The main food in Yi people's life is corn in most areas, followed by buckwheat, rice, potatoes, wheat and oats. Meat mainly includes beef, pork, mutton, chicken, etc. They like to be cut into large chunks (fist size) for cooking, which the Han people call "Tuo Tuo Meat". Big and small Liangshan and most Yi people fast dog meat, and do not eat horse meat, frogs and snakes. Yi people like to eat sour and spicy food, and they are addicted to alcohol, so they have the etiquette of entertaining guests with wine. Wine is essential for solving various disputes, making friends, weddings, funerals and other occasions.
the yi people can sing and dance well. There are various traditional tunes among Yi people, such as climbing the mountain, entering the door, welcoming guests, eating wine, getting married and mourning. Some tunes have fixed words, others don't, and they are improvised lyrics. Folk songs are divided into male and female tones, and local folk songs have their own unique styles. Yi musical instruments include Hulusheng, Mabu, Bawu, Kouxian, Yueqin, flute, Sanxian, chime, bronze drum and big flat drum. Yi dance also has its own characteristics, which can be divided into two types: group dance and solo dance, most of which are group dances, such as "dancing songs", "dancing music", "dancing on the moon", "singing and dancing" and "Guo Zhuang dance". Cheerful movements and strong sense of rhythm are usually accompanied by flute, yueqin and sanxian.
The October solar calendar of Yi people comparable to Mayan civilization: the calendar is the symbol of human civilization. One of the essences of the world-famous Mayan culture is the calendar. In the past, the Lunar New Year was used in most parts of China. However, in China's Yi people, there is still a little-known ancient calendar-Yi October solar calendar. It is speculated that this kind of calendar originated from the ancient Fuxi, with a history of about tens of thousands of years. It traces the history of China's civilization back to Egypt, India and Babylon.
Who can tell me some local customs of Liangshan Yi people? (1) Ethnic name: most Yi people call themselves "Nuosu", "Nasu" and "Niesu" (or "splash" after it, which means "people" in Yi language) because Yi people are widely distributed. There are many different self-proclaimed names in history. According to incomplete statistics, until the eve of liberation, there were: Naluopo, Mishapo, Pulapo, Puwapo, Asipo, Shunipo, Lipo, Gepo, Luopo and Luowupo. Nuo Su, Na Su and Nie Su are all Yi languages, and Nuo, Na and Nie are all caused by phonetic differences in different dialects, all of which mean "black" (also meaning "tiger"). In the Yi people's concept, black contains deep, broad, tall, big, strong, numerous, noble and subjective meanings. "Su" means group, people and family, while "Nuo Su" (or "Na Su" and "Nie Su") means "subjective nation" and "black nation". Since 195, the Yi people have chosen Ding Yi's "Yi" as the family name, replacing the word "Yi" in the old historical documents. (2) Ethnic origin: the Yi people originated from the ethnic origin of the ancient Qiang people. Because there are few records in Chinese historical records, there have been various opinions in academic circles for a long time: in the south, that is, the ancient Vietnamese and Malays; In the east, the Chu people said; In the west, * * * or the border between Tibet and Myanmar; Yunnan aborigines said; The theory that the ancient Qiang people in Hehuang came to the north; In addition, there are Pu people's theory, Lu people's theory and Yunnan indigenous theory. 6-7 years ago, the ancient Qiang people who lived in Hehuang area in northwest China began to develop in all directions and swam to the southwest of the motherland. More than 3, years ago, this ancient Qiang people who swam southwest settled along the Jinsha River in Qiongdu in Anning River Basin and Dianchi Lake in Pudu River Basin. The residents of Dianchi Lake and Qiongdu are called "Yue Qiang", "Qing Qiang", "Barbarian", "County Yi" and "Zuo" in history, and they have been merging with the local people, Liao, * * * and so on, becoming the ancestors of the Yi people. On the basis of the integration of ancient Qiang people and southwest indigenous tribes, the integration of Kunming people and Pu people is a new development in the process of forming Yi people. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the integration of Kunming people and (Pu) developed into the integration of current people. From the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, the main residents of eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan were called Zuo people in Chinese historical books, and sometimes Zuo and Pu were juxtaposed. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there has been a division between Wuman and Baiman in the ancestors of Yi people. Wuman was developed from Kunming tribe, while Baiman was mainly composed of Lao and Pu, and was integrated with other ethnic groups. During the long-term formation and development of Yi ancestors, their activities once spread all over the heartland of Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and a part of Guangxi, and their core areas should be the vast areas adjacent to the three provinces. Yi people all over the country have the same legend from Zhong Mouyou. According to the complete genealogy calculation of Shui Xi 'an, it has been handed down for 85 generations in the early years of Qing Emperor Kangxi, which can be traced back to the early Warring States period, and the six sons born have developed into the "six ancestors" tribe. The origin and formation of yi nationality. The ancestors of the Yi people had a close relationship with the ancient Shi and Qiang people distributed in the west of China. In the Western Han Dynasty, an ancestor of the Yi people took the name "Kunming". "Sou" in the Eastern Han Dynasty was also a name for the ancestors of the Yi people at that time. The Wuman people in the Tang and Song Dynasties (known as "Luoluo" after Yuan Dynasty) were the direct predecessors of the Yi people. Due to the different historical conditions caused by various reasons, the formation of the Yi nationality has been dualistic. One branch, represented by the Yi people in Yunnan, was formed on the basis of the emergence of the country. The establishment of Nanzhao State in Tang Dynasty marked the real formation of this Yi nationality. The other is represented by the Yi people in northern Liangshan, Sichuan. They never established a country, but first United into a tribe, and then developed into a nation from the tribe. Historical evolution of geographical distribution of yi nationality. Yi people are mainly distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces, that is, the Daliangshan area south of the Dadu River in Sichuan and on both sides of the Anning River, a tributary of the Yalong River, and the areas between Jinsha River, Yuanjiang, Ailao Mountain and Wuliangshan in Yunnan, as well as Huaping, Ninglang and Yongsheng in western Yunnan, known as the "Little Liangshan Mountain" in Yunnan, and Anshun and Bijie in Guizhou. The natural environment in these areas where the Yi people are distributed is relatively poor, most of them are high mountains with very complicated topography, some of them belong to extremely cold mountainous areas, and there are few flat dams and river valleys. The formation of this distribution pattern has experienced a long historical evolution. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the activity centers of Yi ancestors were around Dianchi Lake in Yunnan and Qiongdu (now southeast of Xichang) in Sichuan ... >; >
Yi people's custom of climbing flower houses-the marriage and love of Yi men and women: climbing flower houses is a unique custom of Yi people in Chu Dynasty. When a girl reaches the age of 16, her parents will build another thatched cottage for her to spend the night alone, while young men who have reached the age of 2 can climb the thatched cottage of their beloved girl at night to make love. They blew scorn together, tuned in and told each other about their love. Even if there are several young couples at the same time, everyone is at home. Once the love is mature, both men and women can get married with the consent of their parents, and their parents generally do not interfere with their children's choices.
The wedding of Yi people in Xiaoliangshan, Yunnan is quite unique. When getting married, the man should prepare a horse and bring gifts such as wine, cloth, meat and noodles to meet the bride. The girls in the woman's village can do everything they can to splash water on the wedding guests and catch them playing hard. All the people who send the bride off are men, and the bride can't enter the door until the sun goes down. Before entering the door, a wooden bowl filled with mutton, a handle and wine is held by one person and circled around the bride's head to show that she is rich after marriage. Then, the bride is carried into the house by her cousin.
Dancing vegetables-Yi people's singing and dancing meals: dancing vegetables, that is, dancing to serve food. It is a unique form of serving food and the highest etiquette for banquets among Yi people in Wuliangshan and Ailaoshan, Yunnan Province, and it is a long-standing traditional food culture with a perfect combination of dance, music and acrobatics.
when entertaining guests, square tables are usually laid out along two lines, and guests sit around three sides, leaving a food-jumping channel in the middle. Three gongs kicked off the dish jumping: gongs, lusheng, sanxian, stuffy flute, leaves and other folk music played together; Amid the shouts of girls and boys, I saw a Yi man with his hands arched and his steps were high and low, and he was anxious and slow. Another man held a dish (***24 bowls) on his head and his arms, followed by the entrance. They joined the simple and honest folk music concerto, made funny faces on their faces, and danced back and forth with relaxed, beautiful, smooth and coherent steps. The two partners, who are dancing with towels, are full of strange behaviors, and they are like butterflies playing with flowers, rushing forward, backward, left and right to escort them.
A pair of food handlers will serve four tables, and their partners will arrange 32 bowls of food into a Bagua array, each bowl of food is like a chess piece. Has its own positioning, all according to the ancient rules one by one off the table, no chaos.
Patriarchal family system prevails in Yi people all over the country, and the youngest son often lives with his parents. Women's status is low. The inheritance is divided equally among the scholars, and the unique business is generally owned by close relatives. In the history of the Yi people, father-son names prevailed, and this custom continued among the Yi people in Liangshan until the founding of the People's Republic of China. Monogamy is the basic marriage system of the Yi people. Marrying a daughter-in-law requires a higher bride price, and it is more popular to cross the table marriage, and the husband dies and transfers the house. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, some Yi areas in Yunnan still maintained the public housing system, and Liangshan Yi people maintained strict hierarchical internal marriage. In history, Yi people mostly practiced cremation. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, residents in Liangshan and Yunnan along the Jinsha River still practiced this burial custom. Other areas have gradually changed to burial since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Clothing:
Yi people's clothing has a variety of colors, which is a concrete embodiment of Yi people's traditional culture and aesthetic consciousness. In the long historical development process, the Yi people living in different areas have created and formed their own different clothing customs, which play an important role in the composition of Yi material folk customs. According to the regional and branch manifestations of Yi costumes, Yi costumes can be divided into six types: Liangshan, Wumeng Mountain, Honghe, Southeast Yunnan, West Yunnan and Chuxiong, and each type can be divided into several styles. Here are some of them. (1) Liangshan type is mainly prevalent in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan and its neighboring counties, as well as Jinsha River basin of Yunnan Province. Slavery, a specific natural geographical environment and a social form in a specific historical stage caused by the isolation of natural ravines and ravines in Liangshan, is simple and unique, which completely maintains the cultural characteristics of traditional costumes. Liangshan men's and women's shirts are all right-handed big-breasted clothes. Men and women, old and young, wear shoes, blankets, leggings and felt socks. Men's hair style is a traditional "Buddha of Heaven", that is, a lock of long hair is stored on the top of their heads, and most of them are wrapped in long black or dark blue towels, which are often wrapped in a pointed cone shape and inserted obliquely in front of their forehead, called "hero knot", and the left ear wears ornaments such as honey beads and tremella rings. Trousers are worn, and they are divided into large, medium and small trouser legs due to different languages and regions. The most distinctive accessory is Tuta, which is worn on the body obliquely, woven with fine beef tendon and inlaid with surface ... > >
The customs and habits of the Yi people in Liangshan are monogamous. There are many unique customs and habits of our own nation. Engaged and married in the past, Heiyi hired cattle, horses, gold and silk; Bai Yi employed wine, cloth and money; Ganyi employs wine, linen and fried noodles. After liberation, the dowry was simple. Generally, after young men and women are engaged, the man asks someone to go to the woman's parents to act as matchmaker, just bring a bottle of wine, and as long as the woman's parents pick up the wine, they agree. Then the man goes to the woman's house to formally engage, usually with twenty or thirty zhangs of cloth, twenty or thirty yuan, and the cloth and money are all for the woman. After three months, the man will buy three pieces of green cloth or blue cloth, a piece of meat and a bottle of wine to the woman's house. These things are for her parents, which is called "small gift". The man asked Bimo to choose a date, which should be discussed with the woman's parents. This time, you can buy some wedding supplies for the woman according to your family situation, which is called "pressing the eight characters". The woman's parents prepare a dowry for their children, usually making a cupboard, two dressing cabinets, two boxes and three small tables. The big table must be equipped with eight stools, and the second table and the small table are only equipped with four stools. It is also necessary to prepare two sets of bedding, washbasins, crocks and towels. When the man asks for relatives, he should make a set of clothes worn by the woman, including Baotou, shoes, needle and thread, etc., which will be carried back to the woman's house by the bride who is accompanying Lang. These things will not be taken out until the woman's parents invite a singer to drink the "wedding song" at night. If the singer makes a mistake, the married person will take out the wrong thing and turn it around three times in front of the singer, and put it into his bag with a smile, which will not be given to the bride or returned to the groom. The married person will get it himself. If the singer sings what he wants accurately. When the married man couldn't get it out, the singer hit the married man three times with a dustpan, which caused the guests to burst into laughter. The married person and the female singer will continue to sing, and the female singer must defeat the married person, so that the married person can obediently put the back reed in the middle of the room. Then, the female singer took out her pants when she sang her pants, and took out her farm jacket when she sang her clothes. When a Yi girl marries, the girl's sisters and brothers and young men and women of the same age can splash water on the wedding guests. In the larger stockade of Yi nationality, ten days before the girl got married, the young men and women in the stockade. Just cut some wooden stakes and nail them on both sides of the road, and then use wild vines to control them into tripping ropes. When the wedding guests arrive, use dozens of buckets of water that have been prepared by the roadside. Dial it towards the wedding guests. The wedding guests can't escape, and they are soaked in water. Only by running hard and running into the bride's house can they not be splashed. Therefore, a clever wedding person is prepared. If he finds out that there is a back door in the girl's house or that there is another road leading to the bride's house in the village, he will go into the woman's house when the water splashing person is not paying attention, light three sticks of incense on the table at the woman's house, burn three pieces of money paper and knock three heads, so as not to get splashed with water. However, it is not easy for most married people to do this, and they will be splashed with water. In cold weather, I was splashed, and I was so cold that I laid my teeth.