First, the problem of "Huguang filling Sichuan" deserves new attention.
The problem of "Huguang filling Sichuan" is an old problem that has long attracted academic attention. However, due to the different times in which researchers live, the hot spots and highlights they pay attention to will inevitably be very different. Then, under the current situation, what is the significance of revisiting the study of "Huguang filling Sichuan"?
(A) "Huguang fills Sichuan" is a highlight of Sichuan history. The migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the early Qing Dynasty has the following characteristics:
The duration is long. It took 105 years from the tenth year of Kangxi (167 1) to the forty-first year of Qianlong (1776).
The scale of immigration is large. It is estimated that within a century, there will be about 950,000 immigrants from eastern Sichuan, about 210.5 million immigrants from central Sichuan and about 310.2 million immigrants from southern Sichuan. Last year, Sichuan accepted 6.23 million immigrants, accounting for 62% of Sichuan's total population.
There are many sources of provincial nationality. According to the demographic statistics of Chengdu in the late Qing Dynasty: "Today's Chengdu people are all from other provinces": Huguang accounts for 25%, Henan Shandong 5%, Shaanxi 10%, Yunnan Guizhou 15%, Jiangxi 15%, Anhui 5% and Jiangsu. In the same period, it is very rare for residents to come from such a wide range of provinces and regions and compete to move into the same province.
The outside world is well known. Sichuan revolutionary elders and famous politicians active in China's modern politics, such as Zhu De's ancestral home in Guangdong, Chen Yi, Nie and Yang's ancestral home in Hunan, Wu and Guo Moruo's ancestral home in Fujian, Liu Bocheng, Luo Ruiqing and Zhang Aiping's ancestral home in Hubei and Guangdong, are all descendants of Sichuan immigrants in the Qing Dynasty. Through the celebrity effect, the status of "Huguang fills Sichuan" has been invisibly enhanced, and its visibility and influence in the outside world have been expanded.
Jiangxi fills Huguang and Huguang fills Sichuan. "The great migration of Jiangxi ancestors created a new world in the history of China.
1364 (from yuan dynasty to twenty-four years), Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, sent general Xu Da to attack Changsha, and fought a bloody battle with the old army of Chen Youliang and the remnants of the yuan dynasty for four years, with a crushing defeat. Finally, it won in 1368 (the first year of Hongwu) and established the rule of the Ming Dynasty in Changsha. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, this kind of successive war disasters made the rural areas of Changsha barren, the people scattered, Lusheng was the city, and many places were barren. As a result, the Ming Dynasty moved a large number of Jiangxi immigrants to Changsha (Hubei and Hunan, when the two provinces were one province, called Huguang Province), which made "farming" play a grand epic of "Jiangxi filling Huguang" in history.
During the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty, due to the peasant uprising of Zhang, the Deyang area suffered frequent wars, and the population was exhausted and deserted. According to the decree of the Qing court, many residents in Jiangxi, Hunan and Hubei were forced to move. People call this great migration "Jiangxi fills Huguang and Huguang fills Sichuan".
Centuries have passed, and in the long history of China, Jiangxi people have played an important role in the five major migrations. In the grand symphony played in time and space, the ancestors of Jiangxi, like tenacious seeds, fell on the avenue of Dayi and scattered in the hinterland until they took root and sprouted. Today, our reporter and readers lift the dust of history together, feel the shocking notes of Jiangxi ancestors' migration and return to the magnificent epic.
Three stone tablets in Sichuan reproduce historical facts
Recently, according to Sichuan media reports, three Qing Dynasty Jiangxi tombstones were found near Qingxi Middle School in Qingxi Town, Sichuan Province, which resurfaced the history of "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and historians therefore believe that the immigration history of "Huguang filling Sichuan" has been extended for at least nearly 60 years.
Historians recognized that Qing government immigrants began in the 10th year of Kangxi (A.D. 167 1) and ended in the Battle of Jinchuan in northwest Sichuan (A.D. 1776). Monument No.3 found in Qingxi has the clearest handwriting. The inscription shows that Wei Zuozong and Wei erected a monument for his father, whose father was "Taipingbao from Nanshui Town, Anyuan County, Ganzhou Prefecture, Jiangxi Province" and died in December of Xinmao Year of Guangxu (A.D. 189 1). If you live to be 60 years old, your birth time in Jiangxi is 183 1 year, and you will enter Sichuan after birth. Inferring from the year and month in the inscriptions, historians recognize that the period of "Huguang filling Sichuan" in Qing Dynasty was too short, and three inscriptions prove that Qingxi Town accepted autonomous immigrants for at least nearly 60 years.
There is a tombstone moved to Zhoujiashan, Donggangbao, Xingren Township, Qianwei County, Sichuan Province, which shows that at this time, Qianwei County is one of the areas where immigrants are concentrated. Jiangxi immigrants broke the habit of living in the same hometown and began to settle in the surrounding mountainous areas. From the analysis of inscriptions, most of the immigrants accepted by Qianwei County in the early days were single men, belonging to exploratory immigrants. Later, immigrants who moved to Qianwei with their families gradually increased.
The ancestral home of Hunan and Guangdong people is mostly Jiangxi.
In addition to Sichuan, Tan Qixiang, a famous historical geographer, studied the origin of Hunan people in his early years and came to the conclusion that Hunan people came from all corners of the country, and most of them were from Jiangxi. After Jiangxi people moved to Hunan, most of them were reclaimed and cultivated. In order to avoid a long journey, most people from southern Jiangxi moved to southern Hunan and most people from northern Jiangxi moved to northern Hunan.
According to Mr. Tan Qixiang, as early as the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, a large number of immigrants entered Hunan, but in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the number of immigrants was relatively large, and the scale of immigrants was the most unprecedented in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. Mr. Tan Qixiang pointed out in particular that before the Southern Song Dynasty, almost all the immigrants who raided Hunan were from Jiangxi. It can be seen that Jiangxi ancestors migrated several times in history, and now many people in Hunan are bleeding from Jiangxi.
Dialect experts say that only from Guiyang County, Hunan Province, Liu, Li, Yuan and other major surnames have migrated from Jiangxi, but the time of moving in has come first, and their ancestral homes are also different. Most people in Guiyang County, Hunan Province moved in from other places after the Tang and Song Dynasties, including 10 from Jiangxi and 9 from Taihe County, Jiangxi Province.
Jiangxi's migration to northern Guangdong is probably the aftermath of the great migration of "Jiangxi fills the lake and fills the wide area". Although there are Wuling Mountains between northern Guangdong and Hunan, they are inextricably linked geographically. Jiangxi, Fujian and Hunan all have ancient roads leading to northern Guangdong. The Xijing Ancient Road from Chang 'an to Lingnan, built in the Han Dynasty, crossed Qitianling at the junction of Hunan and Guangdong, becoming another channel for Hunan to enter northern Guangdong and even the whole Lingnan area. In addition, Wushui, which flows from southern Hunan to northern Guangdong, is a natural mode of transportation between the two places. Historically, Jiangxi people moved to Hunan and then spread to northern Guangdong along the above-mentioned traffic arteries.
"Huguang filling Sichuan" refers to the decades from the end of Ming Dynasty to the beginning of Qing Dynasty, due to wars, plagues and natural disasters, the population of Sichuan decreased sharply and cultivated land was reclaimed.
Desolate. Under this specific historical condition, in order to solve the problems of labor force and grain production in Sichuan, the Qing Dynasty adopted the measures of "reclaiming farmland".
Measures, immigrants from more than ten provinces including Hubei, Hunan and Huguang have settled in Sichuan, among which Hubei and Hunan are the most.
Southern province. According to statistics, this migration lasted for more than 100 years, and the number of people entering Sichuan was about one million, including Hubei and Hunan provinces.
Up to half. Among the immigrants in Hubei Province, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position. This paper discusses the status of Macheng immigrants in "Huguang filling Sichuan"
And talk about the role of some opinions.
First, the background of implementing the policy of "Huguang filling Sichuan"
In the immigration history of China, the "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the early Qing Dynasty was a noteworthy historical event. The reason why Sichuan wants to "fill in" is people.
The mouth is extremely scarce and needs to be enriched. Sichuan suffered the most from the 30 years of war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. 1644, Zhang led a peasant uprising into Sichuan.
In February of 65438, he proclaimed himself emperor and established political power, with the title of "Daxi" and Chengdu as "Xijing". Sichuan became the land of four wars: the Ming army killed indiscriminately, the Qing army killed indiscriminately, and the place was rich.
Strong indiscriminate killing, rural hooligans indiscriminate killing for credit, Zhang is also suspected of indiscriminate killing. Then the war between Nanming and Qing army; And Wu Sangui's anti-Qing.
Military war. The people of Sichuan have suffered wars and massacres again and again. According to official statistics, there are only 70,000 people left in 1668 Chengdu, Sichuan.
. In some counties, the loss rate of registered permanent residence is only 10% or 20% of the original population. The remaining population of Sichuan Province is about 600,000.
After reunification, the Qing government implemented a series of "filling Sichuan" policies. Mainly to encourage immigrants from other provinces to enter Sichuan for reclamation. If it is stipulated that anyone who wishes to enter Sichuan
Give an acre of land a permanent career. Poor people in all provinces who bring their wives to Sichuan can be naturalized. Preferential policies for recruiting people in Sichuan and the promotion of officials' political achievements at all levels
Rewarding reclamation and recruiting people are closely linked; Implement additional preferential tax policies. Kangxi ordered immigrants to reclaim land for five years.
Tax. And breeding populations will never be given. It also stipulates that the competent authorities in the place of origin of immigrants and the competent authorities in the place of settlement in Sichuan should cooperate with the transfer.
Verify, arrange accounts and include them in Garbo. These policies have created a good environment and conditions for immigrants.
Two, Macheng immigrants into Sichuan conditions, forms and quantity.
According to the data provided by Guangxu's New Records of Guang 'an Prefecture, the Huang and Ma nationalities in Hubei accounted for 26.64% of the population entering Guang 'an Prefecture. Hubei and Hunan together account for about
60%。 The immigration of Huguang into Sichuan has greatly promoted China society. Among them, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position in Sichuan.
State.
Geographically speaking, Hubei Province is closest to Sichuan, and the Yangtze River flows into Sichuan Basin. In ancient times,
It is the best route to enter Sichuan under the conditions. Therefore, from the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, immigrants from Macheng, Hubei Province, filled Sichuan and became unemployed in Sichuan.
Most people. There are three immigration conditions in Macheng: first, Macheng is not far from Chongqing; Second, Macheng immigrants have a long history, and both the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty were great.
A large number of Macheng immigrants entered Sichuan. Third, it is related to Zhang's peasant uprising. Zhang stayed in Hubei for a long time, and then moved to Huguang and Jiangxi.
It's Macheng. Many farmers have joined the army. So many of Zhang's men are Macheng people. After Zhang failed, some people stayed in Sichuan anonymously.
The first form of immigration into Sichuan is to enter Sichuan by order. Immigrants from Nanchuan County, Sichuan Province are all from Huguang Province, especially from Ejiao Daqiu, Xiaogan Township, Macheng (
There were four townships in Macheng in the early Ming Dynasty, and Xiaogan Township was merged into Xianju Township in Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty. At that time, when the court promulgated Chu Zhao Chuan, the grassroots
The enforcement department adopted martial law to forcibly bind villages and forcibly enter Sichuan, so the origin of immigrants is not only the same as that of the earth,
Even small place names are the same. The ancestor of Ma Shitu, a famous writer, was from Macheng. During the Qianlong period, the four brothers Ma reclaimed land in Macheng. male
The children went up the Yangtze River, arrived in Zhongzhou (now Zhongxian), and left the bend hills and sandbars in Shi Baozhai for more than ten miles, which became a small place name here.
Majiashan and majiawan. Four members of the Ma family raised more than 1000 in Pingchu village near the Yangtze River. The second is to survive and deposit in Shu. Famous works
Ai Wu's ancestors came from Xiaogan Township, Macheng, and made a living by farming. However, due to the loss of land, in the middle of Kangxi, under the background of "Huguang filling Sichuan",
In order to survive, I had to go to Xishu, so I took my wife and belt from the Yangtze River waterway to Sichuan, and finally chose Pingping at the junction of Xinfan County and Pengxian County in Chengdu.
It turned out that * was planted in the ditch. The third is to do business in Shu. In the early Qing Dynasty, the trade between Hubei and neighboring Sichuan was very convenient, and some of them settled in nearby Sichuan.
. For example, Liu Tingqi, who was originally from Macheng, Hubei Province, ordered his family Liu Junchen to settle in Zhongjiang "Xiangtu" in the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi, and then took his wife to do business along the way.
Easy to settle in Zhongjiang. The fourth is to settle down as an official. For example, Liang Guangyu, commander-in-chief of Sichuan Longyingying, was originally from Huguang Macheng and later served as commander-in-chief of Sichuan.
Later, he lived in Sanmuli, Wu Jia, Quanmen Township, Jiangyou County.
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there were more than one million immigrants from Macheng, half of whom came from Hubei and Hunan. There are about 300 thousand people in Hubei.
. Macheng undoubtedly occupies an important proportion. However, how many people entered Sichuan from Macheng? The author consulted Macheng county annals in Qing dynasty, but did not remember the great event of immigration.
Load. According to the household registration records of Macheng County Annals printed in Guangxu 8 years of Qing Dynasty, the population of Macheng in Jiajing 35 years of Ming Dynasty was 148240. Ming Wanli's 47-year-old book appointment.
There are 1 16234 people. The registered population in the early Qing Dynasty was 1 10287. Inferred from this figure, there are 37,953 people who may emigrate in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
Went to Sichuan. Of course, there are also people who participated in the peasant uprising in Zhang. But it is estimated that the number of immigrants is around 30 thousand. This number is like
It's true, accounting for 10% of Hubei immigrants. There should be more at county level. This does not include the number of people who entered Sichuan in the early Ming Dynasty. such as
Add up to an estimated 65,438+10,000 people. According to Professor Hu Zhaoxi of Sichuan University, 58 genealogies in Chongqing, Hechuan, Nanxi and Guang 'an were recorded many years ago.
The research shows that there were 1 18 households in Sichuan before the Qing Dynasty, among which Huguang accounted for 85 households, and 65 of these 85 households came from Macheng.
Third, the management and role of Sichuan Macheng immigrants
First, relatively centralized management of Macheng immigrants. For example, Yunyang, the city is divided into north and south banks, and the people on the south bank moved from Xiaogan, Huguang Macheng, during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty.
There were foreigners in the North Shore between Kangxi and Yongzheng, but there were more people in Hubei and Hunan. "(Xianfeng Yunyang County Records) is a naturalized immigrant.
, strengthen household registration management, sealed and received, and put it into Jiabao to make it safe for farming.
Second, introduce new crops and planting techniques. For example, crops and technologies such as sweet potato, sugarcane, sericulture and tobacco planting in Macheng were all introduced to Sichuan by immigrants.
Third, promote business development. Macheng businessmen operate mountain products, grain and other key industries, as well as iron pots, cloth shops, hemp shops, wine shops and pig shops.
Trading of porcelain, miscellaneous grains and other commodities.
Fourth, population reproduction. For example, in the fourth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (137 1), Gan Chengxian of Xiaogan Township, Macheng County, Hubei Province led his family to move to Fushenggan.
Jiagou, which has lasted for hundreds of years, has developed into a surname with the advantage of getting the moon first. Now it is mainly distributed in Fu Sheng, Fenghe, Baer and Shiyong.
Land. Scattered throughout the county. "
Fifth, spread culture. For example, Kan Changyan, a native of Macheng, was a scholar in the eighth year of Yongzheng, and served as the county magistrate of Deyang, Sichuan in the fifth year of Qianlong (1740). He's in the office.
In this book, "I often visit Long Mu to persuade farmers to teach mulberry", and I wrote a book "Family Affairs" according to the natural and economic conditions in Sichuan. This book is about time and place.
From two aspects of benefit and manpower, this paper describes many farming activities such as grasping farming time, improving soil and paying attention to farming technology.
Sixth, immigrants keep in touch with Macheng. The famous writers are the ancestors of the Tang Dynasty, who moved from Macheng to Xinfan in the early Qing Dynasty.
It comes with the rhyme of "hope to inherit the ancestors' career and virtue to prosper" and is passed down from generation to generation. The father of the future was the word "Kun", which was in the late Qing Dynasty.
In 2000, when the number of people doubled and the names were not arranged enough, people were sent to Macheng to visit their ancestors' families, and only many rhymes were brought back and printed on the genealogy.
. The first two sentences are "Tao is generous and benevolent, making contributions and showing courage to learn." Ai Wu took this poem as the word generation of "Tao" and was named Tang Daogeng by his father.
Fourth, some counties live in Macheng.
1. Guang 'an House (Guang 'an) "Hunan and Hubei are full of affection, and jute is always abundant". According to the information provided by the new knowledge of Guang 'an Prefecture during Guangxu period, Hubei Huang,
Ma nationality accounts for 26.64% of the population entering Guang 'an. Hubei and Hunan together account for about 60%. According to Mao Mao's "My Father Deng Xiaoping":
Deng Xiaoping's hometown is Guang 'an County. About one third of the people from Huang An and Macheng, Hubei Province were recorded in Guangxu Guang 'an County Records. And Deng
Xiaoping's grandparents may have immigrated from Macheng. According to Mao Mao's introduction in the book: "Many people have studied my father's life and visited it."
Our family and family history. Some people say that our family is an immigrant from Hubei. -even my uncle said that when I was a child, I heard adults say, Deng.
My family moved here from Hubei. "("my father Deng Xiaoping "on page 23) Mao Mao's uncle Duncan works in Wuhan, where he has been many times.
After Macheng, I thought Deng's ancestors were from Macheng. It can be seen that the ancestors of Comrade Deng Xiaoping probably immigrated from Macheng.
Second, Linshui County. According to county records, there are as many as 65 kinds of immigrant surnames, of which "Hubei is the most, especially Macheng in this province." Among them
Famous families such as Gan Jiabin, Zhengqing of Dali Temple in Qing Dynasty, and Chief Commander Bao of Taiwan Province are all Macheng people. Gump mentioned it before. Bao is in "
In Hongwunian of Ming Dynasty (137 1), Tongzongbao of Xiaogan Township in Macheng moved to Lvdou Bay in Xingren Township and left the business. Now focus on Xingren, neighborhood protection,
Stones and other places. "
Thirdly, in Xinning County (now Kaijiang), the most popular immigrant in Macheng in Ming Dynasty was Zhang, who was originally from Macheng. In the second year of Ming Hongwu, they moved to Jielongqiao and Sha respectively.
Shuwan and Zhangjiawan were passed down to 18 generations. There were Zheng, Gao and Xue surnames in Macheng in Qing Dynasty.
Fourth, Pengxian County. In the Ming Dynasty, the Zhou family in Macheng moved to Shu in the early Ming Dynasty, and lived in the Wild Duck River in Peng County, which is now the hometown of Wannian. Huang moved from Macheng during the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty.
Ju Peng county shengping baziping.
Fifth, Jintang County. Chang surnamed Zhang, moved from Macheng to Kanto in Jintang County in the early Ming Dynasty, and took several imperial examinations. Up to now 15 generations.
Sixth, Xuanhan County. In the Yuan Dynasty, Xiang, Ran and Yuan moved in from Macheng. In the Ming Dynasty, 49 surnames moved in, of which Macheng accounted for 22.
Branches. Moved into 18 Macheng, 3 Macheng in Qing Dynasty.
Seventh, nanbu county. Wang Xing's branch moved from Macheng in the early Qing Dynasty, and it has been passed down for about 20 generations, with 120 celebrities living in the terrain. Many towns and villages have ancestral temples.
Zhang entered the county from Macheng in the thirty-sixth year of Qing Emperor Kangxi, and has been passed down from generation to generation 16.
Eighth, Yuechi County. Kang was born in Macheng, and moved to Sanxiang County in the 23rd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi. Fan Zu was born in Macheng and also entered the four townships of the county at the same time;
Fu surnamed Xiaogan, Macheng, Qingganlong 12 entered the county. In 2 1 year, Jiang moved Kangxi to six towns.
In addition, Nanchong County, Tongnan County, Xindu County and other Macheng immigrants are more.
5. Among the outstanding talents of Macheng immigrants, there are many officials and writers.
Recently, the second series of The Road to Economists published by Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Press included an article by Hu Daiguang, a famous economist of Peking University.
In the 1980s, Memories of the Spring and Autumn Annals said: My ancestors were originally from Macheng County, Hubei Province. Because in the late Ming Dynasty, Zhang led the peasant revolutionary movement.
Later, it was suppressed by government forces, resulting in the scarcity of indigenous people in Sichuan, and most of the land was barren and uncultivated. So the Qing government adopted
Take the immigration policy into Sichuan as an example. My ancestors moved to Sichuan from Macheng County, Hubei Province during the Kangxi period (now Sichuanese,
Most of their ancestral homes have migrated from other provinces.
According to the Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, Yang Quan wrote an article Li Peng, the son of Yanhe, in which he wrote: "According to the Li family tree, the Li family is ancient.
My family was originally from Macheng County, Hubei Province, and later moved to Qingfu County, Sichuan Province. I wonder when I moved. "According to Macheng sent someone to Sichuan Gaoxian.
The survey in Qingfu Town found 1936 "Rebuilding Genealogy", and its preface said: "I celebrated Li, and I moved here from Macheng, Hubei Province, which is counted.
A hundred years. Until now, I have been cultivating and studying in my family. "The postscript to the genealogy says," My family is the ancestor of Chu, and there are disasters in three places, which goes without saying and cannot be tested.
As mentioned earlier, famous writers such as Gan Jiabin, Dali Temple Zhengqing, and Taiwan military commander Bao, Bao, Bao and Bao all came from Macheng.