What are the customs of the Yi people? Customs of hospitality
Folks have a long history of "beating sheep" and "beating cows" to welcome guests. Whenever a guest arrives, he must kill the guest first, and treat him as a cow, sheep, pig, chicken, etc. according to the guest's identity and degree of intimacy. Before killing an animal, the live animal should be brought to the guests, and the guests should look at it before slaughtering it to show respect for the guests. Wine is a greeting gift to guests. In Liangshan, whenever a guest enters the house, the host must first toast the guest with wine and then prepare various dishes. Meals for entertaining guests are considered to be rich in pig fat. During the meal, the housewife should always pay attention to the rice in the bowls of the guests and add more at any time before the guests finish it to show her sincerity in hospitality. When eating, the elders sit at the top, and the younger generations sit around the sides and below in turn, and serve the elders with rice, vegetables, and soup.
Roasted tea blind date custom
Roasted tea is the most important custom in our country. Due to the cold and dry climate and lack of vegetables, ethnic minorities in mountain and valley areas often drink strong hot tea to supplement their nutritional deficiencies. It is said that "you must drink tea three times a day." There are various types of roasted tea, including salty, sweet, bitter and spicy, and various flavors of life. It is not only a source of energy for hard work, but also a spiritual thing for entertaining guests during festivals.
It is said that in the local area, if you cannot learn first-hand tea roasting skills and cannot roast good tea at the girl’s house, your father-in-law will think you are incompetent and will not marry the girl to you. Therefore, the local boy You have to learn roasted tea at the age of fifteen or sixteen, and you have your own unique skills for roasting tea.
There is also a story among the Yi people that Bai Ling brought tea seeds from the cliff of Wuliang Mountain to cure all kinds of diseases. In order to commemorate the spiritual bird, when guests drink tea, boys and girls will always imitate the spiritual bird and dance. And every process of making fragrant tea in rice jars is also related to Bailing. [2]
Marriage Customs
After young men and women get engaged, they must prepare for the wedding banquet. Wedding banquets mostly use pigs and chickens, but mutton is generally not used (mutton is used for funerals). The Yi people in Shiping, southern Yunnan, have the custom of inviting their male and female partners to have dinner and drinks before getting married; the Yi people in western Yunnan, when they marry a girl, they will build a tent with tree branches in the courtyard or dam for guests to drink, smoke, eat, and sit around. , the folk call this kind of temporary shed made of branches "green shed".
Marriage and love of the Yi people are strange and interesting. The most interesting thing is that only girls who have had a "skirt-changing ceremony" can fall in love with their sweethearts in the "playground", and the matchmaker talks about marriage and drinks and betrothal. , let the bride starve, relatives and friends cry all night, pour water on the bride-to-be, snatch the bride, fight in the bridal chamber and other traditional wedding customs.
Girls' skirt-changing ceremony
When Yi girls reach adulthood (usually around 15 years old), a grand "skirt-changing ceremony" is held according to custom. During the dress-changing ceremony, the girl asks her sisters to change her original single braid into a double braid and tie it on the top of her head. It is also necessary to tear off the white pendants or old ear-piercing threads originally worn on the ears and replace them with red agate-like coral beads or silver sparkling earrings to show good luck. Finally, the girl took off her original red and white children's skirt and put on a lace embroidered top and a pleated floor-length skirt in black, blue, yellow, white and other colors. After putting on a new dress, the girl can go to the "playground" to dance and sing, participate in social activities, and start looking for her sweetheart.
Carrying the Bride
According to Yi family customs, when the bride comes out of the palace, her feet must not touch the ground, otherwise there will be a risk of infertility, so the young man who accepts the bride must carry the bride. , and helped her mount her horse. There are also various rules on the way back from the wedding: if the mountain is high and the road is narrow and it is impossible to ride a horse, the young men who pick up the bride must take turns carrying the bride on their back; when crossing a river, wading, it is even more necessary for someone to carry the bride across the river, and the bride's embroidered shoes must not get wet.
Splashing water to receive relatives
The Yi people believe that clear water can drive away evil spirits, send away demons, and bring happiness. Therefore, the Yi people must splash water when they get married. In order to withstand this test, when welcoming the bride, the groom's family must select an unmarried man to pick up the bride. To be able to complete the arduous task of stealing a bride, they often review the candidates repeatedly and select the best, and some even travel long distances to select talented people.
The Yi people’s wedding ceremony is done by robbing. On the first night of the "bride snatching", the girls started a fierce water fight with the young man. The girls violently attacked the young man by splashing, showering, gushing, and shooting in various ways, making it difficult for the young man to resist. So, the smart young man found a place to store water before dark and quietly poured out part of it to reduce the attack of "flood".
After a night of splashing, when morning comes, the "bride snatching" begins. At this time, the girls hugged the bride, and the boys went to "fight". The girls defended strictly, and the boys had to be smart and changeable, taking advantage of the loopholes that appeared in an instant, snatch the bride and run away, running straight out of the mountain road for a mile or two. Walk instead. It can be seen how difficult it is to "snatch" the bride to her husband's family... >>
Customs and habits of the Yi people in Liangshan The Yi people are monogamous. There are many unique customs and habits of our own nation. Engagement and Marriage In the past, the Black Yi people used cattle, horses, gold and silk as betrothals; the White Yi people used wine, cloth, and silver coins as betrothal agents; and the Gan Yi people used wine, linen cloth, and fried noodles as betrothal agents. After liberation, betrothal gifts were simplified. Generally, after a young man and woman get engaged, the man invites someone to talk to the woman's parents about their marriage. He only needs to bring a bottle of wine, and as long as the woman's parents accept the wine, they agree.
Then the man goes to the woman's house to formally get engaged, usually bringing two to three feet of cloth and twenty to thirty yuan. Both the cloth and the money are given to the woman. After three months, the man has to buy three pieces of green or blue cloth, a piece of meat, and a bottle of wine to the woman's house. These things are given to the woman's parents, which are called "little gifts." The man asked Bimo to choose a date, and the chosen date must be discussed with the woman's parents. This time, you can buy some wedding supplies for the woman based on your family situation, which is called "pressing the eight characters". The woman's parents prepare a dowry for their child, usually a cabinet, two dressers, two boxes, and three small tables. The large table must be equipped with eight stools, while the No. 2 dining table and the small dining table are only equipped with four stools. ; Also prepare two sets of bedding, washbasin, basin, towels, etc. When the man asks for a hand in marriage, he must prepare a set of clothes for the woman to wear, including buns, shoes, needlework, etc., and the bride's groomsmen will carry them to the woman's home. These things are not brought out until the woman's parents invite a singer to drink the "wedding song" in the evening. If the singer makes a mistake in singing, the marrying relative will take out the wrong thing and circle it three times in front of the singer's eyes, put it in his bag with a smile, and neither give it to the bride nor return it to the groom. The marrying relative will keep it for himself. If the singer sings exactly what he wants. When the bride-to-be couldn't get it out, the singer hit the bride-to-be on the head three times with a dustpan, which made the guests burst into laughter. The married woman and the female singer continue to sing duet. The female singer wants to defeat the married woman, so the married man obediently puts the basket on his back in the middle of the main room. Then, the female singer took out her trousers when she sang about trousers, and when she sang about clothes, she took out her peasant coat. Splashing water to welcome the bride When a Yi girl gets married, her sisters, brothers and young men and women of the same generation can pour water to welcome the bride. In a relatively large Yi village, ten days before the girl gets married, the young men and women in the village. Just cut some wooden stakes and nail them on both sides of the road, and then use wild vines to make trip wires. When the bride-to-be arrives, she uses dozens of buckets of water that have been prepared by the roadside. Move towards the bride-to-be. The bride-to-be was unable to escape and was drowned in the water. The only way to avoid being splashed was to run as fast as she could and into the bride's house. Therefore, a smart bride-to-be is well prepared. If he finds out that there is a back door to the girl's house or there is another road in the village leading to the bride's house, he will sneak into the bride's house when the water thrower is not paying attention, and light three sticks of incense on the bride's family altar table. , burn three pieces of money paper and kowtow three times, so as not to get splashed with water. But it is not easy for most people to get married, and they will be splashed with water. Being splashed in the cold weather, causing the upper and lower teeth to snap, often makes the young men and women laugh so hard that the bride's parents find clothes for the bride-to-be to change into. Generally, water is poured on it, but in some places, cow dung water was used a long time ago, such as in Liangshan and Liangshan. There is a record in Volume 12 of "Xichang County Chronicle" of "splashing it with cow dung and water". It is said that the water must be poured so that the girl will not have to carry water all the way to her husband's house, it will not be early, and she will have food and clothing. According to historical records, in the past, there was a custom of kidnapping marriages in the Liangshan Mountains of Sichuan and parts of Yunnan. According to the Yi people, "robbing marriage" is something passed down from the old generation. The man going to rob the woman is a sign of respect for the woman's family, which means that she is not given away because she cannot get married." Although the marriage of a man and a woman is arranged by his parents, , and go through a matchmaker to get married, but when they get married, the groom's family not only sends the matchmaker and the groom's brother to the bride's house on the first day, but also invites two relatives to wear felts and carry horn wine with them. To pick up a relative from the girl's village, two bearers of horn wine must first go to the bride's house. The girl's family has the right to beat the relative at the door of their house with a stick to pick them up. At night, the young woman can blacken the face of her relatives. On the third day, after the bride's uncles, brothers and other relatives send the bride to the groom's house, they must try to get bowls, spoons or other things from the groom's family. When leaving the groom's village, they must run a few laps in the square outside the village. At the same time, he smashed the bowl he brought, which is called "beating the tongue" locally, and then left. In southern Yunnan, there is a custom that on the basis of mutual love between men and women, the man and his partner first bring the woman to the man's house in a fake robbery, and then complete the marriage proposal ceremony. Young men and women usually take advantage of collective singing and dancing opportunities to get to know and fall in love during the Spring Festival. If two people make a private decision for life, the man can invite a few friends to go to the place that he has made an appointment with the woman in the evening, and lead the woman to the man's house in a fake robbery. Once a woman is led to the main room of her husband's family, it means that they have become a formal couple. On the second day, the bride will stay at the groom's house... >>
Information and history of the folk customs of the Yi people
The Yi people are the people of the ancient Qiang people who came south and interacted with them during the long-term development process. A nation formed by the continuous fusion of indigenous tribes in the southwest. Six or seven thousand years ago
the ancient Qiang people living in the Hehuang area in northwest my country began to develop in all directions, and one of them traveled to the southwest of the motherland. More than 3,000 years ago, the ancient Qiang people who traveled to the southwest took ethnic tribes as units and formed the "Six Yi", "Seven Qiang" and "Nine Di" in the southwest of the motherland, which are the so-called "Yue Song" that often appear in history books. When the ancient Qiang people traveled to the southwest, there were already two ancient ethnic groups that arrived in the southwest. ——The Baipu ethnic group became the Baiyue ethnic group. After the ancient Qiang people came to the southwest, they lived with Baipu and Baiyue for a long time, integrated with each other, and absorbed the southern culture of Baipu and Baiyue. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Kunming people and Fen. The integration of (Pu) developed into the integration of Liao people. From the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, the main residents of eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou, and southern Sichuan were called So people in Chinese historical records, and sometimes Sou and Pu were juxtaposed.
Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there has been a differentiation between Wuman and Baiman in the area where Yi ancestors lived. The Wuman tribe was developed from the Kunming tribe, and the Baiman tribe was mainly composed of Sou and Pu and merged with other ethnic groups. .
During the long-term formation and development, the activities of the Yi ancestors once spread throughout the heartland of the three provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou and part of Guangxi. Their core area should be the vast area adjacent to the three provinces.
An important feature in the history of the Yi people is that they have maintained the slave ownership system for a long time. In the Western Han Dynasty in the 2nd century BC and before, the society of the ancestors of the Yi people had been divided into nomadic tribes and settled agricultural tribes. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, a group of Sou commanders and Yi kings continued to differentiate in various Yi ancestor areas, indicating that based on the conquest of Pu people and other tribes, the Kunming tribe had basically completed the transition from a primitive tribe to a slave ownership system.
In the 830s, the Mengshe imperial edict unified the six imperial edicts. The ancestors of the Yi and Bai ethnic groups in Yunnan united with the upper echelons of all ethnic groups to establish the Nanzhao slave-holding regime. The center of rule was in the present-day Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in western Yunnan. The scope reached present-day eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou, and southern Sichuan, basically controlling the main distribution areas of the Yi ancestors.
The Nanzhao Slavery Dynasty had ruled the Yi ancestor areas for a long time and had a profound impact on the existence and development of local slavery. In the second year of Tianfu of the Tang Dynasty (902), the collapse of the Nanzhao slave dynasty did not mean the demise of slavery in the areas of the ancestors of the Yi people. During the more than 300 years of the Song Dynasty, the ancestors of the Yi people in the three states of Rong (Yibin), Lu (Lu County), and Li (Hanyuan) were in the midst of the mutual struggle between the Song Dynasty and the Dali regime, and a relatively prosperous slave economy emerged. situation. In conjunction with this, the slave-production relationship resulted in the situation where powerful tribes enslaved small tribes.
In the third year of Mongol Khan's reign (1253), the Mongolian cavalry attacked Yunnan in three routes from Sichuan, passing through the Yi areas. This prompted the emergence of a relatively loose anti-Mongolian alliance in the divided Yi areas, and began to unify in Under the name of Luoluo clan. Correspondingly, the Mongolian nobles intensified their efforts to win over the chiefs of the Yi ethnic group in various places, and developed a chieftain system in some border ethnic areas that enfeoffed hereditary official positions to the chiefs of various ethnic groups to rule the local people. From 1263 to 1287, Yi chieftains were successively established in today's Yuexi, Xichang, Pingshan, Dafang, Zhaotong, Weining and other places.
During the 276th year of the Ming Dynasty, Shuixi (Dafang), Wukai (Weining), Wumeng (Zhaotong), Mangbu (Zhenxiong), and Dongchuan (Huichuan) spread across the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan. Ze), Yongning (Xuyong), Mahu (Pingshan), Jianchang (Xichang) and other places are connected together and support each other, maintaining basically the same slave system and low social productivity. Accordingly, each Yi ethnic area can basically be divided into three levels: chieftain and black bones, white bones and domestic slaves. On the basis of the above-mentioned hierarchical relationship, the chieftain system of the Yi people in Shuixi, Jianchang, Wumeng and other places in the Ming Dynasty was still the superstructure of slavery.
During the Kangxi and Yongzheng years, the Qing Dynasty implemented the "reform of native land and return to local rule" in the Yi area, which dealt a heavy blow to the influence of chieftains, Tumu, and slave owners. With the development of social productivity, some areas transitioned from slavery to feudalism relatively quickly.
[Edit this paragraph]
Culture and Art
The Yi people are good at singing and dancing. There are various traditional tunes among the Yi people, such as mountain-climbing tune, door-entry tune, welcome tune, wine-eating tune, wedding tune, mourning tune, etc. Some tunes have fixed words, while others don't and are improvised lyrics. Folk songs are divided into male and female tones, and folk songs from various regions have their own unique styles. Yi musical instruments include gourd sheng, mabu, bawu, kouxian, yueqin, flute, sanxian, bells, bronze drums, large flat drums, etc. Dance of the Yi people...>>
If you want to see the customs of the Yi people with pictures and texts, you have to go to the encyclopedia:
baike.baidu/view/2731?fr=ala0_1_1
p>
What are the customs of the Yi people? 30 points of taboos of the Yi people
In the Yi area of ??Liangshan, it is forbidden for women over the age of seventeen to go upstairs. If they violate this, the "Xiaobu" ritual must be held at home to drive away filth and bad luck; outsiders, brothers, fathers, The uncle, his brothers, and his wife go to the host position "Nimude" bounded by the Guozhuang stone on the upper right side. If there was any violation in the past, the daughter-in-law would return to her natal family, and her natal family would have to refund the bride price and compensate for the loss of gifts; the father, brother, uncle, etc. would have to drink wine to make amends to the owner. When moving into a new house after completion, it is not advisable for the male owner to walk in front, otherwise it will be detrimental to the development of the family. In the Weishan Yi District of Yunnan, whistling, singing folk songs, and swearing are prohibited at home; it is prohibited to bring sticks, ropes, knives, guns and other equipment into the main room and kitchen.
The Yi nationality chose a house site close to mountains and rivers with beautiful soil and fertile grass. After selecting the site, you need to predict the house. The methods of the Yi people in Liangshan include rolling eggs, standing rice, and roasting sheep blades. To roll an egg, you take an egg and roll it on the homestead, then set up three stone supports and boil the egg in a pot. After it is cooked, peel off the egg shell to see whether the egg nest is upright or off. To stand a meter, hold five rice grains with your hands, and then place the rice grains one by one in the soil in the direction of southeast, northwest, and center, and hold them with a bowl. If you find that the rice grains are missing or falling over the next day, it is unlucky and you need to choose another location. To burn sheep blades, you need to ask a wizard to perform this technique, that is, put fire grass on the sheep blades and burn them. The cracks on the sheep blades will determine good or bad luck. Four square lines are for upward luck, and one-line lines are for middle level. Cross pattern is unlucky.
These are all superstitious and are gradually being eliminated. The direction of the back door of the site is generally to face east and down the slope. It is forbidden to open the door towards Bald Mountain; it is forbidden to have water behind the house, otherwise flash floods will easily occur and endanger the house. ?
Village characteristics: Liangshan Yi people are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Historically, because the Yi people were often invaded by other ethnic groups and had frequent internal conflicts with enemies, most of their villages chose to live in high mountains or slopes with dangerous terrain. On a sunny hillside, or close to the river valley, there are dangers to guard, roads to walk, and a long-term view. There are terraced fields in the front and pastures in the back. This is an ideal living place for the Yi people. Generally, people live scattered in high mountain areas, while people live in clusters in Pingba valley areas.
Marriage and love of the Yi people
Before 1949, due to the different distribution areas and branches of the Yi people, and the differences in social and economic forms in various places, the regional nature of the marriage system was also prominent. The specific manifestations are as follows:
(1) Monogamy.
In Yi society, monogamy, which is compatible with the patriarchal nuclear family, is the dominant form of marriage. In the past, in Liangshan, except for the children of Xiaxi and some Ajia, most men and women had their fathers choose their spouses in childhood or early childhood, seek matchmaking, predict marriages, and betrothals. The wedding will take place after a certain period of time. After marriage, except for the youngest children, they all separate from their parents and set up separate families to form a monogamous family. If the husband is still young after marriage, the bride will return to her natal family to live until her husband comes of age before starting a family. As for Ajia and Axi, they still adopt the form of monogamy after being matched by their master or getting married with their master's consent. In the past, some aristocratic rulers and wealthy people also had polygamists. Generally, the wives they married lived in different places. Although the first wife had a higher status in the family, she had no power to manage or control the other wives. However, when remarrying, you must obtain the consent of the first wife in advance, make wine, beat cattle, and entertain relatives and friends of the mother's family before making an apology. Otherwise, it may lead to criticism and fights between enemies. ?
The Yi people in the Liangshan Mountains of Sichuan and Yunnan practice "endogamy of the same ethnic group", "endogamy of the caste", "exogamy of the family branch", "house transfer system", "not marrying the aunt", and "priority to the aunt's cousin" marriage". "Endogamy" means that both spouses must be of the Yi ethnic group, and marriage with other ethnic groups is prohibited. Any violation will result in death or expulsion from the family according to customary law. "Class endogamy" means that Black Yi must marry Black Yi, and marriage between Black Yi men and women and men and women of other castes is strictly prohibited. If a Black Yi woman has sex with a man of other castes, both parties will be executed; if a Black Yi woman has sex with a man of other castes, both parties will be executed. If a man has sex with a woman of any other rank, the man will be expelled from the family branch or executed, and the women will all be put to death. "Exogamy within the family branch" means that intermarriage within the same family branch is strictly prohibited, and spouses must be chosen from outside the family branch. If a sexual relationship occurs within the family, it is considered to be sexual intercourse, and both parties will be executed according to customary law. The "house transfer system" means that after the death of a married woman, her husband must transfer her property to another close relative of her husband's family if she is still of childbearing age. Men. The order of house transfer is first to the next generation. If there is no suitable candidate among the same generation, then the next generation will be transferred to the younger generation or the elders. "That is, it is strictly forbidden for aunts and sisters to marry. Aunts and sisters are like brothers and sisters of the same blood. They can neither marry nor have extramarital sexual relations, otherwise... >>
New Year customs of the Yi people, Meaning 20 points I am from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. The Yi people celebrate the New Year very grandly every year in November, which is also called the Year of the Yi people. When the Yi year comes, many folk celebrations will be held. The specific content is. There are a lot of words and it is difficult to explain clearly. Friends, please see baike.baidu/view/619968 for details. It has a very comprehensive answer about the meaning of the year of the Yi people. It has all the answers you want. I hope it can help you. < /p>
As for the "Torch Festival", it is not the "Yi Year". The Torch Festival is held in July of the lunar calendar every year. Its national significance and celebrations are also the same as those of the Yi Year, but it is more lively and known as The Carnival of the East.
What are the traditional customs of the Yi people? The unique and colorful folk customs of the Yi people can make people return to their original simplicity and experience the charm of ancient civilization. The unique and colorful Yi people formed in the special natural environment. The ethnic customs of the Yi people are reflected in their clothing, food, housing, transportation, weddings, funerals, and beliefs and worship. The Yi people have a traditional habit of eating rice cakes. The rice cakes are mostly made of corn and buckwheat powder and are steamed and baked in a round shape. About half a catty, and "Lueba" is the most exquisite. "Lueba" is made from coarsely ground corn and shelling, then finely ground with water to make porridge. It is steamed and baked in the same way as Baba. It is delicate, sweet and generally delicious. It is specially made during New Year's Eve or when distinguished guests come to visit, and is regarded as a high-end food. The Yi people are accustomed to drinking "Zhuan Zhuan Wine". Whenever guests arrive or celebrate festivals, several or dozens of people drink alcohol during some festivals. People sit in groups, drinking from a drinking vessel, one sip at a time, and drink until they are drunk. When they feel like it, they drink a lot, whether it is a bowl or a half bottle, to show the generous spirit of the Yi people. Very hospitable. No matter who you walk into, whether you are a relative, friend or acquaintance, as long as you tell your name and family background, you will be warmly received according to your family's circumstances. Generous: Kill chickens and sheep to entertain relatives, friends and distinguished guests. For particularly distinguished guests, if conditions permit, cattle will be killed to entertain them.
Killing a chicken for entertainment is the lightest thing. You should also bring all the chicken to the table and treat the guests to eat first, and treat the guests to eat the chicken head to see good fortune. When killing pigs and sheep, in addition to entertaining guests with a good meal, they also give half a pig's head and a piece of mutton blade to the guests to show their respect and enthusiasm for the guests. The homes of the Yi people often choose hilltops or hillside flats that are high and dangerous. In ancient times, the Yi people often migrated due to production and living factors. Wealthy families mostly build two residences in high and low mountains. They live in low mountain houses in winter and move to high mountains in summer. Some live in Meigu in Daliang Mountain in summer and move back to Ebian in winter. In the past, most Yi houses were one-room houses with earthen walls and tiles, no windows, no ceilings, and the interior was very dark. The entrance is the middle room with a firepit, which is installed with three Guozhuang stones. It is a place for the whole family to cook, dine, warm up, discuss affairs, rest and entertain guests. The left side of the middle room is separated by a bamboo fence. It is the housewife's room, where food, clothing, and money are stored. The right side is the mill and a place where sundries, farm tools, and even pigs are stored. Marriage customs of the Yi people. Before the democratic reform, the marriage customs of the Yi people in Ebian were intermarriage within the Yi people, endogamy within the hierarchy, exogamy within the family branch, non-marriage between aunts, house transfers, and matrimonial marriages. Generally, monogamy was practiced. There are also phenomena of arranged marriages by parents, talk of matchmakers, and buying and selling marriages. From engagement to marriage, wedding etiquette and forms with national characteristics are preserved. Burial Customs of the Yi People The Yi people generally cremate their dead, but they bury dead babies who have not yet grown teeth. There are two main traditional festivals of the Yi people in Liangshan: the Yi New Year Festival and the Torch Festival. The New Year Festival of the Yi people in Ebian: The Liangshan Yi people's year is based on the solar calendar of the Yi people. A year is ten months. The month at the end of the year is equivalent to the tenth month of the lunar calendar. It is also the end of the autumn harvest in the Yi area. Each village of the Yi people selects an auspicious day. , usually the three days between the first and fifteenth day of October are the days when the Yi people celebrate the New Year. The day before the Chinese New Year is New Year's Eve, every household does a lot of cleaning, sweeping the floor and cleaning the furniture. In the early morning of the first day of the New Year, every household that can afford it kills the New Year pig. According to the traditional habits and rules of respecting ancestors and elders, the New Year starts with killing the pig at the home of the most respected elder in the village. Then each household slaughters them accordingly. After the pig is killed, take out the gallbladder, loin, spleen, breast meat, cook it and cut it into pieces, and put the buckwheat cake into a tall wooden basin. Then use a red-hot mountain stone and put it into a bowl of water to generate steam and circle it three times. , which means to remove dirt and filth, and then pour wine soaked in water and a meat basin and present them on the altar in the inner room to hold an ancestor welcoming ceremony. During the Chinese New Year, everyone wears new clothes. The young people held horse racing, wrestling, sheep fighting, cock fighting and other activities, while the children went to picnic outside the village and played to their heart's content; the old people were invited to chat and drink together. Three days later, I started to visit relatives and friends, and went to distant relatives’ homes to pay New Year greetings. A married girl returns to her parents' home with gifts such as wine and pig head meat to visit her parents. After about five or six days, the New Year celebrations are over.
What are the customs and habits of the Yi people? The clothing of the Yi people varies from place to place. In areas like Liangshan and Western Guizhou, men usually wear black narrow-sleeved right-slanted tops and multi-pleated trousers with wide trousers. In some areas, they wear trousers with small trousers, and a long hair bandana with a small lock in the middle of the front of the head, tied on the right side. A pincer knot. Women mostly retain ethnic characteristics, usually wearing buns on their heads, aprons and belts; women in some places have the habit of wearing long skirts. Men and women wear Tsarwa when going out. Jewelry includes earrings, bracelets, rings, collar flowers, etc., mostly made of gold, silver and jade.
The main food of the Yi people in most areas is corn, followed by buckwheat, rice, potatoes, wheat and oats. Meat mainly includes beef, pork, mutton, chicken, etc., and they like to be cut into large pieces (fist-sized) for cooking. The Han people call it "mound meat". Most of the Yi people in Da Liangshan and Xiao Liangshan do not eat dog meat, horse meat, frogs and snakes. The Yi people like to eat sour and spicy food, and are addicted to wine, so they have the etiquette of entertaining guests with wine. Wine is indispensable for resolving various disputes, making friends, weddings and funerals, and other occasions.
In some areas, the house structure of the Yi people is the same as that of the surrounding Han people. The houses of Yi residents in Liangshan mostly use slab roofs and earthen walls; in the Yi areas of Guangxi and eastern Yunnan, there are houses that resemble "ganglan".
The patrilineal small family system is prevalent among the Yi people in various places, and young children often live with their parents. Women have lower status. The inheritance is divided equally among the disciples, and the property is generally owned by close relatives. In the history of the Yi people, it was popular to name father and son together, and this custom continued among the Yi people in Liangshan until the founding of the People's Republic of China. Monogamy is the basic marriage system of the Yi people. A higher bride price is required to marry a daughter-in-law. Cross-cousin marriage is more popular, and house transfer is practiced after the husband's death. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, some Yi areas in Yunnan still maintained the public housing system, and the Yi people in Liangshan maintained strict hierarchical endogamy. Historically, the Yi people mostly practiced cremation. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, residents in Liangshan and Yunnan along the Jinsha River still practiced this burial custom. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, other areas have gradually changed to upper burial.
What are the ethnic customs of the Yi people? "Torch Festival" is the most common and solemn traditional festival in the Yi area, usually on the 24th or 25th of June in the lunar calendar. Regarding the origin of this ancient festival, there are different legends in different regions. One of the more common legends is: In ancient times, there was a strong man Sireabi in the sky. He heard that there was a strong man Attila in the world, so he came to The human world competes with Attila in wrestling. As a result, Sreabi lost. After reporting back to the gods, the gods became angry and sent locusts to the human world to destroy crops. On June 24, Attilaba called on people to light pine branches and fire to drive away the insects, but they were driven away. The pests defeated the gods.
In order to commemorate the victory over the gods, torches have been held to celebrate this day every year. Every Torch Festival, Yi men, women and children, dressed in festive costumes, perform animal sacrifices and spirit tablets, dance, sing, race horses and wrestle to their heart's content. At night, people hold torches and circle around their homes and fields, then gather together to light a bonfire and dance.
In the eyes of the Yi people, fire symbolizes light, justice, prosperity, and a powerful force that can destroy all evil. The Torch Festival is a festival of joy, love and happiness for the Yi people. People prepare various torches a few days before the Torch Festival. The first day is to decorate torches at home, as beautiful as they are; the second day is to go to the homes of relatives and friends to congratulate the festival and talk about their own torches; on the third day, burn torches and walk into the house holding them high. The fields come into thousands of homes, bringing happiness to the people and wishing the farmland a bumper harvest. When night falls on the third day, it’s the end of the Torch Festival. At this time, people cheered and cheered, which was extremely lively. The streets are decorated with lights and colorful decorations everywhere, permeating the festive atmosphere. People were dressed in colorful clothes and had smiles on their faces. They held torches high, squeezed into the crowd, sang and danced, it was so lively! They merged into one, and the torch they held high shined brightly, turning the originally dark night into day in an instant.
. . . . There are more, right?
What are the traditional customs of the Yi people? The Yi people are an ethnic minority with the largest population, many branches, and a wide distribution area in Yunnan Province. Most live in mountainous areas, some live in alpine mountainous areas, and a few live in flat dams and river valleys. They are mainly distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi and other provinces and regions, with a current population of more than 6.57 million, of which Yunnan has the largest population of more than 4.05 million. The Yi people are distributed in most counties and cities in the province, especially in the Ailao Mountains of Chuxiong and Honghe prefectures, the Wumeng Mountains and the Xiaoliangshan area in northwest Yunnan (Ninglang, Yongsheng, Huaping and other counties).
The current Yi population in Lijiang is more than 190,000, of which there are more than 130,000 in Ninglang Yi Autonomous County. Because the Ninglang Yi people mainly migrated from the Daliang Mountains in Sichuan, people customarily call these Yi living areas "Liangshan". In order to distinguish them from the Daliang Mountains in Sichuan, they are also called "Yunnan Xiaoliangshan".
The Yi people have a long history and rich folk culture and art. Its "Solar Calendar" and "Twelve Beast Calendar" have their own unique features. There are no less than a hundred kinds of self-proclaimed names, the main ones include Nuosupo, Nasupot, Niesupo, Gaisupo, Sanipo, Axibo, etc. After liberation, according to the wishes of the Yi people, they were unified as the Yi people. Yi is the "Yi" of Ding Yi, which is not only the transliteration of the Yi people's self-proclaimed name, but also has the beautiful connotation of being solemn, ancient, and rich in food and clothing.
The Yi people have their own spoken and written language. The language belongs to the Yi branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family. There are six dialects. The Xiaoliangshan Yi language belongs to the Shizha Tu dialect, a northern dialect. Historically, the Yi people have written history, literature, astronomical and medical books, religious classics, etc. in Yi language, such as the Liangshan Yi creation epic "Leoteyi".
The Yi people have many festivals, including the Mizhi Festival, Yi Li Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Winter Solstice, Flower Arrangement Festival, Costume Competition Festival, etc., among which the Torch Festival is the most grand. Wool felts rolled by the Yi people, satchels with beautiful embroidery patterns, and refined wooden lacquer vessels are handicrafts rich in ethnic characteristics among daily necessities.