancient vowels. The words taken by Shenshan have a low intonation today, regardless of the ancient initials, and the words taken by Zengjing have a high intonation today. This phenomenon is unique in the whole province.
Eagle slice
Eagle patch: including Yingtan City, guixi city, yujiang county County, Wannian City, leping city City, Jingdezhen City, Yugan, Poyang, Hengfeng, Yiyang, Lead Mountain and other cities and counties.
The main feature of Yingyi film, which is different from other films, is that the third person pronoun "Qu" is pronounced as aspirated voiceless [k'] or [] (exceptions: Yu Gan reads [h], Yiyang reads zero initials, and Yanshan reads [k]), while Gan dialect and other places in Hakka dialect do not pronounce aspirated voiceless. Other features are: the sun is always called "sun", not "hot head", it says "rain" when it rains, and it says "tea" when drinking tea (Pengze and northern Boyang near Jiujiang Mandarin District say "tea", intercourse says "poke", mine says "me", hiding things says "hide" and basically says "long".
In Eagle, Hengfeng, Yiyang and Qian Shan have many similarities, which can be regarded as a sketch. Their characteristic is that the word "I" reads in a flat tone. The three pairs of words "Guanguan, Sansang and Bangang" have the same pronunciation in three counties, but the word "Banban" has different pronunciation in three counties. Read the word "head" once []. The word "stem" is not pronounced in different ways, such as reading the word "disease" [p' in] but not [].
The homonym of "Half = Bangsan = Sang Dan = Danglian = Grain and Salt = Yang" in Bo Yang dialect is a feature of this county dialect.
Yu gan's tone is very special. The tone of a single word can be said to be the same short and low-key, no matter whether it is yin or yang, but in fact, the word entering will never be said alone, and it is always followed by a nasal sound [n] or [η]. The word taken by Xianshan is [n], and that taken by Dangjiang is [η]. This [n] or [η] is read as high after yin enters and low after yang enters. Yin entering Yang entering is distinguished by the nasal sound of this suffix. In fact, in normal speech, the entering tone and the nasal tail are connected into a syllable, for example, eight words are familiar with a hundred words. Only when you say a word separately and emphatically can you recognize that it consists of two parts. Gan dialect is also distributed in some areas of neighboring provinces, so I will not introduce it here.