Luding Bridge, also known as Tiesuo Bridge, is located in Luding County, Sichuan Province. In the forty-fourth year of Kangxi (1705), when the Luding Bridge was completed in the forty-fifth year of Kangxi (1706), Emperor Kangxi personally wrote the name of the bridge.
Dadu River runs from north to south, where the waves are rough, the valley walls on both sides are steep and the dangerous peaks stand tall. Luding Bridge is the earliest and longest bridge built on the Dadu River.
I don't know if the Luding Bridge has an iron chain. My relatives are experts in this field. He said that the chain is very strong and completely different from other casting methods. He threw the iron ring into the fire and put it directly into the second ring under very hot conditions.
There is no gap between rings, which is why the bridge is very strong.
The bridge body consists of three parts: bridge body, abutment and bridge pavilion. The bridge body is composed of thirteen steel cables, which is the main part of Luding Bridge. The net span between the east abutment and the west abutment is 100 m, the length of iron cable is 10 1.67 m, and the bridge width is 2.7 m.. When you step on the bridge deck, the whole bridge body rises and falls like a canoe, which is the place that connects the traffic throat of Sichuan and Tibet. Luding Bridge is divided into three parts: bridge body, abutment and bridge pavilion. The bridge body consists of 13 iron cables, each of which is1010.67m long and weighs about10.5t:13 iron cables, with a total of 12 164 retaining rings. Together with the iron used for the abutment earthworm pile and Wolong pile, the total weight exceeds 40 tons. "This is a veritable iron bridge.
How did such a heavy iron rope get pulled from one side to the other? Hundreds of years before the lack of equipment, it was not easy to pull each iron rope with a weight of 1.6 tons and a thick bowl across the Dadu River in the mountains! It is understood that when the Luding Bridge was built, the chain was first transported from the east coast to the west coast by ship. Because the chain was heavy and the water was urgent, the ship capsized before it reached the west coast, and it has never been successful.
Later, a minority monk taught the bridge builder: first, tie the giant rope to the bridge pavilion beams on both sides of the river, put a short bamboo tube with a long rope on the giant rope, hang the iron rope in the bamboo tube, and seven or eight people on the other side of the river pulled the long rope to drive the bamboo tube to slide the iron rope along the giant rope to the other side.
Then, how to tighten the iron rope and anchor it firmly after it has crossed the river? This is the key to the success or failure of the cable bridge. One end of the iron cable of Luding Bridge is fixed on the west bank first, and the other end is wound on two large wooden rollers with a diameter of about 5 to 6 meters on the east bank. Dig many cross holes on the surface of the wooden roll, insert wooden sticks, pull the wooden roll to roll, and slowly tighten the iron rope. Tighten it for a while and insert it into the overlapping flat rings with a pin. When there is less than one flat ring, insert the iron bars as wedges into the gaps one by one until they are tightened. This job requires 70 to 80 workers.
After the cable is tightened, the cable anchor sleeve is fixed on the trapped dragon in the well behind the abutment, and the trapped dragon clings to the ground dragon pile. Earthworm piles are buried more than 5 meters away from the top of the abutment in order to get enough weight. It is estimated that the dead weight of the west bank abutment is about 2300 tons, and the total tension of the iron cable on the abutment is only 2 10 tons, so the safety factor is relatively high. It is a creation of ancient bridge builders in China to use the self-weight of abutment as counterweight to bear the huge tension of iron cable. The chain of Luding Bridge has been broken many times. "In October of the 23rd year of Daoguang (1843), nine chains were suddenly broken and many people were drowned. Newly renovated this spring (1844). " According to the previous rules, overhaul once every three to five years and minor repair once a year. During maintenance, all chains must be removed and transported to the shore (usually the east coast), and inspected and repaired section by section. If there is any crack or damage, replace the iron ring. Luding Bridge is the crystallization of the wisdom of working people. This bridge is made of iron from Jing Rong, where it was fired with charcoal fire. The bridge builders were all transferred from the local area, and the two chiefs, Lengzhai and Shencun, were the hardest. The master of the blacksmith's palm vein is Ma Chang, a goldsmith in Hanzhong, Shaanxi. The prison army is Du Rukun, a participant in the forest camp of the Qing army, and Yang Junqiang, a defender. At that time, the supervisor was very strict, requiring every hoop to be marked with the blacksmith's mark. If something goes wrong, the lighter will hit 200 boards, and the heavier will die! Iron rings forged with pig iron are prone to oxidation and rust. If one link breaks, the whole chain will be lost. Therefore, according to the old saying, the maintenance of Luding Bridge has always adopted the method of three-year minor repair (replacing the bridge plate and accessories) and five-year major repair (removing all iron cables and checking them one by one). "I have been in Luding for so many years and have seen countless overhauls. 13 the big iron rope was unloaded on the river beach, and the most experienced old blacksmith knocked it with a small hammer. If there is a problem, mark it and replace it with a new one by a special person.
In the past 300 years, the earliest iron rings have basically been replaced, and now there are still a few left at the west end of the bridge. "Wang took the reporter to the west end of the bridge and saw several trampled iron rings." It can be said that every iron ring here embodies the blacksmith's blood and sweat. It's not easy, but not as good as the pyramids. It was only built 1 years ago. !
The Luding Bridge, which spans the Dadu River, has been an important passage and military hub for Sichuan to enter Tibet since the Qing Dynasty. Also known as the iron chain bridge. It was built in the forty-fourth year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1705) and completed in the forty-fifth year (1706). The name of this bridge was named "Luding Bridge" by Emperor Kangxi. The length of Luding Bridge is103m. Nine make bottom chains and four make handrails on both sides. Each chain weighs 1, 300- 1, 800 kg and consists of 862 to 977 iron rings, which are very strong. There are 1.3 chains fixed in the abutment wells on both banks, totaling 1.2 1.64 iron rings. It's all made of stone, and there are dragon piles and Wolong piles below. These piles are all cast with pig iron to fix the chain. There is a bridge pavilion on the well, which is an ancient wooden building with a unique style. It is the local architectural style of Sichuan in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, with cornices and simple and elegant appearance. There is a stone tablet inscribed by Kangxi on the west side of the bridge, and an inscription on the Royal Luding Bridge on the east side of the bridge.
There is Gada Temple in the west of Huding Bridge. According to legend, when repairing the bridge, the 13 chain could not reach the other side, and many methods failed. One day, a Tibetan strongman who claimed to be Gada came, with/kloc-0 chains under his arm, and crossed the west bank by boat for installation. When he finished transporting the 13 chain, he died unfortunately because of fatigue. The local people built the temple in memory of the hero who built the bridge. Of course, legends are legends after all. In fact, when the bridge was built, skilled craftsmen from Yingjing, Hanyuan and tianquan county gathered here to discuss the plan of crossing the river with chains. Finally, the principle of crossing the river is adopted, that is, thick bamboo ropes are tied on both sides, each bamboo rope passes through more than 10 short bamboo tubes, then the chain is tied to the bamboo tubes, and the original one is pulled from the other side and tied to the bamboo tubes. Here, we see the light of wisdom of the working people.
Complete the mold box, cast the ring, bury the first ring in the sand and mud mold, connect the first ring with the mold bar, then take out the mold bar, and then cast the second ring, so as to continuously pour molten iron to complete the iron chain ring, put the ring groove wheel frame on the boat and transport it to the river bank, and lift the lifting ring pulley. Luo Qibin wrote it. In ancient times, because there was no modern large-scale construction machinery, erecting chains and other projects was a very huge project. Although the technology is difficult, there are no clever ancient craftsmen. How did the ancients set chains on the Dadu River? A more credible method is to tie a slender line at the end of the arrow, then shoot the arrow at the other side with a bow, let a thin line pass through, then connect a slightly thicker string at the end of the thin line, let people on the other side pull the string, and then tie a thick rope behind the thin rope, and repeat the action to let the thick rope fall on the other side. Finally, the chain is connected to the end of the thick rope, and the chain is pulled down like this.
This method seems simple, but it contains the wisdom of the ancients, and I have to admire it!
folklore
There is Gada Temple in the west of Huding Bridge. According to legend, when repairing the bridge, the 13 chain could not reach the other side, and many methods failed. There is a Tibetan strongman who calls himself Gada. He crossed the West Bank by boat, carrying 65,438+0 chains under each arm. When he finished transporting the 13 chain, he died unfortunately because of overwork. The local people built the temple in memory of the hero who built the bridge.
Of course, legends are legends after all. In fact, in the process of building this bridge, after holding seminars in Yingjing, Hanyuan and Tianquan counties, skilled craftsmen gathered here to discuss the plan of crossing the river. Finally, the principle of cable crossing is adopted, that is, thick bamboo cables are tied on both banks, each bamboo cable has more than 10 short bamboo tubes, and then iron chains are tied on the bamboo tubes, and then the rope tied to the bamboo tubes is pulled from the other side, so that the bamboo tubes and the iron chains are skillfully pulled to the other side.
It should be to take the thin rope to the other side with a boat, and then take the bamboo cable with a thick bowl made of Sichuan bamboo, or connect the iron rope with thick hemp rope and hoist it with a winch. (The winch must be firmly fixed) Like winter fishing in Chagan Lake in Northeast China? How many hundreds of thousands of Jin can a winch pull? . The winch is powerful enough to pull up and erect the iron rope, because the winch is powerful and simple to make, and the technical conditions at that time can only use this method.
According to my idea, there was only one way for the ancients to build this bridge. After the river was cut off, dams were built and chains were put on the wooden frame in turn. Of course, they must be tightened before being fixed. The reasons are as follows: at that time, there was no large-scale stretching machinery, let alone fastening machinery, and it took dozens to hundreds of times for gravity to convert the pulling force.
When Chinese build towers, they must use mountains of soil. To build a seven-story tower, it often takes hundreds of meters to collapse. So we admire the wisdom of the ancients, and more is perseverance.