The artistic achievements of Wang Wei's poetry are rarely comparable to those of Wang Wei in the poetry world of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, except for Li Du. His landscape poems are plain, natural, elegant and ethereal, blending well with calligraphy, chess, calligraphy and painting. There are often descriptions of form and sound in poetry, the warmth of emotion and intention, the companionship of elegance and tranquility, and the coexistence of exuberance and profundity. He often uses sublime, euphemistic, quaint and sophisticated techniques to achieve a stunning and lingering artistic realm, forming the ethereal, clear and elegant artistic conception of his landscape pastoral poetry. This article intends to analyze the artistic conception beauty of Wang Wei's landscape pastoral poetry from the four perspectives of language, imagery, color and sound, and explore the reasons for the formation of this artistic conception beauty.
1. Language does not emphasize decoration, is clear and elegant, and balances reality and reality
Language is the materialized form of the poet's emotions and the most superficial image of the poem. Wang Wei pursues clarity and elegance in his language, without being overly colorful or emphasizing on ornaments, making shocking remarks, or making words like swallowing clouds and spitting out the moon. He pays attention to nature and authenticity, pays attention to the revelatory nature of language, and expresses the freedom, ease and consciousness of poetic language. For example, "Mountain Dwelling":
Loneliness covers the wood door, and the vastness faces the falling light. There are crane nests and pine trees everywhere, and few people visit the pigeon gate.
The tender bamboo contains new powder, and the red lotus sheds its old clothes. Fireworks are going up at the crossing, and water chestnuts are being collected everywhere.
The poet uses shallow language and line drawing techniques to describe the tranquility, pleasantness and vitality of the mountain living environment. Against the background of the setting sun, with towering ancient pines and cranes circling, there are few visitors, and the firewood leaves are covered alone, making it extremely quiet. The poet uses words such as "vast", "over" and "rare" to exaggerate the quiet atmosphere, and also uses expressive words such as "new powder", "fall", "fireworks" and "everywhere" to convey the vitality of nature. weather and people’s happy and happy spirit.
The first half of "Mountain Dwelling Autumn Borer" reads:
After the new rain in the empty mountains, autumn comes late. The bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring flows over the rocks.
The word "empty mountain" points out that this place is like a paradise. The rain in the mountains has just begun, and everything is new. It is the evening of early autumn. You can imagine the fresh air and the wonderful scenery. The sky is dark, but there is a bright moon in the sky; the fragrance has faded, but there are green pines like a canopy, and the mountain spring is clear and gurgling on the rocks, like a white and flawless line, shining in the moonlight, what a quiet, clear and natural beauty. ah!
The scenery is picturesque and free to express. Such touching natural scenery is expressed through fresh, elegant, natural and plain language. It has reached the level of artistic proficiency and uses natural beauty to express the poet's personality and beauty. The ideal social beauty, expressed through the depiction of landscapes, is rich in content, swaying in appearance, and thought-provoking.
Wang Wei's poems are mostly based on virtual reality. The middle two couplets of "Like the Han River Flooding":
The river flows beyond the sky and the earth, and the mountains are mixed in and out. In the county town of Bucheonpo, waves ripple across the sky.
Zhao Lian tried his best to expand the spatial span of the country he saw, so that it was endless. The scenery of the mountains "within nothing" and the river flowing "outside of heaven and earth". This realm of virtuality due to distance shows the width of the river and the length of the river. The poet uses "existence" and "outside" to point out that the picture changes from real scene to virtual white. The neck couplet uses the word "floating" again to describe the vastness of the water with the illusion that the county is floating and the sky is swaying. It seems to describe the county as a mirage. But only in this way can the majestic and vast appearance of "Maeura" be more truly expressed. This cannot but benefit from the plain and natural language of Wang Wei's poetry as well as its exquisite objects.
2. The image is ethereal and clear, illusive and quiet, and full of changes.
Sikong Tu once used "white clouds" as a metaphor for the charm of "super attainment" in his "Poetry", saying, "It's like bringing white clouds and the breeze back home. It's as if it's coming from afar, but it's no longer there." It is precisely based on this consideration that Wang Wei embodies the nature of mind as white clouds, and it has exactly this effect.
The most common image in Wang Wei's poems is the cloud:
But don't ask again, the white clouds are endless. ?6?2?6?2?6?2?6?2 "Farewell"
I don’t know Xiangji Temple, but I have entered Yunfeng several miles away. ?6?2?6?2?6?2?6?2 "Passing Xiangji Temple"
Walking to a waterless place, sit and watch the clouds rise. ?6?2?6?2?6?2?6?2 "Zhongnan Farewell"
Looking back at the place where the Condor Shooting is taking place, the clouds are flat at dusk for thousands of miles away. ?6?2?6?2?6?2?6?2 "Watching Hunting"
For example, "Deer and Chai":
No one can be seen in the empty mountain, but the sound of people's voices can be heard. Returning to the deep forest, the light shines on the moss again.
That glimmer of the setting sun, the moss reflected by the setting sun, and the deep forest where no one is heard but no one is seen, can evoke so much reverie and give people so much aesthetic enjoyment! In the mountains, forests and ravines, Wang Wei not only placed his ideal of life in which he had high ambitions and did not conform to the secular world, but also devoted his sincere love for the beauty of nature. Including those poems that embody Zen philosophy and give people a sense of extreme tranquility, but also have a lively, fresh and bright artistic conception. Another example is "Xinyiwu":
A brief exploration of the beauty of Wang Wei's pastoral poetry
Hibiscus flowers at the end of the wood, with red calyxes in the mountains. There is no one in the stream. They open and close one after another.
This poem expresses the state of emptiness and loneliness through the empty valley with no one on the mountain and the hibiscus blooming and falling. However, this state of "empty silence" is not completely dead and deserted. Under the surface of "empty silence", there is still the vitality of life. The hibiscus flower that blooms and falls by itself is the source of this vitality. symbol.
The artistic conception in Wang Wei's works is not flat, single or static. When he created the artistic conception of objective landscapes, he made the objective scenery have the strong subjective color of the poet through his whole-hearted immersion and feeling. To borrow Wang Guowei's words, it is to turn the "state without me" into a "state with me", thus forming an artistic image: in order to express their melancholy, spatial objects lose their inherent natural attributes and become The poet expresses his strong subjective emotions, such as "Hua Zigang"; to express his sense of emptiness and silence, time seems to stop passing, such as "Deer and Chai"; according to his whim, the green color of the sky seems to be able to moisturize people clothes, as in "In the Mountains"; the moonlight can even startle birds, as in "Birdsong Stream"; the green color of berry moss can dye people's clothes, as in "The Book of Things". Under the reflection of the poet's subjective wishes, the objectively existing landscapes become psychological images, serving to express the poet's emotions.
3. Pay attention to color, start from a virtual place, and mainly use blue and white.
Wang Wei's landscape pastoral poems are called "pictures within poems" and are "pictures with sound", which is not unreasonable. Wang Wei uses painting into poetry, making the landscapes and pastoral scenes in his paintings well-organized and full of pictorial beauty. The art of painting pays attention to the coexistence of virtuality and reality, and often leaves blank spaces for readers to add to. Wang Wei was well versed in this. When describing landscapes, he often started from a virtual place. For example, he quoted the couplet from "Hanjiang Linfan" before: "The river flows beyond the sky and the earth, and the mountains are in the middle." The river is vast, and the mountains are empty. There is an artistic effect of using less to defeat more, and one to be like ten.
An important sign of the maturity of landscape pastoral poetry is the degree of consciousness in the use of color. As a painter and poet, Wang Wei was more creative in his understanding of the value of color and his use of color.
Take "In the Mountain" as an example:
White rocks emerge from Jingxi River, and red leaves are scarce in the cold weather. There is no rain on the mountain road, the sky is green and people's clothes are wet.
It seems to be a random color, but it is no longer a natural color. The poet's choice of autumn mountains itself has profound implications. The lush autumn mountains are decorated with sparse red leaves, and then set off by illusions. The poetic feelings and spiritual colors that have arisen make the whole painting covered with a smoke that seems to be illusory but real and moved by life.
Just like the Nanzong painting school he founded, which mainly uses ink and wash, the physics and texture of the landscape are expressed in the changes in the shades of ink and light. In the poem, Wang Wei prefers green and white:
Returning to the deep forest, the light shines on the moss again. ?6?2?6?2?6?2?6?2 "Deer Chai"
Sitting and looking at the green moss, I want to get dressed. ?6?2?6?2?6?2?6?2 "Festival"
There is no rain on the mountain road, and the sky is green and people's clothes are wet. ?6?2?6?2?6?2?6?2 "In the Mountains"
This can also be seen in the poet's writings, such as "The rain in Weicheng is light and dusty" in "The Second Envoy of the Yuan Dynasty to Anxi" "The guest house is green and the willows are new." The morning rain stopped, the sky was clear, the road was clean, the willow trees on the roadside were washed out of their true green color by the rain, and the new color of the willows reflected the green color of the guest house, thus forming a beautiful scene. A picture with fresh and bright colors. Another example is "White Rock Beach":
The clear and shallow white rock beach is covered with green leaves. I live in the east and west of the water, under the bright moon on the sandy beach.
The water on the river beach, the rocks on the bottom and the cattail grass in the water are as clear as pictures. Only when the bright moon shines through the beach water can the water show its "clearness", the beach show its "shallowness", and the rocks on the bottom of the water can be seen as clear as a picture. Show its "whiteness". Not only that, from the water bottom covered with white rocks to the clear and transparent water surface, you can also clearly see the "green cattails" growing there. They are so fat and tender that you can almost pick them by hand. What is particularly noteworthy here is the word "green": when the light is weak, the color will be dark, and the green color can be seen, which shows the brightness of the moonlight. The brightness of the moon, the clearness of the water, the green of the cattails, and the whiteness of the stones all complement each other, creating an extremely vivid visual experience.
4. Pay attention to sound, use movement to describe stillness, and move and stillness reflect each other
Wang Wei’s treatment of natural sounds is concentrated in sound, such as "Birdsong Stream":
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The sweet-scented osmanthus falls when people are idle, the night is quiet and the spring mountains are empty. When the moon comes out, birds startle the mountains, and they sing in the deep stream.
Here the people are idle, the night is quiet, and the mountain sky is all static. They constitute the tranquility of the mountain stream at night in spring. The poet also wrote about falling flowers, moonrise, and birdsong. These moving scenery, the word "surprise" awakened a connected world, which not only cleansed the dead atmosphere, but also highlighted the tranquility and beauty of the mountain stream. , creating a realm where "birdsong mountain is more secluded". Another example is "Passing Xiangji Temple":
I don't know where Xiangji Temple is. It's several miles into the peak, there are ancient trees and there are no people walking around, so where is the clock in the deep mountains?
Stepping into the vast mountain forest, after walking for a few miles, we entered the mountain peaks shrouded in white clouds. In the jungle with towering ancient trees, there was no trace of anyone. Suddenly, a faint sound of bells came from nowhere, deep in the mountains. Echoes in the empty valley. There are trails but no one is walking, you can hear people's voices but you don't know where you are, and you are surrounded by towering old trees and mountains. What a quiet and ethereal realm this is! The poet described the quiet mountain and forest scenery, and even wrote about the faint sound of bells. Instead of diluting the tranquility of the entire environment, the sound of the bells added to the secluded atmosphere of the deep mountains and jungles.
Wang Wei's landscape poems are good at using movement to describe stillness, using stillness to describe movement, and using stillness to describe movement. Movement and stillness reflect each other, and he writes his extremely detailed feelings and captures the moving scene of a moment. For example, the neck couplet of "Dwelling in the Mountains in the Mist of Autumn":
The noise of bamboos returns to Huan Nu, and the lotus leaves move off the fishing boat.
The poet first heard the "noisy bamboo" before he knew it was "Gui Huannu", and first saw the "moving lotus" before he discovered "the fishing boat". The poet wrote that he heard it first and then There is a detailed feeling of what you see. The beautiful movements and sounds of "bamboo noise" and "lotus movement" contrast with movement and stillness, and are natural and subtle. They are also subtle and timeless. It is not difficult to imagine how quiet it is after the "bamboo noise" and "lotus movement". This is more poetic and thought-provoking than just writing about silence. In the fresh, tranquil and vibrant natural landscape, the beauty of nature and the beauty of the state of mind are completely integrated, creating an ethereal, clear and elegant artistic conception.
Wang Wei's poetry created an era and can be called the "authentic" landscape poetry. His poems often integrate the real scene with the imaginary realm it implies and pursues, giving people the greatest sense of aesthetic pleasure. At the same time, there is often a certain inner spirit between his poems and the certain objects he uses, which integrates himself with all things and is projected into colors, images, sounds and languages, creating an ethereal, clear and elegant artistic conception, making the Landscape pastoral poetry reached its peak and influenced generations of poets, becoming a poet with a unique style and occupying an important page in the history of Chinese literature.