No matter how fiercely the old and new cultures collide, no matter how the eastern and western civilizations merge and penetrate each other, we can't ignore and betray China's vast treasure house of traditional culture, because traditional culture is the identity symbol of a country and a nation. Here are 3 classics of Chinese studies that I have compiled for you. Welcome to read them.
the degree of reading changes the length of life course; The depth of reading determines the level of ideological realm. No matter how fiercely the old and new cultures collide, no matter how the eastern and western civilizations merge and penetrate each other, we can't ignore and betray the vast treasure house of China traditional culture, because traditional culture is the identity symbol of a country and a nation. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, although the history of China has witnessed the rise and fall of dynasties and vicissitudes of life, the Chinese culture is like the sun, the moon, the rivers and the rivers, and the voluminous classics of Chinese studies are evidence that Chinese civilization stands in the history of human civilization. The Analects of Confucius
Confucius, recognized as one of the top ten celebrities in the world, is a thinker, philosopher and educator who has the most profound influence on China's culture, politics and system. The Analects of Confucius, which records the words and deeds of him and his disciples, was called "sanctification" by China. Tao Te Ching
Laozi is the greatest philosopher and thinker in ancient China. His Tao Te Ching is extensive and profound. For many years, philosophers, politicians, military strategists, writers, scientists and even ordinary people have drawn wisdom from it. Zhuangzi
Zhuangzi is a master of Taoism. In the turbulent and noisy environment of the Warring States Period, his thoughts reflected a quiet brilliance. Zhuangzi is a profound and connotative treasure house of Chinese thoughts, resources and philosophy, which has a profound influence on everyone's soul in China. Mencius
Mencius, known as the "sage" of Confucianism, became the immortal teacher in the history of China because of the profound thoughts embodied in his book Mencius. Mencius's "noble spirit" and the moral integrity of "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent" can still be imagined after the money year.
As the founder of mohists, Mozi's economic theory of strengthening the country and enriching the people, his military thought of non-attacking, anti-war and self-defense. Unique, system integrity is the logic theory. Xunzi
The articles in Xunzi have distinct topics, rigorous structure, thorough reasoning and strong logic. The language is rich and colorful, good at metaphor, and there are many parallel even sentences, which has his unique style and has a certain influence on later reasoning articles. The five short poems in Xunzi created a literary genre named Fu. He wrote "Xiang Xiang Pian" in the form of folk songs at that time, and the words were easy to understand. He used rap to express his political and academic thoughts, which also had a certain influence on later generations. Gou Kuang is worthy of being a great thinker, outstanding writer and educator in ancient China. Xunzi is regarded as a master. "everything is done wrong"
the book "everything is done wrong" focuses on the rule of law theory of combining illegality, skill and power in Korea. Han Fei's theory of combining "Fa", "Shu" and "Shi" reached the peak of legalist theory in the pre-Qin period, which provided a theoretical weapon for Qin to unify the six countries, and at the same time provided a theoretical basis for the feudal autocratic system in the future. Han Fei's simple dialectical thought is also prominent. He first put forward the theory of contradiction, and used the fable story of spear and shield to explain the truth that "an impregnable shield and an impregnable spear cannot stand side by side with the world". It is worth mentioning that the book Han Feizi records a large number of well-known fables, the most famous of which are "self-contradiction", "waiting for the rabbit", "taboo about medical treatment", "cramming", "old horse knows the way" and so on. These vivid fables contain profound philosophies, and with their perfect combination of ideological and artistic qualities, they give people wisdom and enlightenment, which has high literary value. Sun Tzu's Art of War
Sun Tzu's Art of War is a brilliant treasure in China's classical military cultural heritage and an important part of China's excellent cultural tradition. It is the greatest military theory work of China in ancient times, and it is also one of the most influential and extensive works of China's ancient books in the world. The strategic thinking and philosophical thinking expounded by it are widely used in military, political, economic and other fields. Its content is broad and profound, its thought is profound and rich, and its logic is rigorous and rigorous. The author is Sun Wu, a great strategist in the Spring and Autumn Period. His book was written about 2,5 years ago at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. It is the earliest military theory book in the world, 2,3 years earlier than On War written by Clausewitz in Europe. Zuozhuan
Another outstanding achievement of Zuozhuan's prose art is that it is good at writing people. Although Zuo Zhuan takes years as the classics and events as the latitude, it does not consciously describe characters, but it involves all kinds of historical figures after all. There are nearly three thousand people with names in the book. Among them, there are quite a few people with distinct images and certain personalities. Through a series of descriptions of political, military and diplomatic activities, the author portrayed many touching images with different personality characteristics. Another outstanding achievement of Zuozhuan's prose art is that it is good at memorizing words. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the diplomacy of various countries was unprecedented, and pedestrians paid attention to diplomatic rhetoric. These diplomatic words have been carefully refined after being collected and recorded in Zuo Zhuan, and they have all become beautiful articles that have been told for generations.
The Songs of the South is the first collection of romantic poems in China. Because the form of poetry is formed on the basis of folk songs of Chu, and a large number of local products and dialect vocabulary of Chu are quoted in the article, it is called "Chu Ci". Chuci is mainly the work of Qu Yuan, and its masterpiece is Lisao, so later generations call it "Chuci" as "Sao Style". At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang collected the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others and compiled them into a collection. The Songs of the South have a far-reaching influence on later literature, which not only started the later fu style, but also influenced the prose creation in previous dynasties, and is the source of positive romantic poetry creation in China. Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals
Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals was a miscellaneous work compiled collectively by Lv Buwei, the prime minister of Qin State, at the end of the Warring States Period (around 221 BC). It was also called Lu Lan, which was written in 239 BC, just before Qin State unified the six countries. This book * * * is divided into twelve chapters, eight readings and six theories, with 26 volumes, 16 articles and more than 2, words. The book respects Taoism, affirms that Laozi conforms to objective thoughts, but abandons the negative elements. At the same time, it has formed a theoretical system including politics, economy, philosophy, morality and military affairs by integrating the parents of Confucianism, Mohism, France and the military. Lv Buwei's aim is to synthesize the strengths of a hundred schools of thought, sum up historical experience and lessons, and provide a long-term strategy for the future rule of Qin. Historical Records
Historical Records records the history of more than 3, years from the time of the Yellow Emperor in the ancient legend of China to the first year of the inaugural ceremony of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The book includes twelve biographies, thirty families, seventy biographies, ten tables, eight books, 13 articles and more than 526,5 words. Sima Qian, the author, made Historical Records the first and the most famous biographical general history in China with his historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between man and nature, connecting the changes of ancient and modern times, and forming a family statement". Historical Records has had a far-reaching impact on the development of later historiography and literature. His original biographical method of compiling history was passed down by the "official history" of later dynasties. At the same time, Historical Records is considered as an excellent literary work, which plays an important role in the history of China literature. Lu Xun called it "the swan song of historians, leaving Sao without rhyme". Hanshu
Hanshu and Shiji are both biographical history books. The difference is that Historical Records started from the legend of "Three Emperors and Five Emperors" and ended in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which is a general history. However, Hanshu is a dynastic history that exclusively describes the historical events of the Western Han Dynasty. This biographical genre of dynastic history is the creation of Ban Gu. Since then, this genre has been adopted in the "official history" of past dynasties. This is Ban Gu's great contribution to Chinese historiography. "Stone? "Six Families" said: "Those who are like" Hanshu "study the first and last of the western capitals, and they are poor in the waste of Liu's prosperity, including a generation. Write a book. Words are refined, and things are very confidential, so scholars seek to discuss them and make them work easily. "Since ancient times, we have never changed our ways." Liu Zhiji's evaluation is fair today. Lun Heng
The book Lun Heng not only sharply and violently attacked the thoughts of Confucianism in Han Dynasty (but it did not completely deny Confucianism), but also critically absorbed the thoughts of various schools since the pre-Qin period, especially the thoughts of the Taoist school of Huang Lao, and criticized hundred schools of thought's "heaven", "ritual and law", "ghosts and gods and thin burial", "fate" and "good nature and evil nature" in the pre-Qin period. Therefore, later generations called Lun Heng an ancient encyclopedia of "a hundred schools of thought spread widely". Although Lun Heng could not get rid of the limitations of the times and describe the world with naturalism and intuitive observation, especially in the view of social history, it was born in an important historical period in China's history, that is, the feudal country was unified and powerful, Confucianism and divination were combined and became the orthodox thought of the ruling class. It dared to declare that the world was made of matter, dare not admit the existence of ghosts and gods, and dare to learn from Confucius and Mencius. It has influenced materialists and atheists in the future, such as philosopher Yang Quan in Wei and Jin Dynasties, thinker He Chengtian in Song Dynasty in Southern Dynasties, atheist Fan Zhen in Qi and Liang Dynasties in Southern Dynasties, Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty, thinker Wang Fuzhi in Ming and Qing Dynasties and so on. Ji Kangji
A writer, thinker and musician of the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty. Word uncle night. Guo? 9 Luo people (now southwest of Suxian County, An Wei). Marrying with the Wei imperial clan, the doctor was scattered among the officials, and the world said that he was scattered in the middle. Advocate Laozi and Zhuangzi, and stress the way of keeping healthy and taking food. As one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", it is as famous as Ruan Ji. Because he advocated "not Tang Wu but thin Zhou Kong" and was dissatisfied with Sima Group, which was in power at that time, he was framed by Zhong Hui and killed by Si Mazhao. Philosophically, it is believed that "the vitality of Tao Shuo, all living beings are endowed with profound feelings" ("Ming Dan Lun"), which affirms that everything is endowed with vitality. He also put forward the theory that "the more famous religion is, the more natural it is", advocating returning to nature and hating the cumbersome Confucian ethics. Lu Xun called his essays "novel in thought, and often opposed to the old saying", and his masterpieces were "Breaking Up with Shan Shiyuan" and "Difficult to Learn from Nature". Poetry is longer than four words, and its style is clear and solemn. There is a poem of resentment handed down from generation to generation. The theory of sound without sorrow and music holds that music itself has no sorrow and music, and the same music can cause different feelings. He is good at drumming the Qin, especially playing Guangling San, and writing Qin Fu, which gives a detailed description of the playing method and expressive force of the Qin. He is the author of Ji Zhong San Ji, which has been lost. Ji Kangji compiled by Lu Xun is the most detailed compilation for later generations.
Tao Yuanming's Collection
Tao poetry follows the simple style of Wei and Jin poetry and enters a more sophisticated situation, like a milestone marking the height that simple songs and poems can reach. Tao Yuanming is also a pioneer of innovation. He succeeded in elevating "nature" to a state of beauty. Change the Hyunri expressed in the annotation of metaphysical poems to the philosophy in daily life; It combines poetry with daily life and creates a new theme of pastoral poetry. His lofty Geng Jie, free and easy, honest and kind, his philosophical thinking on life, together with his works, built a "nest" and a spiritual home for later generations of literati. On the one hand, it can shield them from hypocrisy and ugliness, on the other hand, it can also enable them to rest and escape. Their strong sense of identity with Tao Yuanming makes Tao Yuanming a never-boring topic. Tao Yuanming is the spiritual destination of China scholar-officials. Many scholar-officials often return to Tao Yuanming after being frustrated in their official career or when they are tired of officialdom, seeking new life value from him and comforting themselves. Bai Juyi, Su Shi, Lu You, Xin Qiji, etc. Therefore, not bowing down for five bushels of rice has become a fortress in the spiritual world of China scholar-officials to protect their freedom of source selection. And plain nature has become a noble artistic position in their minds. Shi Shuo Xin YuThe words in Shi Shuo Xin Yu are generally simple prose, sometimes they are just spoken, but they are meaningful. They are also quite distinctive in Jin and Song dynasties, so they have always been liked by people, and many of them have become common allusions in poetry. "Wen Xin Diao Long"
"Wen Xin Diao Long" * * 5 articles, including four main parts: general discussion, stylistic discussion, creative discussion and criticism. There are five general comments on "the hub of literature", which is the basis of the whole book theory; There are 2 essays on stylistics, each of which deals with one or two or three styles, and the main styles are "original to express the end, name to explain the meaning of the chapter, text to determine the article, and reason to unify"; There are 19 articles on creation, which discuss the creation process, the writer's personality style, the relationship between literature and quality, writing skills, and the temperament of literary words. Criticize the style of writing and the achievements of writers in the past from different angles, and make a special discussion on the critical methods; The last preface explains his creative purpose and the deployment intention of the whole book. Although this book is divided into four aspects, its theoretical viewpoints are consistent from beginning to end, and each part takes care of each other. As the author said in the "Attached Articles": "Although many theories are complicated, there is no inversion; "There is a lot of talk, but there is no confusion." Its great size and meticulous thinking are unprecedented in ancient literary criticism works. Six Ancestors Tanjing
In Tanjing, the Tathagata-Tibetan classics, besides the Nirvana Sutra and Vimala Sutra mentioned above, include Bodhisattva Sutra, Hokkekyo, Huayan Sutra, Buddhist Sutra of Endless Life and Mahayana. Collected Works of Han Changli
Collected Works of Han Changli
Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government, a magnificent poem in the prosperous middle Tang Dynasty, was a famous historian and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty, Sima Guang (119-186), and his assistants Liu Ban, Liu Shu, Fan Zuyu, Sima Kang and others lasted for nineteen years. It records the historical facts from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties in 1362. Coincidence with Historical Records of the Warring States? The part of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In this book, the editor summed up many experiences and lessons for the rulers to learn from. What does the title mean? In view of the past, you have the resources to govern? That is, to strengthen the rule by taking the gains and losses of history as a warning, so it is called "Zi Zhi Tong Jian". There are 294 volumes of Zi Zhi Tong Jian, about 3 million words, and 3 volumes of Kao Yi and Catalogue. It is a masterpiece with the longest history in China. Complete Works of Su Dongpo
Su Dongpo, namely Su Shi, was a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and he was called "Three Soviets" with his father Su Xun and his brother Su Zhehe. Su Dongpo abided by the traditional etiquette in politics, but also had the ambition to reform the four evils, so his career was full of ups and downs. His personality is heroic, and his poems are unrestrained, fresh and vigorous, creating a bold school. He is open-minded, and although he learns from the ancients in calligraphy, he can create new ideas and is full of childlike interest. At the same time, he is good at painting and likes to make strange stones. Su Dongpo claimed that there were three things that were inferior to people in his life, namely, drinking, playing chess and singing songs, but his poems and books