It's Mr. Fujino. Written by Lu Xun ~
-The original appendix.
So much for Tokyo. When the cherry blossoms in Ueno rot, they look like a crimson light cloud, but under the flowers, there are groups of "Qing students" crash courses, with big braid overhead and towering above the students' hats, forming a Mount Fuji. There are also braids that dissolve and flatten, except hats, which are shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun and her neck twisted a few times. It's really beautiful.
The concierge department of China International Student Club has some books to buy, and sometimes it is worth visiting. If in the morning, you can sit in some houses. But at night, the floor of a room will inevitably give off a lot of echoes, and the room is full of smoke and dust; Ask someone who is proficient in current affairs and answer, "That's learning to dance."
How about going somewhere else?
I will go to Sendai Medical College. Starting from Tokyo, I soon arrived at a post office and wrote: In the twilight. Somehow, I remember the name. Secondly, I only remember Mito, where Mr. Zhu Shunshui, a adherent of the Ming Dynasty, died. Sendai is a town, not big; It's terribly cold in winter; There are no students from China yet.
Probably hope is the most precious thing. Beijing cabbage is transported to Zhejiang, tied up with red rope and hung upside down at the door of the fruit shop, which is regarded as "glue vegetable"; The wild aloe vera in Fujian, known as "agave", entered the greenhouse as soon as it arrived in Beijing. I also received such preferential treatment when I went to Sendai. Not only does the school not charge tuition, but several staff members are also worried about my accommodation. I first stayed in an inn next to the prison. It's quite cold in early winter, but there are still many mosquitoes. Later, I covered my whole body with a quilt and wrapped my head with clothes, leaving only two nostrils to vent. In this breathing place, mosquitoes can't disturb, so they can only have a good sleep. The food is good, too But a gentleman thinks that this inn also provides meals for prisoners, and it is not suitable for me to live there. He said repeatedly. Although I don't think the prisoners' meals in the inn have anything to do with me, I have to find another suitable place to live. So I moved to another house, far from the prison. Unfortunately, I always have to drink taro soup that is hard to swallow every day.
Since then, I have met many strange teachers and listened to many fresh lectures. Anatomy is shared by two professors. It turned out to be bone science. At this time, a dark and thin gentleman with a moustache came in, wearing glasses and holding a large and small stack of books. As soon as I put the book on the podium, I introduced myself to the students in a slow and depressed tone:-
"My name is Fujino Genkuro ..."
Several people in the back laughed. He went on to talk about the history of Japanese anatomy, and those books, large and small, have been works of this subject from the beginning to the present. At first, some of them were wired; Others copied China's translation. Their translation and research on new medicine were not earlier than China's.
Sitting in the back laughing is the repeat student who failed last year. He has been in school for a year and is quite familiar with his story. They gave a lecture to the freshmen about the history of each professor. It is said that Mr. Fujino is very careless in his clothes and sometimes forgets to wear a tie. Winter is an old coat, shivering. Once I got on the train, the conductor suspected that he was a pickpocket and asked the guests on the bus to be careful.
What they said is probably true, so I once saw him not wearing a tie in class.
A week later, about Saturday, he sent his assistant to call me. When I arrived at the laboratory, I saw him sitting between human bones and many separated skulls. He was studying the skull at that time, and then published a paper in our school magazine.
"My lecture notes, can you copy them?" He asked.
"You can copy a little."
"Show me!"
I handed in my copied speech, and he accepted it and returned it to me in a day or three, saying that he would give it to him once a week in the future. When I took it down and opened it, I was taken aback and felt uneasy and grateful. It turned out that my handout was changed from beginning to end with a red pen, which not only added many omissions, but also corrected Lian Wenfa's mistakes. This situation continued until he finished his courses: plastic surgery, vascular science and neurology.
Unfortunately, I didn't work hard at that time, and sometimes I was very headstrong. I still remember Mr. Fujino once called me to his research room, dug up a photo on my handout, pointed to the blood vessels on his forearm and said to me kindly:-
"You see, you moved this blood vessel a little bit. Naturally, such a move is indeed better, but the anatomical map is not art, and the physical object is so kind that we can't change it. Now that I have corrected it for you, you should follow the picture on the blackboard in the future. "
But I was still unconvinced and agreed verbally, but I thought to myself:
"I still draw well; As for the actual situation, I naturally remember. "
After the school year experiment, I went to Tokyo for a summer and returned to school in early autumn. The results have been published. Among more than 100 students, I am in the middle, but I am not behind. Teacher Fujino's homework this time is anatomy practice and local anatomy.
After practicing anatomy for about a week, he asked me to go again. Happily, he still said to me in a very restrained tone:-
"Because I heard that people in China respect ghosts, I'm afraid you won't dissect corpses. Now I am relieved that there is no such thing. "
But he embarrassed me occasionally. He heard that all women in China bound their feet, but he didn't know the details, so he asked me how to wrap them and how my feet were deformed. He also sighed, "I always want to have a look to know. What is this? "
One day, the student union officer at the same level came to my apartment and wanted to borrow my lecture notes. I looked it up and gave it to them, but I searched it and didn't take it away. But as soon as they left, the postman sent a thick letter. When they opened it, the first sentence was:-
"repent!"
This is a sentence in the New Testament, but it was recently quoted by Tolstoy. It was the Russo-Japanese War, and Mr. Dongye wrote a letter to the Emperor of Russia and Japan, the first sentence. Japanese newspapers reprimanded him for his arrogance, and patriotic youths were indignant, but secretly he had long been influenced by him. Secondly, the topic of last year's anatomy experiment was marked on Mr. Fujino's handout, and I knew it in advance, so I could have such a result. The ending is anonymous.
I just recalled an incident the other day. Because there was a meeting at the same level, the director wrote an advertisement on the blackboard. The last sentence is "Please attend the meeting and don't miss it", and a circle is added next to the word "missed". Although I thought the circle was ridiculous at the time, I didn't mind at all. Only then did I realize that the word was mocking me, saying that I had a problem leaked by the teacher.
I informed Mr. Fujino about it; Several classmates who know me very well are also unfair. They went to blame the director for the rudeness of the inspection and asked them to publish the inspection results. Finally, the rumor was eliminated, but the director worked hard and took back the anonymous letter. Finally, I returned this Tolstoy letter to them.
China is a weak country, so China people are of course imbeciles. If the score exceeds 60, it is not their own ability: no wonder they are confused. But then I had the fate of visiting and filming China people. In the second year, I taught mycology, and the shapes of bacteria were all represented by movies. After a paragraph was finished and the class was not finished, I made several current affairs films, which naturally reflected Japan's victory over Russia. But there are also China people trapped in it: working as detectives for the Russians, being captured by the Japanese and about to be shot, surrounded by a group of China people; There is another me in the lecture hall.
"Long live!" They all clapped their hands and cheered.
This kind of cheer is always there when I watch a movie, but in my case, it is particularly harsh. Later, when I came back to China, I saw the people who shot the prisoners, and they all cheered like drunk. -oh, I can't remember! But in that place at that time, my opinion changed.
At the end of the second school year, I went to see Mr. Fujino and told him that I would not study medicine and leave Sendai. His face seemed sad. He wanted to talk, but he didn't.
"I want to study biology, and what my husband taught me is still useful." Actually, it wasn't me who decided to study biology, because I saw that he was a little sad, so I lied to comfort him.
"Teaching anatomy such as medicine is afraid that biology will not help much." He sighed.
A few days before I left, he asked me to go to his house and gave me a photo with two words written on the back: "Farewell" and said he hoped to give him mine, too. But I didn't take pictures at this time; He asked me to take photos and send them to him in the future, and then he kept writing to tell him the situation.
I haven't taken photos for many years since I left Sendai, and I'm afraid to write because the situation is boring and just disappointing him. After more than a year, it is even more difficult to talk about, so although I sometimes want to write, it is difficult to write. So far, I haven't sent a letter and a photo. From his side, it seems that after he left, there is no news.
But somehow, I always remember him. Of all the teachers I think, he is the one who makes me most grateful and encouraged. Sometimes I often think: His earnest hope and tireless teaching to me are all for China, that is, I hope that China will have new medicine; Generally speaking, it is for academic purposes, that is, I hope that new medicine will spread to China. His personality is great in my eyes and heart, although his name is not known to many people.
I have ordered three volumes of his revised lecture notes, which will be kept as a permanent memorial. Unfortunately, when I moved seven years ago, I broke a bookcase and lost half a box of books. It happened that this handout was also lost. Instruct the transportation bureau to look for it, but there is no reply. Only his photo is still hanging on the east wall where I live in Beijing, opposite the desk. Whenever I am tired at night and want to be lazy, I catch a glimpse of his black and thin face lying on my back under the light, as if to say something cadence, which suddenly makes my conscience discover and increases my courage, so I light a cigarette and continue to write something that deeply hurts Mr. and others.
What is cloning?
A bacterium can split in two after about 20 minutes; A grape branch cut into ten segments may become ten grapes; Cactus is cut into several pieces, and each piece takes root when it hits the ground; A strawberry can grow hundreds of strawberry seedlings a year by its creeping stolon on the ground ... These are all creatures that reproduce their offspring by splitting themselves in two or expanding a small part of themselves, which is asexual reproduction. The English name of asexual reproduction is "Clone", transliterated as "clone". In fact, the English word "Clone" comes from the Greek word "Klone", which originally meant to propagate with "shoots" or "cuttings". Today, the meaning of "cloning" is not just "asexual reproduction", but a group of individuals from an ancestor who reproduce asexually. This group of asexual offspring from an ancestor is also called "asexual cloning", or cloning for short.
Many animals in nature, under normal circumstances, rely on male cells (sperm) produced by their fathers and female cells (eggs) produced by their mothers to fuse (fertilize) into fertilized eggs (fertilized eggs), and then the fertilized eggs develop into embryos through a series of cell division, and finally form new individuals. This kind of reproduction mode, which relies on both parents to provide sex cells and produces offspring through the fusion of bisexual cells, is called sexual reproduction. But if we divide an embryo into two, four and eight pieces through surgery, and finally make an embryo grow into two, four and eight pieces of creatures through special methods, these creatures are cloned individuals. These two, four and eight individuals are called clones (also called clones).
It can be said that Wu Cheng'en, a great writer in Ming Dynasty, has made a wonderful description about the idea of cloning. The Monkey King often pulls out a handful of monkey hairs at critical moments and turns into a large group of monkeys. A monkey's hair becomes a monkey. It's a cloned monkey.
Before and after the birth of cloned crucian carp
1In the spring of 979, scientists from Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences artificially cultured the cells in the blastocyst stage of crucian carp. After 59 generations of continuous subculture for 385 days, the nucleus was sucked out of the cultured cells with a glass tube with a diameter of about 65438 00 microns under the microscope. At the same time, the nucleus of crucian carp eggs was removed, leaving room for eggs to prepare for accepting blastocyst nuclei. After everything is ready, move the nucleus sucked out of the glass tube into the crucian carp egg cell in the vacant position. Under the condition of artificial culture, most eggs with blastocysts die prematurely. Only two of the 189 nuclear exchange eggs hatched fry, and finally only one young fish survived the difficulties, and after more than 80 days of cultivation, it grew into an 8 cm long crucian carp. This kind of crucian carp has not been combined with male and female cells, but only replaced the nucleus of a blastocyst with an egg cell, which is actually produced by the egg after nuclear replacement, so it is also a cloned fish.
Before the emergence of cloned crucian carp, scientists from Oxford University in England had conducted cloning experiments with a Xenopus laevis (Xenopus laevis) in 1960 and 1962. The test method is to irradiate Xenopus laevis eggs with ultraviolet rays to destroy their nuclei, and then take out the nuclei from the intestinal epithelial cells, liver cells and kidney cells of Xenopus laevis tadpoles through superb surgery, and accurately put the nuclei of these cells into the eggs whose nuclei have been destroyed by ultraviolet rays. After careful care, some of these nuclear exchange eggs finally grew alive and kicking Xenopus. This kind of Xenopus is not produced by the combination of sperm cells and egg cells, so it is also a cloned Xenopus.
Tong Dizhou, a famous scholar in China, successfully cloned Rana nigromaculata in 1978. He transplanted the nucleus of red blood cells of Rana nigromaculata into the eggs of Rana nigromaculata, and the eggs after nuclear exchange eventually grew into tadpoles that could swim freely in the water.
The maturity of fish nuclear exchange technology and the success of amphibian nuclear exchange have excited a group of scientists engaged in seed cultivation. Since the nucleus of crucian carp blastocysts can replace the nucleus of crucian carp eggs to obtain cloned fish, can new hybrid fish be obtained by replacing the nucleus of heterogeneous fish? Scientists in China first put forward this problem and solved it first. It is this institute that successfully cultivated and cloned crucian carp, and managed to replace the nucleus of crucian carp embryo with the nucleus of crucian carp egg. The nucleus of carp and the cytoplasm of crucian carp eggs can coexist peacefully, starting a process similar to the division and development of fertilized eggs, and finally growing a "bearded crucian carp". This kind of fish has a "beard" and grows very fast, just like crucian carp, but its side scales and spines are the same as crucian carp, and the fish tastes as delicious as crucian carp. The emergence of this new species of artificially cloned fish has opened up a new way for fish breeding.
The pursuit of science is endless. The success of fish and amphibian cloning naturally turned scientists' attention to mammals. Scientists in the United States and Switzerland took the lead in taking out the nucleus from the embryonic cells of gray mice and replacing the nucleus of fertilized eggs of black mice with this nucleus. In fact, the fertilized egg of this black mouse just entered the egg cell and removed the sperm nucleus together with the egg nucleus. The embryonic nuclei of chinchilla were transplanted into enucleated fertilized eggs of black mice, and then cultured in vitro for four days, and then implanted into the uterus of white mice. After hundreds of gray, black and white operations, the white mouse finally gave birth to three little gray mice.
Dolly the cloned sheep
1997, the British magazine Nature published the research results of wilmot and others of Roslin Institute in Edinburgh: after 247 failures, they got a cloned ewe named Dolly in 1996.
How did Dolly sheep "create"? Wilmot and other scholars first injected gonadotropin into Scottish black-faced sheep to induce ovulation. Immediately after getting the egg, take out the nucleus from the egg cell with a very thin straw. At the same time, the nucleus was taken from the mammary gland cells of a six-year-old ewe "Fendosit" who was pregnant for three months, and immediately sent to the egg cells of an enucleated Scottish black-faced sheep. After the operation, electric pulses with the same frequency are used to stimulate the egg after nuclear exchange, so that the cytoplasm of the egg of Scottish black-faced sheep and the nucleus of the mammary gland cell of Findset ewe can be coordinated with each other, and this "assembled" cell can undergo the process of division, development and embryo formation like a fertilized egg in a test tube. Then, the embryo was skillfully implanted into the uterus of another ewe. In July last year, the ewe that "nursed" the embryo in vitro finally gave birth to Dolly, a lamb. Dolly is not the product of fertilization between ewe eggs and ram sperm cells, but the result of the step-by-step development of "nuclear-egg exchange", so it is "cloned sheep"
The birth of "cloned sheep" caused a sensation all over the world. It is commendable that it is the nucleus of somatic cells, not the nucleus of embryonic cells. This result proves that the so-called highly differentiated cells that perform special functions and have specific forms in animals have the potential to develop into complete individuals like fertilized eggs. In other words, animal cells are totipotent like plant cells.
Cloning technology benefits mankind.
Cloning technology will bring great benefits to mankind. For example, the ewe bred by British PPL company contains α-I antitrypsin for treating emphysema. The price of this goat's milk is $6,000 a liter. A ewe is like a pharmaceutical factory. What is the most effective and convenient way to breed this kind of sheep? The best way is to "clone". Similarly, Dutch PHP company bred cows that can secrete human lactoferrin, and Israeli LAS company bred sheep that can produce serum albumin. How can these high value-added livestock breed effectively? The answer is of course "cloning".
A mare with a donkey can get an animal mule with a particularly strong heterosis, and the mule cannot reproduce. So, how do excellent mules expand their reproduction? The best way is also "cloning". The giant panda in China is a national treasure, but its natural mating success rate is low and it is on the verge of extinction. How to save such rare animals? "Cloning" provides a practical way for human beings.
In addition, cloning animals plays an important role in studying cancer biology, immunology and human life span.
Undeniably, the appearance of "cloned sheep" has also aroused many people's interest in "human cloning". For example, some people are considering whether it is possible to clone an embryo from their own cells and freeze it before it takes shape. One day in the future, when something goes wrong with one of your own organs, you can take this organ out of the embryo and cultivate it, and then replace your diseased organ. This is to provide "accessories" for human beings through cloning.
The discussion about "human cloning" reminds people that scientific and technological progress is a mixed March. The more science and technology develop, the wider and deeper it penetrates into society, and the more likely it is to cause many related ethical, moral and legal problems. I want to use the Nobel Prize winner and famous molecular biologist J.D.? Watson's words ended the article: "It can be expected that many biologists, especially those scientists engaged in asexual reproduction research, will seriously consider its significance and start scientific discussions to educate the people of the world."
Hope to adopt ~