1840 (20 years of Daoguang), the British government decided to send an expeditionary force to invade China on the pretext that Lin Zexu and Humen destroyed opium. In June, 1840, 47 British ships and 4,000 troops, led by Major General Yi Lu and Charles Elliot, arrived outside the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong, blocked the Haikou, and the Opium War began.
The Opium War ended with China's failure and reparations. China began to cede territory, pay reparations and negotiate tariffs to foreign countries, which seriously endangered China's sovereignty, became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, lost its independent status and promoted the disintegration of the natural economy. At the same time, the Opium War also opened a new chapter in the history of modern China people's resistance to foreign aggression.
2. The Second Opium War
1860, British and French troops invaded Beijing, and the Qing emperor fled to Chengde. British and French troops invaded Yuanmingyuan, plundered jewels and burned them. After Russia sent troops to participate in the war, it claimed that "mediation was successful" and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory, becoming the biggest winner. The war ended with the Qing government being forced to sign the Beijing Treaty.
The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to successively sign the Tianjin Treaty, the Beijing Treaty, the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty and other peace treaties, and the invasion of foreign powers deepened. As a result, China lost more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule.
3. treaty of shimonoseki's signature
Treaty of shimonoseki is an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government of China and the Meiji government of Japan in Shimonoseki (now Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi Prefecture) on April 1895 and June 17 (March 23rd, 21st year of Guangxu) respectively.
According to the provisions of the treaty, China ceded Liaodong Peninsula (failed due to triple interference), Taiwan Province Island and its affiliated islands, and Penghu Islands to Japan, and paid Japan 200 million taels of silver. China has also opened Shashi, Chungking, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, and allowed Japanese to invest and set up factories in trading ports in China.
Treaty of shimonoseki has benefited Japan enormously and stimulated its aggressive ambition. The national crisis in China is unprecedented, and the degree of semi-colonization has greatly deepened. The treaty met the needs of the imperialist powers to export capital to China, and then the powers set off a frenzy to carve up China.
4. September 18th Incident
/KOOC-0/93/KOOC-0/September/8, 2008/KOOC-0/8, under the arrangement of the Japanese Kwantung Army, the railway "guard" blew up the Nanman railway track near Shenyang Liutiao Lake (built by China and later occupied by Japan) and planted the Japanese army.
1February 932, the whole northeast fell. From then on, the Japanese established the puppet regime of Manchukuo in the northeast of China, and began to enslave and colonize the northeast people for 14 years.
The "September 18th Incident" was the inevitable result of Japanese imperialism's long-term policy of aggression and expansion against China, and it was also an important step to turn China into its exclusive colony. At the same time, it marked the beginning of the world anti-fascist war and kicked off the eastern battlefield of World War II.
5. Nanjing Massacre
The Nanjing Massacre refers to the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period 193 1 to 1945, China. After the defeat of defending Nanjing in the Republic of China and the fall of Nanjing in 1937+02+ 13, the Japanese invaders invaded Nanjing and its vicinity under the command of the commander of the Central China Dispatching Army Matsui Shigen and the head of the Sixth Division Gu Shoufu.
In the Nanjing Massacre, a large number of civilians and prisoners of war were killed by the Japanese army, and countless families were fragmented. The number of people killed in the Nanjing Massacre exceeded 300,000.
Baidu Encyclopedia-The First Opium War
Baidu Encyclopedia-The Second Opium War
Baidu Encyclopedia-treaty of shimonoseki
Baidu Encyclopedia-September 18th Incident
Baidu Encyclopedia-Nanjing Massacre