Assessment by the World Heritage Committee:
Qingcheng Mountain is one of the cradles of Taoism in China and a famous Taoist mountain. Fu Jian Palace, built in the Tang Dynasty, is quite large. Natural painting workshop is a pavilion built during Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. Shi Tian Cave contains statues of "Shi Tian" Zhang Daoling and his 30 generations of grandchildren. The existing temples were built in the late Qing Dynasty, with large scale, fine carving and many precious cultural relics and ancient trees.
Dujiangyan, built in the 3rd century BC, is located on the Minjiang River in the west of Chengdu Plain, Sichuan. It is a large-scale water conservancy project built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State in China during the Warring States Period. It is the oldest and only remaining water conservancy project in the world, and its characteristic is not to build a dam to divert water. For more than 2200 years, it still plays a huge role. Li Bing's water control is a great masterpiece of the civilized world and a great water conservancy project that benefits the people.
● Overview:
Dujiangyan Waterway Project is located on the main stream of Minjiang River at the foot of Qingcheng Mountain, 55 kilometers away from Chengdu, and was founded in the enlightened dynasty of ancient Shu. During the Qin Dynasty (in the middle of the third century BC), Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County, presided over the completion of this great water conservancy project. The ingenious design of diversion dike (fish mouth), water intake (treasure bottle mouth) and flood discharge dike (flying sand) of the canal still amazes Chinese and foreign water conservancy experts. Historic sites such as Leiyushan, Libi, Shui Ze, iron piles and loopholes can give you a general idea of the arduousness of ancient projects and the function of the ancient weir after its completion. For more than 2,000 years, it has been playing the role of flood control and irrigation, making Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance" with thousands of miles of floods and droughts. It is a great project comparable to the Great Wall in the history of China folk tourism civilization.
An Lan Bridge under the Erwang Temple is a cable-stayed bridge, which was called Zhupu Bridge in ancient times. The first year of Song Chunhua was changed to "Appraisal Bridge", and the new bridge built in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty was renamed as "An Lan Bridge". Bridge reconstruction 1974, spanning Neijiang, Jingang levee and Waijiang. Standing on the rickety bridge, witnessing the swift Minjiang River, and looking at the fish mouth of "dividing water for four or six times and relieving drought", I can't help but be impressed by the wisdom of the ancient Shu ancestors. It has now become the base of patriotism education in China.
Qingcheng Mountain is located in Dujiangyan City, northwest of Chengdu, 75 kilometers away from Chengdu. Qingcheng Mountain is a part of Qionglai Mountain System. The peaks are arranged in the shape of a city wall. The trees on the mountain are lush and green all year round, hence the name "Qingcheng Mountain". The world-famous "Qingcheng Mountain is a quiet place on earth" has three natural wonders: sunrise, sea of clouds and holy lamps, and four wonders: Dong Tian milk wine, kudingcha, Taoist kimchi and ginkgo stewed chicken. Qingcheng Mountain is also one of the four famous Taoist mountains in China, known as the "fifth cave", where Zhang Daoling, the founder of Taoism, practiced and went out. Qingcheng Taoist Qigong is well known. From Fu Jian Palace at the entrance of the mountain gate, climb the stone steps called "Dan ladder" by Du Fu. The roadside trees are towering and the sun is shaded. It is a summer resort where "the moss is often wet in the deep mountains, and Lin Jing clears itself without wind or heat". Taoist Temple on the mountain, Shi Tian Cave, ancient ginkgo biloba, pen throwing trough, san huang Temple, calligraphy tablet and Makou are all full of legends. Qingcheng Mountain is a famous national scenic spot in China. Du Fu, Lu You, Zhang Daqian, Feng Yuxiang and other people with lofty ideals stopped here.
Qingcheng Mountain is located in the west of China, southwest of Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province 15km. Because of the lush trees and evergreen seasons on the mountain, it has always enjoyed the reputation of "Qingcheng Mountain is quiet in the world".
Qingcheng Mountain is an important birthplace of Taoism in China. The Taoist temple in the whole mountain is centered on Shi Tian Cave, including Fu Jian Palace, Shangqing Palace, Ancestral Hall, Yuanming Palace, Laojun Pavilion, Yuqing Palace, Chaoyang Cave and so on 10. Fu Jian Palace was built in the 18th year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty (AD 730), and the existing building was rebuilt in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty (AD 1888). The existing main hall is triple, dedicated to Taoist celebrities and gods respectively. The 394-word couplets on the pillars in the hall are known as "a must in Qingcheng". Located on the ridge of Paifanggang in Longjushan, the natural painting workshop is a pavilion with ten corners and double eaves, which was built in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1875 ~ 1909). The scenery here is beautiful, and tourists come here as if they are in a painting, so they call it a "natural picture scroll".
These buildings fully embody the Taoist thought of pursuing nature, and generally adopt the traditional method of symmetrical development according to the central axis, and skillfully build various buildings according to the terrain. Architectural decoration also embodies Taoism's pursuit of auspiciousness, longevity and longevity. It is of great historical and artistic value to the in-depth study of ancient Taoist philosophy in China.
Qingcheng Mountain has become a famous mountain in the world because of its beautiful natural scenery and numerous Taoist buildings. Since ancient times, it has been a tourist attraction and a place of seclusion and practice. The precious "Mo Bao" left by the literati adds a rich cultural landscape to this famous mountain. In particular, a large number of couplets not only praised the beauty of Qingcheng Mountain, but also praised Taoist thoughts and Taoist classics, expressing sincere respect for the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation and concern for the rise and fall of the country and the honor and disgrace of people's livelihood.
Dujiangyan is a famous ancient water conservancy project, located on the Minjiang River in the west of Chengdu Plain, Sichuan Province, and now in the west of Dujiangyan City. It is located where the Minjiang River flows into the Chengdu Plain from the mountainous area. Before Dujiangyan was built, the Minjiang River was often flooded. In 256 BC, Li Bing and his son, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State, absorbed the previous experience of water control and led the local people to build water conservancy projects. After Dujiangyan was completed, Chengdu Plain became a "land of abundance", and this project is still playing a role.
Dujiangyan project includes three main components: fish mouth, flying sand weir and treasure bottle mouth. Yu Zui is a diversion dam built in the middle of Minjiang River. It looks like a big fish lying in the river. It divides the Minjiang River into Neijiang River and Waijiang River, the Neijiang River is used for irrigation and the Waijiang River is used for flood discharge. Sha Fei weir is an spillway built in the middle section of the diversion dam. During the flood, it not only discharges water, but also uses the vortex effect of water flowing over the Sha Fei weir into the outer river, effectively reducing the sediment deposition before and after Baokou. The bottle mouth is the water inlet of Neijiang, which looks like a bottleneck. In addition to water diversion, it also has the function of controlling the inflow.
In addition, Dujiangyan area also has Erwang Temple, Fulongguan, Anlan Cable Bridge and other places of interest.
Erwang Temple is located on the hillside on the right bank of Minjiang River, in front of Dujiangyan. Originally a memorial hall for the King of Shu, it was renamed "Chongde Hall" because Qi Jianwu (AD 494-498) offered sacrifices to Li Bing and his son. After the Song Dynasty (AD 960 ~ 1279), Li Bing and his son were successively crowned as kings by the emperor, so people later called it the "Two Kings Temple". There are statues of Li Bing and his son in the main hall of the temple, and there are famous sayings about water control and inscriptions by poets.
Fulongguan is located in Lidui Park. Legend has it that Li Bing descended the dragon here when he was controlling the water. There are three existing halls, and the front hall has a statue of Li Bingshi in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220). There are also the ruins of the Eastern Han Dynasty weir stone tripod, and the scene when the sages and princesses in the Tang Dynasty became monks in Qingcheng Mountain.
An Lan Lock Bridge is also called "An Lan Bridge" and "Lovers Bridge". It was built before the Song Dynasty. Located above the fish mouth of Dujiangyan, it is known as the "five ancient bridges in China" and is the most distinctive landscape of Dujiangyan. The cable bridge is supported by wooden rafts and stone piers, suspended by thick bamboo cables, paved with wooden boards and surrounded by bamboo cables on both sides, with a total length of about 500 meters. In the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), it was destroyed by war. The present bridge is a steel cable concrete pile.
Dujiangyan water conservancy project, with its unique water conservancy architectural art, has created a water conservancy form that is in harmony with nature, created the water environment of Chengdu Plain, and bred fertile soil for the prosperity and development of Shu culture. Dujiangyan is not only the only ancient water conservancy project with a history of more than 2,000 years in the world, but also plays an important role today. At the same time, it is a precious cultural heritage that integrates the essence of politics, religion and architecture.
● Cultural heritage value:
● Meaning:
Dujiangyan is a large-scale water conservancy project with a long history and the only dam-free water diversion project in the world. It is not only a great miracle of water conservancy engineering technology in China, but also a bright pearl of water conservancy engineering in the world. Make full use of the local geographical conditions of high northwest and low southeast. According to the special topography, water vein and water potential of the river pass, it guides the situation according to the situation, takes water without dam, and irrigates by gravity, which makes dikes, water diversion, flood discharge, sand discharge and water control interdependent and ensures the full play of the comprehensive benefits of flood control, irrigation, water delivery and social water use. Its biggest point is that the weir has been built for more than 2250 years, and it is playing an increasingly important role. Dujiangyan was established on the premise of not destroying natural resources, making full use of natural resources to serve mankind, turning harm into benefit, and making people, land and water highly coordinated and unified, which is the only great thing left in the world so far? Quot ecological engineering ". It initiated a new era in the history of ancient water conservancy in China, marked a new stage in the history of water conservancy in China and wrote a glorious chapter in the history of water conservancy in the world. Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project is the crystallization of ancient people's wisdom in China and an epoch-making masterpiece of Chinese culture.
Qingcheng Mountain is located in the south of Dujiangyan canal head project, rising rapidly from the shore, with the main peak at an altitude of 2434 meters. It is a famous historical mountain in China and a national key scenic spot. At the foot of Shandong, there is a site of Tancheng in the late Neolithic period about 4500 years ago, which is really rare in the ancient city sites of the same period in China. A large number of cultural relics unearthed here are of great significance to reveal the ancient Shu civilization. As early as the second century BC, the Qin Dynasty listed Qingcheng Mountain as one of the 18 sacred mountains and rivers enshrined by the state. Qingcheng Mountain is the birthplace of Taoism in China. On the geology and geomorphology of Qingcheng Mountain? Quot Yan Dan Gully, Chibi Cliff "is characterized by dense vegetation, suitable climate, lush trees and antique. Longxi Nature Reserve is located on the north side of Dujiangyan Canal Head Project, and the terrain gradually rises from 726 meters, with the highest peak of Guang Guang at an altitude of 4,582 meters, forming an obvious flora spectrum. Rich and unique in biodiversity, it is one of the important distribution areas of the national treasure giant panda.
● Comparative analysis
In the world's ancient and famous water conservancy projects, the Naer-Hammurabi Canal built by the Kingdom of Babylon on the Euphrates River and the artificial channels in ancient Rome have long been abandoned, and only Dujiangyan is unique and sustainable.
Compared with the famous water conservancy projects in ancient China, Dujiangyan is unique in conception, design and site selection. Guide the situation, conform to the times, and do not compete with water enemies. Economies of scale are unique. Is it the close relationship between natural ecology, scientific culture and man and nature? Is this a good idea? Vent? Crispy? Wei, feed me. Do you use hydrazine cosmetics? Qingchengshan-Dujiangyan is located in the western edge of Chengdu Plain in Sichuan Province. It is the junction of Sichuan Basin and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the turning point of two terrain steps in western China, and the intersection of two flora. The complex terrain and diverse climate in the nature reserve provide a good ecological environment for the formation and reproduction of organisms. Qingcheng Mountain is the piedmont of Deng Yushan and the southwest extension of Longmen Mountain. Guang Guang is 4582 meters above sea level, and Dujiangyan bottle mouth is 726 meters above sea level. The relative height difference is huge, forming a series of broken and folded peaks, which are changeable and unpredictable. Qingcheng Mountain is a famous Taoist mountain in China, which combines Taoist culture, ancient architecture culture, Qingcheng Wushu, Qingcheng Yi Xue and Qingcheng Danfa in one mountain. Qingcheng Mountain is the birthplace of Taoism in China. In A.D. 143, Zhang Ling, the founder of Taoism, founded Taoism in Qingcheng Mountain, and settled in Shi Tian Cave the following year to establish the Twenty-four Governance (parish). After the descendants of Zhang Ling's fourth grandson Zhang Sheng built Shi Tian's former residence in Longhu Mountain, all Shi Tian people went to Qingcheng Mountain to worship their ancestors. Qingcheng Mountain is the fifth largest cave with nine rooms and eight treasures among the top ten Taoist caves in China. There is the most concentrated Taoist temple in the mountains, which began in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Tang Dynasty, reflecting the folk characteristics of southwest China. It is different from the Victory Building of Wudang Mountain Road Tutor in A.D. 14 16. Wudang Mountain embodies the characteristics of palace architecture, and Taoist architecture in Qingcheng Mountain is natural and ancient. Since the establishment of Taoism in Qingcheng Mountain, sects have proliferated for a long time, and the incense has not been broken.
● Authenticity and integrity
When Dujiangyan was founded, Yu Zui Fenshui Dike, Feishayan Spillway, Baojiangkou Water Intake, Baizhang Dike, herringbone Dike and other ancillary works still exist today. With the development of science and technology and the expansion of irrigation area, since 1936, the head project of the canal has been gradually repaired and strengthened with concrete slurry pebble technology, and some water conservancy facilities have been added. The engineering layout of the ancient weir and the water control strategies such as "deep scouring beach, low weir", "guiding according to the situation, adapting to the time", "cutting corners when encountering the bay, and pumping the heart when encountering the right one" have not changed, and Dujiangyan has played its role. By the end of 1998, the irrigated area reached 668,700 hectares. At the same time, it provides industrial and domestic water for more than 50 large and medium-sized cities and hundreds of industrial and mining enterprises in Sichuan, which has become a model for the best utilization of water resources in the world.
Within the scope of protection, the forest coverage rate is over 95%, the vegetation coverage rate is over 98%, and the natural landscape is extremely beautiful. Old and famous trees can be seen everywhere. An ancient ginkgo tree in Shi Tian Cave, 1800 years old, with a height of more than 50 meters and a DBH of 2.3 meters. The trunk is about 20 meters high, and the stalactites hang down densely between 1-5 meters, with different sizes and shapes, which is very spectacular. The key Taoist temples in China, such as Shitiandong, Shangqing Palace, Zushi Palace, Fu Jian Palace, Yuanming Palace and Yuqing Palace, where Zhang Ling once lived, are still well preserved. Bridges, pavilions, oranges, pavilions and corridors with bark as the top and logs as the pillars are unique. Precious cultural relics and Taoist classics, such as the stone carving statue of Shi Tian in Zhang Ling in Sui Dynasty, the imperial edict tablet of SHEN WOO in Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty and the statue of Huang San in Tang Dynasty, are well preserved.
● Nomination declaration standard
Dujiangyan is groundbreaking in the history of water conservancy in the world, and Qingcheng Mountain is groundbreaking in the history of Taoism in China.
Dujiangyan was founded around 256 BC and has a long history of more than 2,250 years. More than 2,000 years ago, Li Bing, the governor of Shuqin County, learned from the previous experience in water control, skillfully used the special terrain at the entrance of Minjiang River according to the local geographical characteristics, chose a suitable position as a weir, used the height difference, complied with the laws of nature, and adopted the principle of expanding with heat and contracting with cold when the production tools and construction technology were relatively backward, thus chipping away the pile, splitting Leiyu Mountain and crossing the "second river" (Danjiang and Jianjiang are now along the river. Dujiangyan has a long history and great benefits, which has created a precedent for water conservancy projects in China and even the world. Qingcheng Mountain is a sacred place founded by Taoism in China. It has been innovated according to the unique cultural form of the Chinese nation, and gradually developed into the state religion of China, with outstanding cultural value and unprecedented pioneering.
Dujiangyan is the crystallization of human civilization and is unique in the history of science and technology in the world.
Dujiangyan, founded by Li Bing, correctly handled the relationship between the main projects such as Yu Zui Fenshui levee, Sha Fei weir spillway and Baojiangkou water intake, making them interdependent, complementary in function, skillfully coordinated and integrated into a whole, forming a systematic project with reasonable layout, and jointly playing the important roles of water and sediment regulation, flood discharge and sediment discharge, water diversion and dredging, ensuring that there is no shortage of dry water and no flood. Specifically, the fish mouth diversion dike is used to divert water from Mianjiang River for irrigation. In dry season, 60% of the water in Mianjiang River is automatically introduced into Neijiang and 40% is discharged into Waijiang River. In the event of a flood, 60% of the water is automatically discharged into the Waijiang River and 40% is introduced into Neijiang River. Dujiangyan was built at the corner of Mianjiang River, which reached Dujiangyan. The surface water with less sediment concentration flows to the concave bank, and the bottom water with more sediment concentration flows to the convex bank, which discharges most of the sediment washed down from the outer river by the flood. A small amount of sand and gravel entering Neijiang, with the support of Hutouyan extending to the center of the river, the restraint of Baojoukou and the jacking of "retaining piles", will discharge most of the sand and gravel from Feishayan and herringbone dike into the outer river to prevent the water intake of Baojoukou and the main stream of the irrigation area from silting; Using the water intake of bottle mouth to control the inflow not only ensures the irrigation water, but also avoids the flood from flooding into Neijiang irrigation area and causing disasters. Dujiangyan can automatically adjust the amount of water entering the irrigation area, making the Chengdu Plain "flood and drought follow people" and become a granary of Tianfu. Dujiangyan is a model of automatic water diversion, flood discharge and sediment discharge by successfully using the fluid gravity formed by natural bends. When building the weir, Li Bing also buried a stone horse in the river as a sign of scouring the beach, and set up a "Three Stone Man" to observe the fluctuation of water regime, which pioneered the ancient water regime measurement in China. All previous dynasties attached great importance to Dujiangyan water conservancy project, gradually improved the management organization, established the annual maintenance and flood control maintenance system, and accumulated and summarized valuable water control experience such as "six-character formula", "three-character classics" and "eight-character motto", which made the ancient weir develop continuously. More than 2,000 years ago, Dujiangyan made such a great scientific achievement, which is unique in the world and is still the highest water conservancy project in the world. 1.872, German geographer Richthofen (Richthofen 1.833- 1.905) praised "the perfection of Dujiangyan irrigation method is unparalleled in the world". During the period of 1 986, Franjem, Secretary General of the International Irrigation and Drainage Committee, and experts from various countries of the International River Sediment Society visited Dujiangyan and spoke highly of Dujiangyan's scientific irrigation and sediment discharge functions. 11In March, 1999, UN-HABITAT officials visited Dujiangyan and suggested that Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project participate in the 2000 UN "Best Water Resources Utilization and Treatment Award".
Qingchengshan Taoism and Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project are epoch-making masterpieces of China culture, which have exerted great influence on later generations.
Since the establishment of Qingcheng Mountain, Taoism in China has multiplied, gradually expanding from the mountain to the outside, and even to the whole country. Since then, the heavenly masters of Longhu Mountain have come to Qingcheng Mountain to worship their ancestors. During the Jin Dynasty, Qingcheng Mountain was the center of Bashu Taoism. Du Guangting, a Taoist priest in Qingcheng Mountain, annotates and disseminates Laozi's theory, and studies and sorts out Taoist theory, which is called "supporting education, one person under the world" by Taoist circles. 1995, the National Quanzhen Educational Administration School was held in Qingcheng Mountain. Therefore. Taoism in Qingcheng Mountain has an immeasurable influence on Taoism in China.
The establishment of Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project is the great creation of the excellent wisdom of the Chinese nation and the crystallization of scientific management and maintenance. Li Bing draws lessons from the experience of ancient Shu people in water control, uses local materials and adopts unique engineering techniques such as "bamboo cage", "drifting", "dry pebble" and "sheepfold" to carry out flood control and annual maintenance, which is economical and effective. Dujiangyan is an original river engineering technology, which is widely used in flood control and emergency rescue in the Yellow River Basin and the Pearl River Basin. Since the Han Dynasty, it has played an irreplaceable role in controlling sudden floods, and this scientific principle is still widely used as an advanced method for flood fighting and emergency rescue. Dujiangyan is an epoch-making masterpiece of water conservancy engineering technology in China.
Qingcheng Mountain is the birthplace of Taoism in China and the ancestral mountain and ancestral court of Taoism in Shi Tian.
In A.D. 143 (the second year of Han 'an), Zhang Ling, the founder of Taoism, came to Chicheng Cliff House in Qingcheng Mountain and founded the "Five Gates of Daoism" based on the pre-Qin "Theory of Huang Lao". In Zhang Ling's "Hamoyama", Qingcheng Mountain is named as the birthplace of Taoism and the ancestral mountain and ancestral home of Shitiandao. During the Han and Jin Dynasties, Taoism gradually flourished, and Fan Changsheng moved to Qingcheng Mountain to help Li Xiong establish the Han Cheng regime. Shu was stable and prosperous for a while, and Taoism in Shi Tian became the spiritual pillar of Han Cheng regime and Shu people. From 6 18-907 AD, Taoism was worshipped by the Tang Dynasty, and Taoism in China entered its heyday, especially Qingcheng Mountain. Tang Xizong named Qingcheng Mountain as the Duke of Yi Xi, worshiped the grass, and ordered Qingcheng Mountain to repair the Lingbao Dojo. On Sunday, 2,400 temples were set up (Taoist priests set up altars). At this point, the development of Taoism in China entered its heyday, with more than 40 Taoist temples in the mountains, which have evolved into seven sects. In the late 9th century, Du Guangting, a Taoist scholar, made an in-depth study of various schools of Taoism and became a master. He lived in Qingcheng for nearly 30 years and wrote about 30 books and more than 250 volumes. He is a master of Taoist theory, which has influenced the famous Taoist mountains in China and Southeast Asian countries and become one of the "Taoist leaders". In the Five Dynasties, Taoist music entered the court. "Running Water", a guqin music recorded by Taoist Zhang Kongshan in Qingcheng, 1 977 was recorded on a gold-plated record by the United States, and was taken into space by the "Voyager II" spacecraft to search for human bosom friends in the vast universe. Now, Qingcheng Mountain is still the main place to promote Taoist culture in China. On 1.995, the Chinese Taoist Association held the second preaching and subtraction meeting of Quanzhen religion in China, which was attended by abbots of famous Taoist schools all over the country. Fu Yuantian, abbot of Qingcheng Mountain and president of Chinese Taoist Association, was elected as the successor of the 23rd generation Fu Yuantian barrister of Quanzhen Temple. It is rare that the ancient Taoist buildings in Qingcheng Mountain are so well preserved.
Qingchengshan-Dujiangyan is the most complete area of biodiversity protection in subtropical mountainous areas in the world.
Qingchengshan-Dujiangyan is located in the western Sichuan alpine valley in the northern section of Hengduan Mountains, which is a key area of biodiversity in the world. Here is the transition zone from Sichuan Basin to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with rolling mountains, steep slopes and deep valleys, warm and humid climate, long geological history and various biological species.