What are the annotations in The Analects of Confucius?

There are two schools of thought in The Analects of Confucius, The Analects of Confucius and the Annotations on The Analects of Confucius in this article, and the dispute between the two schools lasted until the end of the Qing Dynasty. In the Qin Dynasty, books were burned to bury Confucianism, and Confucian classics were almost destroyed. The surviving Confucian scholars abide by the etiquette of Confucian clothing and pass on the classics from mouth to mouth. In the early Han dynasty, books were banned, ancient books were searched and recorded, and instructors learned; Tidy up your notebook. These manuscripts were all written in official script (simplified Chinese characters at that time), which was called Jin Wenjing. Later, some popular seal script classics appeared in the Warring States Period, which were called China ancient classics. Modern classics and ancient classics differ not only in writing fonts, but also in text sentences and text interpretation. The spread of Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty attached importance to learning from others, thus forming opposing schools.

The Analects of Confucius, which was circulated in the Han Dynasty, is also divided into modern and ancient prose.

There are two Analects of Confucius in this article, the one handed down from Lu people is called The Analects of Confucius, and the one handed down from Qi people is called On Qi.

There are 20 essays on Lu and 22 essays on Qi. There are two more articles in On Qi, and the Records of Han Shu's Literature and Art records: "Ask the monarch to know"; Scholars also suspect that "asking the king" is a mistake of "asking the jade". However, these two articles do not exist today, and it is difficult to test right or wrong. Yan's Preface to The Analects of Confucius said: "There are 22 articles on Qi, among which there are many articles and sentences in The Analects of Confucius." Now we can only know that there are more exegesis in Qi Lun than Lu Lun.

There is only one ancient prose, The Analects of Confucius, which is said to have been discovered by King Lu Gong in the wall of Confucius' former residence with the ancient prose, Shangshu. Just like the ancient prose Shangshu, it is difficult to distinguish between true and false, so we can ignore these tangled pen and ink lawsuits of our predecessors. "History of Han, Art and Literature" records that "the ancient Analects of Confucius is twenty-one, and those who go out of the hole wall have two pieces". The Analects of Confucius, an ancient prose, has one more topic than Lu Lun, which is to divide Zhang Wen, the son of Yao Yue, into another. There are more than 400 words different from Lu Lun and Qi Lun. Both Lu Lun and Qi Lun had their own biographies at the earliest, but few people believed in the ancient theory.

The version we are circulating now is not Lu Lun, Qi Lun and Gu Lun, but Zhang Hou Lun.

Zhang Hou refers to yu zhang, an Changhou in the late Western Han Dynasty. He spread the theory of Lu first, then the theory of Qi, and combined the two versions into one. Based on Lu Lun, the book is called Zhang Houlun. Yu zhang was the master of Emperor Han Cheng, and his books were highly praised by ordinary Confucian scholars, so they became popular all over the world. In the Lingdi era of the Eastern Han Dynasty, people used Zhang Houlun to carve Xi Shipingjing.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan wrote Annotations to the Analects of Confucius on the basis of Zhang Houlun and with reference to Qi Lun and Gu Wen Lun. Yan also wrote The Analects of Confucius on the basis of Zheng Xuan's annotation, that is, the version of The Analects of Confucius in the Annotation of Thirteen Classics popular in Song Dynasty.

The Analects of Confucius is rich in content and concise, leaving room for annotation and explanation. There are more than 3,000 books explaining the Analects of Confucius in ancient times. The following is a brief description of the most important ones.

Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi records the Analects of Confucius 12, 229; Sui Shu's classics and recorded records were supplemented by Zhou Wei and Bao Xian in the Han Dynasty as chapters and sentences in Zhang Houlun, and were exegesis by Ma Rong. But these notes are all lost. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were still some notes on The Analects written by Zheng Xuan, and we can see some characteristics of Qi Lun, Lu Lun and Gu Lun.

Classical chronicles, such as Wei, Chen Qun, Taichang, Wang Su and Dr. Zhou Shenglie, all wrote The Analects of Confucius, saying that these have also been lost. The authors of The Analects of Confucius, Yanhe, Sun Yong, Zheng Chong, Cao Xi and Xun Kai, "collect the good people in The Analects of Confucius, record their names, and change those who are uneasy because of their own will". This annotation is the oldest extant ancient annotation of Kong Anguo, Bao Xian, Zhou Wei, Ma Rong, Zheng Xuan, Chen Qun, Wang Su and Zhou Shenglie. Liang wrote On Semantic Sparseness for Shuo Wen Jie Zi Ji, and later collected dozens of theories for Shuo Wen Jie Zi Ji since Wei and Jin Dynasties, which were introduced to Japan in the Tang Dynasty and received great attention from the Japanese.

In the Song Dynasty, Xing Bing made a new interpretation of Yan He's Collection of Shuowen Jiezi (thinking that Ku's complete book is the justice of The Analects of Confucius), while Xing Shu "is a branch of the royal family, but it is slightly rich in righteousness", which is detailed in the exegesis of chapters and sentences and famous things. "It set a precedent by collecting opinions and creating a sense of justice" (read by the secretary) The Notes to Thirteen Classics was compiled in the Song Dynasty, and the collected Analects of Confucius were called "Making Peace" and "Enlightening Justice", which are collectively called "Notes to the Analects of Confucius" and are still in use today.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu concentrated on four books: Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. Among them, Annotation on the Analects of Confucius pays equal attention to exegesis, justice and reason, and is more popular and easy to understand. Zhu Zhu's annotation is a book for imperial examinations in Ming and Qing Dynasties, written by literati, which has great influence, but it has a strong smell of Neo-Confucianism. Mao Qiling's Collection of Analects of Confucius aims at refuting Zhu's Zhang Ju. The book is rich in information, which is repeatedly deduced in etiquette, military system, square name, image number, style and word examples to prove the absurdity of Zhu's annotation. But there are also some places that are too complicated and half-wrong, and some people even have insufficient arguments. When reading, you must distinguish.

Liu Baonan's The Analects of Justice is the most influential annotation in Qing Dynasty. He believes that the yellow book "emphasizes the clear propaganda and the clothes in the palace, without saying anything", while the book "comes from the royal family, but it is not enough to take advantage of it." ("Preface") He broke the portal view of Chinese studies and Song studies, did not listen to what one said, widely quoted, chose good and followed, sought truth from facts, and generally compromised. Liu Yudaoguang started writing this book in the eighth year (1828) and died in 1855 when the book was about to be completed. Liu Xu, his son, finished the manuscript in Tongzhi for four years (1865), which lasted for 38 years. This book is a masterpiece annotated by predecessors and still has high reference value.

The Analects of Confucius was written by Yang Shuda, a close friend. It collected the materials related to the Analects of Confucius in the ancient books before the Three Kingdoms, ranking below the original text and sentences of the Analects of Confucius. I thought it was a comment. The main purpose is to dispel the ancient meaning of The Analects of Confucius, to research right and wrong, to dispel doubts and to invent Confucius' theory. About 70 kinds of books are cited. Chen Yinque prefaced: "Those who come to interpret the Analects of Confucius are unprecedented, and they can sincerely open a new road and set a new example for the scholars."

The Analects of Confucius, written by Cheng Shude, a close friend, is a masterpiece with 680 kinds of ancient and modern Analects, which is carefully selected, broad but not excessive, with 6.5438+0.2 million words, careful style, clear explanation and easy reading.

Qian Mu, a close friend, interprets The New Interpretation of The Analects of Confucius, annotates, analyzes, talks about and tries to translate it in vernacular Chinese, which is very popular in Hong Kong, Taiwan and overseas.

Yang Bojun's Annotation on the Analects of Confucius consists of four parts: the original text, notes, translation and conclusion, with a Dictionary of the Analects of Confucius attached. It is a better contemporary vernacular translation, which is widely circulated, but there are still some mistakes.