The pneumoconiosis incident of returning migrant workers in Yunnan once again sounded the alarm that pneumoconiosis harms the health of workers. Pneumoconiosis is the most important occupational disease in China, which not only has a large number of patients, but also has great harm. It is a disease that reduces the ability to work, causes disability and affects the life span of workers, and it is also a compensatory occupational disease stipulated by the state. It is hoped that through this question, we can further understand the relevant knowledge of pneumoconiosis, so as to prevent and control the occurrence of pneumoconiosis.
1, what is pneumoconiosis?
Pneumoconiosis is a systemic disease mainly caused by diffuse fibrosis of lung tissue caused by long-term inhalation of productive dust in production activities. Pulmonary fibrosis is the overgrowth of interstitial fibrous tissue, which destroys normal lung tissue, reduces lung elasticity and affects the normal respiratory function of lung.
2. What are the legal pneumoconiosis in China?
Pneumoconiosis is a general term for pulmonary fibrosis diseases caused by productive dust. The list of legal occupational diseases in China includes silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, electric ink pneumoconiosis, carbon ink pneumoconiosis, asbestos pneumoconiosis, talc pneumoconiosis, cement pneumoconiosis, mica pneumoconiosis, Potter's pneumoconiosis, aluminum pneumoconiosis, welder's pneumoconiosis, foundry's pneumoconiosis and other pneumoconiosis that can be diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria of pneumoconiosis and pathological diagnostic criteria of pneumoconiosis.
3. What are the clinical manifestations of pneumoconiosis?
Pneumoconiosis has no specific clinical manifestations, and its clinical manifestations are mostly related to complications. In the early stage of pneumoconiosis, silicosis has no obvious symptoms or only mild symptoms, which are often found through occupational health examination.
However, with the progress of the disease, especially in patients with advanced silicosis, there will be conscious symptoms mainly in the respiratory system. The common first symptom of patients is shortness of breath. People with mild illness often feel short of breath when they are engaged in heavy manual labor or climbing mountains. They will get better after a short rest. More seriously, do some light manual labor and have obvious shortness of breath when going uphill or upstairs.
When the condition is serious or there are complications, chest tightness, shortness of breath, cough, expectoration, chest pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis, weakness, emaciation, insomnia, loss of appetite and so on may occur due to obvious impairment of respiratory and circulatory functions. If there is fever, hepatomegaly and edema, it may be other diseases.
4. How to prevent pneumoconiosis?
The key to the prevention of pneumoconiosis is to prevent the inhalation of harmful dust to the maximum extent. With proper measures, pneumoconiosis can be completely prevented. So, what preventive measures are there? China has formulated the eight-character policy of "skin, water, density, wind, protection, management, education and inspection" for dust prevention and dust reduction, which can be roughly divided into two aspects:
(1) technical measures
Eliminating or reducing dust hazards through engineering and technical measures is the most fundamental measure to prevent pneumoconiosis.
(2) Health care measures
① Health monitoring of workers exposed to dust: including pre-job physical examination, on-job regular physical examination and off-job physical examination. Workers who have been exposed to dust for a long time are required to follow up after leaving their posts.
② Personal protection and hygiene: Wear dust protective gear, such as dust helmet, dust mask, air supply helmet, air supply mask, etc. Pay attention to personal hygiene, change your work clothes and take a bath frequently.
5. Which industries and jobs are prone to pneumoconiosis?
(1) Mining: The mining of various metal mines, coal mine excavation and other metal mines are the main working environment of pneumoconiosis, and the main types of work are rock drilling, blasting, pillar support and transportation;
(2) Metal smelting: crushing, screening and transporting metal-bearing ores;
(3) Mechanical manufacturing: sand mixing modeling in casting, sand cleaning, sand blasting and electric welding of castings;
(4) Building materials industry: such as mining, crushing, grinding, screening and mixing in the production of refractory materials, glass, cement and stone; Mining, transportation and textile of asbestos;
(5) Tunnel excavation and blasting in highway, railway and water conservancy construction.
6. How to choose a dust mask (mask) and how often to change it?
There are three points to pay attention to when choosing a dust mask: First, the mask should be able to effectively prevent dust from entering the respiratory tract. An effective dust mask must be a nationally recognized "dust mask", which can prevent fine dust, especially respirable dust below 5 microns, from entering the respiratory tract. It must be pointed out that ordinary gauze masks have no dustproof effect. The second is suitability, that is, the mask should be adapted to the face to ensure that the air will not enter the respiratory tract from the gap between the mask and the face without being filtered by the mask, and should be worn correctly according to the instructions. The third is comfortable to wear, mainly to effectively prevent dust, but also to wear a mask to facilitate breathing, light weight, wear hygiene, and easy maintenance.
Wearing a dust mask for a long time will reduce or lose the dust-proof effect, so be sure to replace it regularly according to the instructions of the mask. In use, it is necessary to prevent extrusion deformation, water pollution and careful maintenance.
7. I suspect that I may have pneumoconiosis. Where should I go for diagnosis and medical treatment?
Suspected of pneumoconiosis, it should first go to the original work unit to obtain relevant proof materials of occupational history, and then go to the medical and health institutions where the unit is located or where it lives to undertake occupational disease diagnosis according to law for occupational disease diagnosis. The medical and health institution shall be approved by the health administrative department of the people's government at or above the provincial level. You can consult the local health department for details.
8. What if I get pneumoconiosis?
Pneumoconiosis fibrosis is an irreversible disease, and there is no radical cure at present. Therefore, for those who have been diagnosed with pneumoconiosis, first of all, they should be immediately transferred from dust operations and properly arranged for work or rest; Second, carry out fitness therapy, insist on physical exercise, strengthen nutrition and improve physical resistance; Third, pay attention to psychotherapy to help patients eliminate fear and careless thoughts; Fourth, actively treat complications and complications.
Second, the occupational hazards and protection of welders In today's rapid social and economic development, welding operations involve almost all industrial fields, the number of welders has risen sharply, and the occupational hazards in welding have become increasingly prominent. The main occupational hazards of special welding operations are dust, toxic gas, high temperature, arc light and high frequency electromagnetic field.
First, the main hazards in welding operation:
1. Harm of metal dust. The composition of welding dust changes with the use of covered electrode. Covered electrode consists of welding core and coating. The core contains a lot of iron, carbon, manganese, silicon, chromium, nickel, sulfur and phosphorus. The materials in the coating are mainly composed of marble, fluorite, rutile, pure salt, water glass, ferromanganese and so on. During welding, the high temperature of 4000℃-6000℃ is generated by arc discharge. When covered electrode and weldments are melted, a lot of smoke and dust will be produced, which is mainly composed of iron oxide, manganese oxide, silicon dioxide, silicate and so on. Smoke particles diffuse in the working environment and are easily inhaled into the lungs. Long-term inhalation can cause pulmonary fibrosis, which is called welder's pneumoconiosis, often accompanied by manganese poisoning, fluorosis and metal smog fever.
2, the harm of toxic gases, under the action of high temperature and strong ultraviolet rays generated by welding arc, a large number of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides will be generated around the arc area.
3. Harm of Arc Radiation Welding arc light mainly includes infrared light, visible light and ultraviolet light. Among them, the harm of ultraviolet rays to human body is mainly through photochemical action, which damages eyes and bare skin, causing corneal conjunctivitis (electro-optic ophthalmia) and skin erythema.
2. Protection against occupational hazards of electric welding: In order to reduce the occupational hazards of electric welders, a series of effective preventive measures must be taken.
1, improve welding process, welding process and materials. By improving the welding technology, the welding operation is mechanized and automated, and people are isolated from the welding environment, thus fundamentally eliminating the harm of welding operation to human body. Since the welding hazards are mostly related to the composition of covered electrode coating, it is also one of the effective measures to reduce the welding hazards by improving covered electrode materials and choosing non-toxic or low-toxic covered electrode.
2. Improve the ventilation conditions in the workplace. Ventilation methods can be divided into natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation, in which mechanical ventilation relies on the pressure generated by the fan to exchange air, and the effect of dust removal and detoxification is better. Therefore, mechanical ventilation measures must be taken when welding in rooms with poor natural ventilation and closed containers.
3. Strengthen personal protective measures. Strengthening personal protection can prevent the harm of toxic gas and dust produced during welding. Operators must use corresponding protective glasses, masks, masks and gloves, wear white protective clothing and insulated shoes, and are not allowed to wear short sleeves or roll up sleeves. If they work in a closed container with poor ventilation, they must also wear a protective helmet with gas supply performance.
4. Strengthen labor protection publicity and education and on-site tracking and monitoring. Welding workers should be educated on occupational safety and health knowledge to improve their self-protection awareness and reduce the occurrence of occupational diseases. At the same time, we should also strengthen the monitoring of dust and toxic hazards in welding workplaces and the physical examination of welders to find and solve problems in time.
Occupational hazards and prevention of benzene and its compounds benzene and its compounds include: benzene, toluene, xylene and other compounds. The common working environment is: 1. In production, benzene exists in the production of phenol, nitrobenzene, aniline, rubber, plastics, pesticides and other industries. 2. In the process of sales and use, you can be exposed to painting, painting, brushing glue, gluing, printing, tanning, shoemaking, toys, furniture manufacturing and other operations. Exposure to benzene, toluene, xylene and other compounds can cause the following occupational hazards: short-term exposure to high concentrations of benzene and its compounds can easily lead to acute poisoning and neurasthenia symptoms, such as headache, dizziness, fatigue, poor sleep and memory loss. Long-term exposure to benzene and its compounds exceeding a certain concentration can cause chronic poisoning and damage to hematopoietic system, such as leukopenia and anemia, and even lead to leukemia in severe cases. Long-term skin contact will make the skin dry and chapped, and sensitive person is prone to rash, eczema, folliculitis and degreasing dermatitis. Comprehensive measures must be taken to prevent benzene and its compounds from poisoning: 1. Use new materials and improve new technologies. 2. Adopt automatic closed operation. 3. Strengthen ventilation and exhaust. 4. Use effective personal protective equipment, such as gas masks and masks. 5. Strengthen environmental concentration monitoring in workplaces. 6. Regular occupational health examination. (