Edit paragraph 2, green materials.
1) Suni Ma Qing
Namely, Su Niqing, Su Niqing, Ma Su Li Qing, etc. The source of its name is the transliteration of Persian "Suleiman". The origin of this cobalt material is Kwamsa village in Mount Posca. The villagers thought that a man named Suleiman discovered this cobalt material, so he named it. Another way of saying this is that Suni Ma Qing should be Li Qing, Ma Su, which is the transliteration of English smalt, which means a kind of blue glass. This kind of material belongs to cobalt material with low manganese and high iron, so the thick green belt of blue and white is rusty, commonly known as "tin light". Some blue and white flowers in the Yuan Dynasty and the green materials used in Yongle and Xuande kilns in the Ming Dynasty are all of this kind, and they are all produced in ancient Persia or present-day Syria.
(2) Ping Dengqing
Also known as Bitongqing, it is produced in Leping, Jiangxi. In the late "blank period" of Ming Dynasty, Chenghua, Hongzhi and Zhengde used it early. This material is elegant, bright and stable, which makes Chenghua blue-and-white porcelain famous for a while.
(3) Shi Ziqing
Also known as Shiqing, it is produced in Gao 'an, Yifeng and Shanggao areas in Jiangxi. When this material is used alone, the hair color of blue and white is gray or even black. This material was widely used in the second generation of Ming and Qing kilns, while the official kilns were used for blending and rejuvenation.
(4) Younger
There are many sayings that are produced in the western regions, Xinjiang, Yunnan and so on. The color of this material is dark purple, but if it is used alone, it will not be collected, so it is often mixed with Shi Ziqing. This material was often used from Jiajing to Wanli in Ming Dynasty. Among them, cyan: Shi Ziqing with 10% is added, which is used for mixing water (filling color), and the hair color is blue and bright; Zhongqing: 40% mixed with Shi Ziqing, used for coloring (sketching), with clear brushwork.
(5) Zhejiang materials
Also known as Zheqing, it is produced in Shaoxing and Jinhua, Zhejiang. Among the domestic materials, Zhejiang is the best, and its hair color is green. From the mid-Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, Jingdezhen official kiln blue and white wares all used this material.
(6) celebrity therapy
Produced in Xuanwei, Huize, Yiliang and other counties in Yunnan, among which Xuanwei is the best. This material has a bright and pure hair color. Kangxi blue and white used this material.
Most of the above domestic cobalt materials belong to high manganese.
(7) Chemical green materials
That is, a green material prepared from chemical cobalt oxide. The hair color is purple-blue, pure and rich, but it is frivolous and lacks adhesion, and the price is low. Blue and white porcelain made of this material lacks the aesthetic feeling of natural green materials.
Edit this paragraph 3, money knowledge
China ancient blue-and-white porcelain is beautifully decorated in painting, with a variety of characters and patterns at the bottom, and the styles of each period have distinct characteristics of the times. According to the styles and types of blue and white porcelain, it can be divided into five categories: calendar style, auspicious style, hall style, ode style and decorative style.
(1) calendar year
On blue-and-white porcelain, writing, carving, printing and other methods are used to indicate the age of porcelain firing, which is called the age model. The description of ancient porcelain in China is mainly based on chronology, which can be divided into two types: the emperor's year number and the branch's year number. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, calendars began to appear on blue and white porcelain, and the font of seal script was elegant and smooth, with lotus petals on the side. Xuan Jing's style is dignified and powerful. Chenghua's iron scratches the silver hook, and the glaze color is turbid. Jiajing's strokes are heavy and his strength is deep. The predecessors summed up the chronology of the Ming Dynasty in five sentences: "Xuande is rich, Chenghua is rich, Hongzhi is beautiful and rich, Zheng Degong is rich, and Jiajing is miscellaneous." In Qing Dynasty, Kangxi style fonts were neat, and blue and white materials were bright and beautiful. Yongzheng regular script is vigorous and powerful, with exquisite format. The fonts of Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang are mostly seal script, and the fonts are arranged closely, just like a seal. There are many styles of "Jiangxi Porcelain Company" in modern times, among which the English style "CHINA" is the symbol of modern porcelain export and the earliest English style used in blue and white. Blue-and-white porcelain in folk kilns has few dates, such as "made next year", and the font is scrawled. It's written casually.
(2) Good words
Writing auspicious words is very common in folk blue and white porcelain. Most of the fonts are cursive, chic and elegant, in one go. Sentences such as "long life", "long life and wealth" and "happiness" express people's yearning for a happy life.
(3) Tang Mingkuan
There are elegant hall names and names written on porcelain as a sign of private collection. There are Bathing Ink Book House, If you are a treasure, and Baiyuzhai. Tang Ming porcelain is well-made and has high collection value.
(4) Praise money
It is entrusted with the love of ceramic art for porcelain, such as "treasures in jade", "treasures in ancient times" and "beautiful jade in the Yangtze River". The word "Kovadi" is fresh, elegant and interesting. "Tile" refers to pottery, which has a longer history than porcelain, and is for eldest brother, while porcelain is whiter and smoother than beautiful "jade", so "jade" can only be relegated to the category of "younger brother".
(5) Decorative patterns
Also known as "pattern pattern", it is a characteristic pattern of folk blue-and-white porcelain, with a simple decorative bottom, similar to the "Xiao-shaped seal" in seal cutting. Patterns include Bo Gu, the Eight Immortals of Darkness and Eight Auspiciouss. The "dried bean curd" in the pattern is a diamond-shaped frame structure, just like a high-rise building in modern architecture, and it is a symbol of folk workshops, also called "flower shelf".
Edit paragraph 4. Characteristics of blue and white porcelain in different periods
(1) Tang Qinghua (6 18-907)
Blue-and-white porcelain in Tang Dynasty is in a period of abuse. There are more than 20 pieces of blue and white porcelain unearthed in Yangzhou in the 1970s and 1980s. Blue and white striped replica collected by Fengpingshan Museum; A flower bowl collected by Boston Museum, USA; A fish and algae tank collected by the Copenhagen Museum in Denmark; The stippling tattoo of Mei Duo collected by Nanjing Museum. By studying the embryo, glaze and color of porcelain unearthed in Yangzhou, and analyzing the material and technological conditions of Gongxian kiln in Tang Dynasty, it is preliminarily concluded that the origin of blue and white porcelain in Tang Dynasty is Gongxian kiln in Henan Province. In recent years, a small number of blue-and-white porcelain specimens were unearthed in Gongxian kiln site, which further confirmed that the blue-and-white porcelain of Tang Dynasty originated in Gongxian kiln, Henan province.
From the blue and white porcelain pieces unearthed in Yangzhou, it can be seen that the green material is rich in color, with crystal spots, low in manganese and iron, and contains copper and cobalt, so it should be imported from Central and Western Asia. The fetal quality is coarse and loose, grayish brown and the sintering degree is poor. The bottom glaze is white and yellow, and the enamel is thick. Apply makeup soil between fetal glazes. Equipment types are mainly small pieces, including
Complex, bowls, jars, lids, etc. The decorative patterns are all flowers and plants except the fish and algae tanks collected by Copenhagen Museum in Denmark. Among them, flower patterns are divided into two categories. One is typical traditional flowers in China, especially carnations, plum blossoms and other small flowers. The other is the typical Arabic pattern, with geometric figures such as diamond-shaped loose-leaf patterns. From this point of view, combined with the place where blue-and-white porcelain was unearthed in the Tang Dynasty (Yangzhou was an important port in the Tang Dynasty), it can be proved that blue-and-white porcelain in the Tang Dynasty was mainly exported.
(2) Song Qinghua (960- 1279)
After the initial stage, the blue and white flowers in the Tang Dynasty did not develop rapidly, but declined. So far, we can only see more than ten pieces of porcelain unearthed from two Taki sites. First, 1957 was excavated in Jinsha Tataji, Longquan County, Zhejiang Province. A total of three blue and white bowls/kloc-0 were unearthed. Tower brick has the absolute date of "the second year of Taiping rejuvenating the country" (977) in the Northern Song Dynasty; The other piece is 1970. A piece of blue and white bowl belly was unearthed at the tower foundation of Huancui Building in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. The monument unearthed in Tataji proves that this tower was built in the first year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1265).
These more than ten pieces of blue and white porcelain of Song Dynasty are all fragments of bowls. The fetal quality is getting thicker and thinner. Decorated with chrysanthemum patterns, circle patterns, chord patterns, line stripes and so on. Blue and white hair color is thicker and darker in the previous place; The latter is lighter. If the hair color is dark, it should be because the transparent glaze of the cover is too thin. Zhejiang province itself is rich in cobalt clay minerals, and these blue and white porcelain should be made of local cobalt materials. They are not directly related to Tang Qinghua.
(3) Yuan Qinghua (1271-1368)
Mature blue and white porcelain appeared in Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty.
As the Yuan blue-and-white porcelain tire adopts the binary formula of "porcelain stone+kaolin", the Al2O3 content in the tire is increased, the firing temperature is increased, and the deformation rate in the firing process is reduced. Therefore, the carcasses of most utensils are thick and full. The fetal color is slightly grayish yellow and the fetal quality is loose. The bottom glaze is divided into two kinds: blue and white, which has a strong sense of opacity. The green materials used are domestic materials and imported materials: the domestic materials are green materials with high manganese and low iron, which are cyan and gray-black; The imported material is low manganese and high iron green material, which is green, rich in color and rusty. On some utensils, there are also cases where domestic materials and imported materials are used together. There are mainly household appliances, sacrificial utensils, tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-spring-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb.
The most striking feature of Yuan blue-and-white ornamentation is that the composition is full and there are many layers without disorder. The brushwork is good at one stroke, smooth and powerful; The contour rendering is heavy and steady. The theme of theme decoration is people, animals, plants, poems and so on. The figures are Gao Shitu (Four love figure) and historical figures. Animals include dragons and phoenixes, unicorns, mandarin ducks and swimming fish. Common plants are peony, lotus, orchid, pine, bamboo plum, ganoderma lucidum, flowers and leaves, melons and fruits, etc. Poetry is rare. The petals of painted peony mostly have white edges; The dragon pattern has a small head, a thin neck, a long body, three claws or four claws, a ridge on the back, and a grid-like scale, which is vigorous and fierce. Auxiliary decorations are mostly rolled grass, lotus petals, ancient coins, seawater, palindromes, clouds, banana leaves and so on. Lotus petals are shaped like "braces", and Taoist treasures are mostly painted on lotus petals; In ruyi cloud pattern, eight monsters in the sea, lotus flowers with broken branches and flowers with tangled branches are often painted, and third-order clouds are often painted; The stalk in the middle of banana leaves is solid (filled with green matter); Seawater line is a combination of thick line and thin line.
Related links: Yuan blue and white porcelain
(D) Blue and white in Ming and Qing Dynasties
The Ming and Qing dynasties were the period when blue and white porcelain reached its peak and then declined. Yongle and Xuande periods in Ming Dynasty were a peak of the development of blue and white porcelain, which was famous for its exquisite production. During the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, blue and white porcelain reached its peak with "colorful blue and white". After the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, pastel porcelain gradually declined due to its development. Although it was revived in the late Qing Dynasty (Guangxu), it could not continue the prosperity of the Kangxi Dynasty. Generally speaking, the official kiln porcelain in this period was made rigorously and beautifully; Folk kilns are free and easy, and the pictures are freehand. From the late Ming Dynasty, blue and white gradually absorbed some elements of Chinese painting techniques.
1 and early Ming dynasty (Hongwuchao 1368- 1402) blue and white wares include large and small plates, bowls, plum bottles, jade pot spring bottles and so on. The green materials used are mainly domestic materials, but a small amount of imported materials are not excluded. Blue and white hair colors are some light blue and some gray. The former has some halo phenomenon. The pattern layout still has the legacy of multi-layer decoration in Yuan Dynasty, and the theme has not changed much, but many details have changed: for example, the middle stalk of banana leaves is left blank; Compared with the Yuan Dynasty, the petal edge is more obvious and clear. The "missing" part of peony leaves is deep and not as fat as in Yuan Dynasty. Chrysanthemum is painted as a "flat chrysanthemum", and the flower core is represented by a checkered pattern; Dragon pattern is still a slender body, but in addition to three or four claws, there have been five claws, shaped like a wind wheel, and the momentum is not as fierce and vigorous as Long Yuan. Ruyi cloud with auxiliary decoration changed from the third-order cloud in Yuan Dynasty to the second-order cloud; Lotus petals are painted with eight treasures of Buddhism (Taoist miscellaneous treasures were painted in Yuan Dynasty). Bowls and small plates are painted with moire, only in the upper part of the outer wall of the vessel. The bottom of the vessel is cut flat, and the bottom of the sand is unglazed to see the kiln red. There is no model year, and there are few rich people.