The first emperor of China, Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, was built from 246 BC to 208 BC, which lasted for 39 years. It is also the first large-scale and complete imperial mausoleum in China. The existing mausoleum is 76 meters high, and the layout of the cemetery is similar to Xianyang, Qin Dou, which is divided into two cities, with an inner city of 2.5 kilometers and an outer city of 6.3 kilometers. The mausoleum is located in the southwest of the inner city, facing east from west, and houses coffins and funerary objects. It is the core of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum complex and has not yet been excavated.
According to the current research, the pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is located about 1.5km east of the wall of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. It is generally believed that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are located outside the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which means guarding the Mausoleum and are an organic part of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang.
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After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne (13 years old), he began to build his own mausoleum (246 BC or 247 BC). The construction process lasted for 39 years. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang covers a total area of 50 square kilometers, including the present Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses and the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the only mausoleum in the world. It is more like a city than a mausoleum. First of all, all kinds of raw materials are strictly sourced, and many of them are collected from specific producing areas and mined and processed by specialized craftsmen. A lot of manpower and material resources were used in the construction process. Some people think that up to 700,000 people will participate in the construction project.
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Warrior figurines and their weapons
Terracotta warriors and horses are named after pottery figurines as funerary objects. Life-size pottery figurines are processed and fired by craftsmen one after another, all by hand, without using molds. So the terracotta warriors and horses we see now have different appearances and postures. All the terracotta warriors and horses are made according to Qin Jun, including officials at all levels, arms, chariots and horses. After modeling, the pottery figurines are colored and fired. Finally, add real weapons and equipment. After each processing, they will be placed one by one according to the arms and levels deployed by Qin Jun, so the terracotta warriors and horses we see are exact replicas of Qin Jun. Because the figurines perfectly reproduce the style of Qin Jun, military scholars can better understand "Qiang Qin" through them. Because the prototype of the pottery figurines may be real Qin Jun soldiers, some researchers try to understand the customs of the Qin Dynasty through their appearance.
When people first saw the Terracotta Warriors, the colors of their clothes and weapons were still bright. After two thousand years of electricity, they gradually peeled off and disappeared due to the influence of the surrounding environment, leaving only the earth color we see now.
Inspired by the analysis of terracotta warriors and horses and their weapons, Qin Jun's bow and arrow troops are equipped with various arrows to deal with complicated situations.
funeral objects
Museum of the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses
Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum was built on the original site of Terracotta Warriors Pit, located at the northern foot of Mount Li, 7.5km east and 37.5km west of Lintong District. 1979 China National Day opened. The first pit was opened first, and the third pit was officially opened to the public in September of 199 1. 1September, 1994, No.2 pit was opened to the public by excavation and exhibition.
China has a long history and splendid cultural relics, and the heritage of carving art is undoubtedly extremely rich. However, some people look down on their ancestors' achievements in carving art, which has reached an incredible level. As early as a few decades ago, someone said, "China sculpture simply lags behind Greek sculpture; Later, there was a statue of Buddha, which was only the product of Indian culture. In fact, this is a biased view, but the main reason is that China's sculpture expression concept is different from that of the west, and a large number of underground cultural relics have not been excavated, which makes foreign scholars have great prejudice.
For example, Xi Long Ren, a Swede who specializes in China's ancient art history, said, "There are no sculptures in China, and there are no such people as sculptors. In ancient China, such works did not belong to the category of art ... "
Frey, an Austrian art historian, also said: "Unlike Indian sculptures, China's sculptures can't play a guiding role in plastic arts. ..... Before the arrival of Buddhism, there were few statues carved on the tablet, which was caused by the lack of anthropomorphic statues in China. The sculpture of "Man" did not originate in China, but only came into being under the influence of Buddhism. The origin of China's sculpture is not people, but animals. 」
But can the views of these scholars be as objective as possible? As long as they can deeply understand the process of sculpture art in China, they can see the status of sculpture in China. Now, let's take you into the brilliant world of China sculpture art! There is a bustling shopping street in the suburb of Xi 'an, which, like other streets, is full of hawkers' cries. However, no one can imagine that at the end of this ordinary street, it is one of the seven wonders of the world-Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses.
Crossing the shopping street, a group of people walked into the Terracotta Warriors Museum. I saw three new buildings in the stadium, but I didn't know they were the first, second and third halls of the Terracotta Warriors.
After entering the No.1 pit, everyone was photographed by the scene before them: I saw more than 1,000 life-size soldiers standing in the museum, including Gong Bing, armored soldiers, cavalry and even generals in heavy armor. "Everyone" is holding a pike in his hand, arranged in dozens of neat squares, which really makes people feel like they are in the battlefield. Careful observation shows that these terracotta warriors and horses are made in detail, even the eyebrows, beards and other nuances are vividly portrayed. Because they are all handmade, they look different. With such exquisite production, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are not only a batch of historical relics, but also a great art in ancient China. More than two thousand years later, the Terracotta Warriors still stand. For today's theme, it is probably not easy to produce a batch of such durable handicrafts, from which we can infer how smart ancient artists are.
Later, I went to the second and third exhibition halls and found that it was much worse than the first pit. If the first pit is to show the Terracotta Warriors before the expedition, then the second pit is the scene after the defeat of the Terracotta Warriors: the whole exhibition hall is a broken "limb", because China's technology was not developed more than 30 years ago, which led to the Terracotta Warriors not being properly protected after excavation and being destroyed by wind and rain. As for the No.3 pit, there are not many exhibits available for viewing because it is under development.
Even if there are only three pavilions, the thousands of terracotta warriors and horses and the culture, blood and sweat they contain are enough to make us China people proud!
Visit the Terracotta Warriors in Xi, learn about the layout of the army and appreciate the sculpture art.
How many places of interest in Xi 'an? , and it is more than the Ann wall of Xi? "Going to Xi 'an without seeing the Terracotta Warriors is equivalent to not going to Xi 'an. This sentence is not empty talk. Qin terracotta warriors and horses were once known as "the eighth wonder of the world"? , 1987 is listed as "world human cultural heritage" by UNESCO. The spectacular degree of Terracotta Warriors not only makes Chinese and foreign archaeologists marvel at the imposing manner of Qin Jun's disposal, but also makes artists marvel at the sculpture style of the unearthed Terracotta Warriors.
During the period of 1973, villagers in Xiyang village dug a well near the persimmon forest and found that there were stewed soil, sintered blocks and charcoal chips under it. At first, everyone thought they had met an old brick kiln. After further excavation, the villagers were very surprised to find the face of the Terracotta Warriors. After careful observation, they went down to the bottom of the well from the commune cadres' house and found that the unearthed bricks were exactly the same as those found near the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, and the terracotta warriors and horses were discovered and unearthed.
On the Artistic Beauty of Qin Dynasty from Ancient Sculptures
The discovery of Terracotta Warriors shocked China and foreign countries. At present, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are divided into Pit 1, Pit 2 and Pit 3, and there is also a cultural relics exhibition hall to display other cultural relics of the Qin Dynasty. 1999 people are strange again? It is generally found that the colorful terracotta warriors and horses, with their superb painting art and powerful modeling, amazed the world to varying degrees, and also showed the profoundness of Xi 'an ancient culture. Terracotta warriors and horses show the simple and naive style of pre-Qin sculpture: they are characterized by simple lines, heavy decoration, heavy similarity but not realism, and each terracotta warrior has different facial expressions and unique features.
The discovery of terracotta warriors and horses made Chinese and foreign art history experts stunned. People have found the peak of oriental classical realistic sculpture art 2000 years ago here, and found a broken page in the art history of China. Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses have a shocking artistic power, and thousands of Terracotta Warriors and Horses are arranged in order. This group of sculpture art is unique with its magnificent lineup and imposing manner, and it also shows the amazing deployment of Qin Jun in the Qin Dynasty.
The strength of the lineup shows the power of the king.
Pit 1 is the doll pit with the largest development scale and military strength at present. More than 0/000 pieces of pottery figurines/kloc-,8 chariots, 32 pottery horses and nearly 10,000 pieces of various bronzes were unearthed in the pit. According to the arrangement density of unearthed terracotta warriors and horses, it is estimated that more than 6000 terracotta warriors and horses were buried in pit 1. Looking down from the railing, the three columns of infantry figurines at the eastern end face the east, each column has 68 statues, which are the vanguard of the army array; Can you pick it up later? The March 8th column with alternating chariots and infantry constitutes the main body of the army array. The north and south sides and the west end of the figurine pit are respectively arranged as wing guards and army array guards.
Pit No.2 is the essence of Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, and it also reveals the mystery of ancient military formations. The overall plane of the No.2 pit is in the shape of a curved ruler, which is divided into four units. The first unit, that is, the prominent part in the east, consists of archers kneeling and holding bows vertically; The second unit, the south half of the figurine pit, consists of a chariot phalanx and chariots; The third unit is the combination of chariots and disciples in the middle of the figurine pit, which consists of chariots, infantry and cavalry figurines. The fourth unit is a long phalanx composed of many cavalry in the northern half of Gongzaikeng. The four phalanxes are organically combined, consisting of chariots, cavalry and soldiers. Advance can attack, retreat can defend. They are orderly and impeccable.
Command vehicle shows combat organization.
The third pit is the smallest, and it is arranged in the shape of a "needle" with pits 1 and 2. A wooden chariot was unearthed in pit 3, and it has rotted, leaving only? . There are four pottery horses in front of the car and four pottery figurines behind it. One in the front row is a military attache, the other in the middle of the back row is an imperial hand, and the figures on both sides of the imperial hand are Che's.
In ancient times, there were three passengers on a bus, which was very rare. In ancient times, due to the small size of the chariot, the crew was generally three people. Adding one person will not only affect the speed, but also crowd is not conducive to the army fighting against the enemy, so the four-person sharing system is not suitable for general chariots. The car found in the third Terracotta Warriors pit may be a command car, and the four-time system was adopted to strengthen the security force. The samurai statues in the pit stand opposite each other on both sides. This arrangement is obviously a guard arrangement, and it is inferred that the identity of the warrior figurines in pit 3 is a guard.
Terracotta Warriors and Horses have attracted the attention of the world and become a must-see for many heads of state and thousands of Chinese and foreign tourists. This ancient army array 2000 years ago, they are persevering, well-dressed, magnificent and unstoppable. In an instant, you will feel the disappearance of historical distance, and a mysterious force will bring you into the ancient battlefield where you shout and kill the sky and the horses scream. It is definitely "unprecedented."