The explanation of key terms in medical physiology requires little, and I hope it can be the essence.

What I summed up and want to test this time is heat conduction: a way of heat dissipation in which human body's heat is directly transferred to objects with low temperature in contact with it. Simple diffusion: the process of transporting fat-soluble substances from high concentration side to low concentration side through lipid bilayer. Second signal system: the functional system of human cerebral cortex that responds to the second signal. Second Messenger: Intracellular signal molecules generated after signal molecules such as hormones, transmitters and cytokines act on the cell membrane, which can transmit signals of extracellular signal molecules to cells. Polarization: when the cell is at rest, the potential difference between inside and outside the membrane is stable at a certain value, with positive potential outside the membrane and negative potential inside the membrane. Specific compliance: (lung) unit (lung) volume compliance, that is, lung compliance excluding the influence of total lung volume. Electrical tension propagation: when a certain part of the film is partially depolarized, it can propagate to the surrounding for a short distance, and it will decay or even disappear with the increase of propagation distance. Tidal Volume (TV): The amount of gas inhaled or exhaled during each quiet breath. Overshoot: the part where the membrane potential is higher than zero potential. Arterial blood pressure: the lateral pressure (pressure) of blood per unit area of arterial wall, generally referring to the blood pressure in aorta. Feedback: The information sent by the controlled part in turn affects the activities of the control part. Alveolar ventilation: fresh air inhaled into alveoli every minute is equal to the product of the difference between tidal volume and ineffective cavity volume and respiratory frequency. Pulmonary stretch reflex: Inhalation inhibition or inspiratory excitation reflex caused by lung expansion or lung collapse. Receptive relaxation: Reflex relaxation of gastric fundus and stomach muscles is caused by eating actions (such as chewing and swallowing) and food stimulation to receptors in pharynx and esophagus. Ejection fraction: the percentage of stroke volume to ventricular end-diastolic volume. Internal balance: the relatively constant physical and chemical properties of the internal environment, such as temperature, PH value, osmotic pressure and various liquid components. GFR: the amount of ultrafiltrate produced by both kidneys per unit time (per minute). Digestion: refers to the process in which nutrients (sugar, protein, fat, etc.) are digested. ) is decomposed into absorbable small molecular substances in the digestive tract. Osmotic diuresis: the phenomenon that the increase of solute concentration in tubule fluid hinders the reabsorption of water and leads to the increase of urine volume. Appropriate stimulation of the receptor: A receptor is usually only most sensitive to a specific form of stimulation, which is called appropriate stimulation of the receptor. Gastric emptying: the process of chyme being discharged from the stomach into the duodenum. Cardiac output: the amount of blood discharged from one ventricle per minute. Ventilation/perfusion ratio: the ratio of alveolar ventilation (V) per minute to pulmonary blood flow (Q) per minute (V/Q). Absorption: The process by which food is digested to form small molecules, vitamins, inorganic salts and water, which enter the blood and lymph through the epithelial cells of digestive tract mucosa. Permissible/permissive effect: One hormone has no direct effect on a specific organ, tissue or cell, but its existence is the necessary basis for another hormone to play its biological role. Hypothalamic regulatory peptide (HRP): A peptide secreted by peptidergic neurons in the hypothalamic pituitary region that can regulate pituitary activity. Excitability: the ability of tissue cells to produce action potentials when stimulated. Excitative postsynaptic potential (EPSP): The change of local depolarization potential of postsynaptic membrane under the action of some neurotransmitters. Passive transport: refers to the trans-membrane transport of substances along concentration gradient and/or potential gradient, without consuming energy. Hyperpolarization: Based on the resting potential, the potential in the film becomes negative. Receptor adaptation: when a constant intensity stimulus continues to act on a receptor, the frequency of action potential on sensory nerve fibers will gradually decrease, which is called receptor adaptation. Sensory coding of receptors: When the receptors are stimulated and converted into action potentials through energy exchange, not only the energy form is transformed, but also the information of environmental changes contained in the stimulus is transferred to the sequence of action potentials, which is the coding function of receptors. Threshold: the minimum stimulus intensity that can trigger action potential. Excitation-contraction coupling: the intermediate link connecting the electrical excitation and mechanical contraction of muscle cells. Segmental exercise: mainly involves the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the annular muscle of the intestinal wall. Spike potential: The membrane potential is rapidly depolarized from -70mv to +50mv to form the rising branch (depolarization phase) of the action potential, and then rapidly repolarized to the level close to the resting potential to form the falling branch (repolarization phase) of the action potential, which together form a spike-like potential change. Positive feedback: the feedback information sent by the controlled part promotes and strengthens the activities of the controlled part, and finally makes the activities of the controlled part change in the same direction as their original activities. Negative feedback: the feedback information sent by the controlled part adjusts the activity of the controlled part, and finally makes the activity of the controlled part change in the opposite direction to its original activity. Repression: When the central neuron is excited, the efferent impulse propagates along the axon, and at the same time, an inhibitory intermediate neuron is excited through the axon lateral branch, releasing inhibitory transmitters, thus inhibiting the originally excited neuron and other neurons in the same center. Spinal cord shock: The phenomenon that people and animals temporarily lose the ability of reflex activity and enter a state of unresponsiveness after the spinal cord is cut off from the higher central nervous system. Denoted rigidity: After cutting off the brain stem between the superior and inferior colliculus of midbrain, the tension of anti-gravity muscles (extensor muscles) increased in animals, which showed that the limbs were straight, the column was rigid, the head and tail were raised, and the spine was stiff. Resting potential (RP): At rest, there are positive external potential difference and negative internal potential difference on both sides of plasma membrane. Local potential: When a certain depolarization stimulus is given to the cell membrane, some sodium channels and inward ion currents will be activated, which will further depolarize the membrane on the basis of the electric tension potential, but at this time, if the outward K current is still greater than the inward N current, the membrane potential will be repolarized to the resting potential level. Local excitation: when the stimulation intensity is less than the threshold, it can not cause action potential, but it can increase the permeability of the stimulated local cell membrane to Na and slightly reduce the resting potential of the membrane. Because this kind of electric change is small, it is only limited to the stimulated local cell membrane and cannot spread far away, so it is called local excitement. Stroke volume: the amount of blood discharged from a ventricle in a heartbeat. Cardiac reserve: the ability to increase cardiac output according to the needs of body metabolism. Dark adaptation: people suddenly go into darkness for a long time in a bright environment, and at first they can't see anything. After a certain period of time, their visual sensitivity gradually improves, and they can see objects clearly in the dark. The threshold of kidney for glucose: When the blood glucose concentration reaches 180mg/ 100ml (blood), some renal tubules have reached the limit of glucose absorption, and glucose begins to appear in urine. The plasma glucose concentration at this time is called the renal glucose threshold. Motor unit: A functional unit consisting of alpha motor neurons or brain motor neurons and all muscle fibers controlled by them. Skeletal muscle traction reflex: a reflex activity that causes the same muscle to contract when the skeletal muscle is pulled by external force. Hearing threshold: the lowest intensity that can cause hearing. Renal tubular feedback (TGF): The phenomenon that glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow are affected by the change of renal tubular fluid flow. Filtration fraction (FF): the ratio of glomerular filtration rate to renal plasma flow. Glomerular tubule balance: the reabsorption of solute (especially Na) and water by proximal tubule can change with the change of glomerular filtration rate, that is, when the glomerular filtration rate increases, the reabsorption rate of Na and water by proximal tubule also increases; On the contrary, this phenomenon is called tube balance. Primary active transport: the process of ion pump transporting ions across the membrane by using the energy generated by ATP decomposition. Reinforcement: conditioned reflex is established by the combination of conditioned stimulus and unconditional stimulus in time. This process is called reinforcement. Secondary active transport: refers to the transmembrane transport mode in which the driving force does not directly come from ATP decomposition, but from the ion concentration gradient formed by primary active transport, and substances are transported in reverse concentration gradient and/or potential gradient. Functional residual capacity (FRC): the amount of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of calm exhalation. Near-vision point: the closest distance that an object can be seen clearly when the eyes are adjusted to the maximum. Blood coagulation: refers to the process that blood changes from flowing liquid state to immobile gel state. Its essence is the process of transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin in plasma. Light adaptation: people are in the dark for a long time and suddenly enter the light. At first, they will feel a dazzling light and can't see the object clearly. It will take a while to restore their vision. Transducer function of the receptor: various forms of stimulating energy acting on the receptor are converted into action potentials of afferent nerves. This energy conversion is called the transducer function of the receptor.