Retaining wall structure types include gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, buttress, anchorage, reinforced soil nailing wall, underground continuous wall, pile row, cement soil wall, soil nailing wall, inverted arch wall, column plate, flower shape and so on. Gravity retaining wall is the most common in engineering. Cantilever type and buttress type are also widely used.
Retaining walls are classified according to their functions:
Shoulder wall: improvement of shoulder pad and comprehensive slope
Dike wall: shrink the toe of the slope to prevent the slope or basement (for steep embankment) from sliding, and it can be washed away by the water along the embankment.
Cut off the wall: reduce the excavation and slope height.
Slope wall: it supports the covering layer on the slope and can also act as a stone barrier.
Retaining wall for tunnels and openings: shorten the length of tunnels or openings.
Retaining walls at both ends of the bridge: protective platforms and connecting embankments are used as wing walls or abutment.
Retaining walls are classified by structure:
(1) Gravity retaining wall
Gravity retaining wall balances soil by its own gravity, which is generally simple in type, convenient in construction, large in masonry and high in foundation requirements. According to the different types of wall backs, there are ordinary gravity retaining walls, broken-line gravity retaining walls without counterweight platforms and counterweight retaining walls.
Counterweight retaining wall belongs to gravity retaining wall; Fill the soil on the weighing platform to move the center of gravity of the wall backwards.
The stability of the wall is increased; The wall breast is steep and the back of the lower wall is inclined, which can reduce the height of the wall and earthwork excavation; However, the basement is small in area and requires high foundation. (2) Anchoring retaining wall
Anchor retaining wall belongs to light retaining wall, which usually has anchor type and anchor plate type.
Anchor retaining wall is mainly composed of precast reinforced concrete columns and retaining plates, which support soil together with horizontal or inclined steel anchors. The stability of soil is mainly ensured by pulling the pillar by the pulling force of anchor rod buried in rock and soil.
The anchor plate replaces the anchor rod with a pull rod, and the anchor plate is connected at one end in the soil. It is not suitable for cutting, and embankment construction is easy to realize.
(3) Thin-walled retaining wall
Thin-walled retaining wall is a kind of reinforced concrete structure, including cantilever and buttress.
Cantilever retaining wall consists of straight wall and bottom plate.
There are three cantilever arms, namely vertical wall, toe board and heel board. When the wall is high, the vertical rib plate (that is, the buttress) can be connected with the heel plate for a certain distance along the wall length to form a buttress retaining wall; When strengthening the old road, it is considered that it is difficult to make piers on the heel plate side, and they can also be made on the toe plate side, which can also play a role, but it must be determined through design and calculation. (4) Reinforced earth retaining wall
Reinforced earth retaining wall is composed of fill, tie bars in fill and wallboard. It reduces the lateral pressure of soil entering the soil through the friction between filler and lacing, thus stabilizing the soil.
Reinforced earth retaining wall is a flexible structure with strong adaptability to foundation deformation and high building height, which is suitable for filling subgrade. However, considering the influence of seepage stability and foundation deformation, it needs to be selected through calculation and analysis.
(5) Other retaining walls
Column-plate retaining wall (often used for embankment and foundation pit excavation along the river)
Pile-sheet retaining wall (used for foundation pit excavation and flood control)
Stacked retaining wall (also known as frame retaining wall)