for details about Cao Xueqin, We will introduce you from the following aspects:
1. Cao Xueqin's poems
Ode to Bai Haitang, Good Songs, Poems of Burying Flowers, Poems of Chanting Chrysanthemum, Couplets on the House in Ningfu, Xijiang Moon, Twelve Women in Jinling-Chai, Dai and Apricot Curtain in Sight. Twelve Songs of A Dream of Red Mansions-Introduction, Zan Lin Daiyu, Wen Ju, Fairy Tale of Police Illusion, __ _ Ci, Twelve Songs of A Dream of Red Mansions-Birds Cast Each Into the Forest.
Second, people's evaluation
Zhou Ruchang: Cao Xueqin's life is unusual, bumpy and brilliant. He is likable, admired and admired by people, and is also greatly misunderstood and slandered by the secular world. He has the philosophical thoughts of Lao and Zhuang, the indignation of Qu Yuan's Sao, the historical talents of Sima Qian, the painting skills and "infatuation" of Gu Kaizhi, the romantic talents of Li Yishan and Du Mu, and the genius of Li Guinian and Huang Chuo's music and drama. He has a life experience of dignity, honor and disgrace, ups and downs, ups and downs, separation and joys and sorrows, and also has the wonderful brilliance of the integration of various cultural characteristics of Manchu and Han nationality, Jiangnan and Jiangbei. So I say he is a representative image of Chinese culture.
Hu Deping: British people say that they would rather lose the British Isles than lose Shakespeare. Like Shakespeare and Cervantes, Cao Xueqin used the torch of literature to give people true feelings, warmth and courage to bid farewell to the old system.
Cai Yijiang: Cao Xueqin is one of the greatest writers in China. His position and achievements in the history of world literature are not inferior to those of Shakespeare, Goethe, Balzac, Pushkin and Tolstoy.
Zhang Qingshan: Cao Xueqin is the greatest writer in China, and he deserves to be remembered and commemorated by the people of China. Because he is the author of A Dream of Red Mansions and a symbol of Chinese national culture. Because of Cao Xueqin and A Dream of Red Mansions, China people are faced with world literary giants such as Shakespeare, Balzac, Pushkin, Tolstoy and so on, without being embarrassed. Because Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions, with its profound thoughts, exquisite art and eternal charm, can be compared with any literary classic in the world, and it will always stand on the Jumula wasp of world literature, which is the pride of the Chinese nation.
Third, introduce
Cao Xueqin (about 1715 or 1725-about 1763 or 1764), male, a great novelist in the Qing Dynasty. The name Zhan (rain prefix), the word Meng Ruan, Xueqin is its name, and it is also called Qinpu and Qinxi layman. Author of China's famous novel A Dream of Red Mansions.
Cao Xueqin's great-grandfather, Cao Xi, was appointed as Jiangning Weaver; Great-grandmother Sun Shi was the nanny of Emperor Kangxi Xuanye; Grandfather Cao Yin was the bandu of Emperor Kangxi and the bodyguard of the command. Later, he was appointed as Jiangning Weaving and concurrently served as the salt patrol and supervision platform of Huaibei, which was very popular with Kangxi. Kangxi visited the south of the Yangtze River six times, four of which were picked up by Cao Yin, and he lived in Cao Jia. In 1712 (fifty-first year of Kangxi), Cao Yin died, and his son Cao _ and his heir Cao _ successively succeeded Jiangning Weaving. Their three generations and four grandchildren have held this position for 6 years.
Cao Xueqin grew up in the "prosperous and splendid" hometown of the "romantic land near Qinhuai", and lived a rich and luxurious life in his youth. In the early years of Yongzheng, Cao's family suffered a series of blows because of the involvement of the internal political struggle of the feudal ruling class. Cao _ was dismissed on charges of "misconduct", "harassing the post" and "deficit", and his property was confiscated. Cao _ was imprisoned and punished, and the "cangue" was more than a year. At this time, Cao Xueqin moved back to Beijing with his family. Since then, the Cao family has been devastated and declining. After a major turning point in his life, Cao Xueqin felt the world was cold and had a clearer and deeper understanding of feudal society. He despised the powerful, stayed away from the officialdom and lived a hard life of poverty.
in his later years, Cao Xueqin moved to the western suburbs of Beijing. Life is even poorer, "full of wormwood" and "the whole family often eats porridge and wine on credit". With perseverance, he devoted himself to the writing and revision of A Dream of Red Mansions. In 1762 (twenty-seven years of Qianlong), his youngest son died prematurely, and he was caught in excessive sadness and grief and was bedridden. On the New Year's Eve of this year (New Year's Eve at noon on February 12 at the turn of 1762 and 1763 in the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong), he finally died of poverty and illness. About the year of Cao Xueqin's death, there are other theories about the New Year's Eve of the 29th year of Qianlong (February 1, 1764) and the early spring of Jiashen (1764).
according to Yu Rui's "jujube window idle pen", Cao Xueqin is "fat, with a wide head and black color". He is arrogant, cynical and uninhibited. Alcoholic, talented and talkative. Cao Xueqin is a poet. His poems are novel in conception and close in style to Li He, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. His friend Duncheng once praised him as saying, "Love your poem is fantastic, catching up with the broken fence fan in Changgu." He added: "Knowing your poetry is as bold as iron, and it is comparable to making cold light with Dao Ying." Apart from the poems in A Dream of Red Mansions, there are only two lines in his poems, Duncheng's Legend of Pipa: "Bai Fu Shiling should be very happy, and he will definitely teach the savage ghosts to put on airs." Cao Xueqin is also a painter, who likes to paint abrupt and steep stones. Dunmin's "Painting Stone on the Qin Garden" said: "The pride is as strange as the monarch's world, and it is even more jagged. Drunkenness swept away like a pen. Write a piece of thunder in your chest. " It can be seen that when he painted stones, he pinned his chest on the injustice.
Cao Xueqin's greatest contribution lies in the creation of novels. The novel is large in scale, rigorous in structure, complex in plot, vivid in description, and has created many artistic images with typical characters, all of which can be called the peak of China's ancient novels. It occupies a very important position in the history of literary development.
A Dream of Red Mansions is the product of "reading it for ten years, adding and deleting it five times" and "every word seems to be blood, and ten years of hard work is unusual". Unfortunately, before his death, the whole book was not finished (some people thought it had been written, but the content was lost after 8 years). There are 12 copies of A Dream of Red Mansions, most of which were written by him, and the last 4 were continued by Gao E.
It is said that three days after Cao Xueqin's birth, it was a long drought, and his father Cao _ was very happy, so he named him "Zhan", which was taken from the book of songs, "If you are both excellent and fertile, you will have a hundred valleys." It means drizzle _ _ _, and the water is so abundant that it moistens the earth and irrigates all directions, making our crops flourish. It is related to "long drought meets rain". The word "Zhan" can also be linked with "Shi Zhan Huang En", which means to thank the emperor.
The word "Xueqin" comes from Su Shi's poem: "Mud Qin has a long-standing root, and an inch of it is alone; When the snow celery moves, the spring dove can wither, which means: celery roots are left in the soil, only more than an inch long. When will it germinate and grow in this snow? Wait until spring comes before you can fry it with turtledove meat! Moreover, his own note: "Shu Ba Gui Qin sprouts, and miscellaneous dove meat is it." Although the mud of mud celery is dirty, its "snow celery" comes out of the mud without being stained. Su Dongpo often compares himself with Qin. The "snow" in Dongpo's brothers' poems is mostly white and protective. Therefore, Cao Xueqin renamed himself "Xueqin". This is the origin of the name of Cao Xueqin, a great master of world literature.
IV. Allusions to Iron Matters
According to Mr. Kong Xiangze, when he visited Baijiatuan with Mr. Wu Enyu in the early 197s, he once heard a villager say that a doctor in Qianshan Banner often came to see the poor for free, and every time he came to an empty temple in the south of the mountain, he temporarily borrowed a desk and chair to see people. Later, the doctor moved to Qiaoxi and got a home. Mr. Shu Chengxun once told Kong Lao that there were many pharmacies in the indigo plant, and Cao Xueqin often went to these pharmacies to get medicines or prescriptions for patients. Shu Lao remembered the names of these pharmacies one by one and told them to Kong Lao. Unfortunately, Kong Lao did not write them down at that time. Kong Lao also said: Xueqin has cured many people of their diseases because of his excellent medical skills. After some rich people are cured of their diseases, they often buy something to give to Xueqin in return for her kindness in treating diseases. Xue Qin often tells these people, don't buy me anything, keep your money first. Once a patient sees a doctor and can't afford medicine, I will ask him to find you, and you will pay for his medicine. Isn't this able to help more people relieve their pain? In this way, Xueqin cured many stubborn diseases for many poor people, and people praised Xueqin for his brilliant medical skills and noble medical ethics. It seems that it is not difficult for a person to do a little good. What is rare is to always do good. Xue Qin treated the people in Xishan for free, and even collected herbs for the poor people, which was proved by Xue Qin's love for the people in Xishan, and the word-of-mouth of the people was the best proof.
Dunmin, a good friend of Baijiatuan Xueqin, accurately recorded in "A Record of Bottle Lake Zhai Sheng" that it was the spring of the 23rd year of Qianlong (that is, in 1758), and Xueqin moved to Baijiatuan, as evidenced by the original note: "In the spring, the Qin Garden (the number of Xueqin) was told that it would move to Baijiatuan." After this article, Dunmin went to Baijiatuan twice for asking Xueqin to identify calligraphy and painting. Unfortunately, Xueqin was not at home. In the postscript, Dunmin tells a general story about Xueqin's new residence in Baijiatuan. For readers, the quotation is as follows: "There is a stream blocking the road, looking across the bank, there are four earthen houses, which are inclined to the southwest, with stones as walls, rafters as broken branches, uneven walls and incomplete households. And the courtyard is neat, hedges are woven into brocade, vines are planted with vines? There is the joy of squatting in the alley, and you are fascinated by the moon and flowers. Go north along the stream and cross the stone bridge. " There are few biographical materials left by Xue Qin, and Dunmin's "A Record of the Bottle Lake Zhai Sheng" describes the time when Cao Xueqin moved to Baijiatuan and some words and deeds of Xue Qin, which is extremely important. So why did Xueqin migrate to Baijiatuan? From the 15th year of Qianlong, Xueqin bid farewell to Zongxue and moved to the western suburbs. After several migrations, she finally moved from Xiangshan to Baijiatuan. Some people have analyzed that there are economic reasons, avoidance of "public opinion", collapse of houses, "Manchu-Han domain" (during the Qianlong period, it was stipulated that the slaves of the flag bearer could open an account, that is, the Han people were allowed to leave the flag), and there were also theories that Xue Qin built a house and Bai Jiatuan was related to Prince Yi. I think that besides economic reasons, Xue Qin wanted to find an ideal place to write and repair books in order to avoid the hubbub.
There is a very important character in A Dream of Red Mansions-Taoist Kongkong. In all kinds of legends about Cao Xueqin, there are not many people involved in this person. But what is the connection between this mysterious Taoist priest's writing in the "Red Chamber"? The Notes on Kao Yan in Ten Kinds of Cao Xueqin written by Mr. Wu Enyu once said: "Wei Jun hid the eight-character seal script of' Yunshan Hanmo is ice and snow clever', which was said to be written by Xue Qin. It doesn't work to follow seal script. There is a small seal in the inscription of "Song Yue Shan Fang" in the "Empty Taoist", and the carving skill is still good. Mr. Zhicheng Deng, who saw it, said that it was really dry paper, but the inkpad was not like a thing when it was dry, and the inkpad when it was covered with dry paper was a little yellow. Yu Wei said that if it can be judged as dry paper, inkpad is not a problem. The cover is not only light ink, but also dark ink. The word' empty Taoist' is still good. Although the twelve characters were written by Xue Qin, it was not necessary. However, in February 1963, Mr. Zhang Boju met him and said that the word "empty Taoist" was "all that way" compared with the word "Haike Qin Zun Tu" written by Xue Qin in the previous year. "Although Mr. Wu was identified as an original by two people, the evidence was slightly pale because of the color of the inkpad. Mr. Yang Yi lived in Taizhouwu, near Baijiatuan, for a long time, and once wrote the article Nalan Xingde, one of the famous poets in Qing Dynasty. He talked about a very important issue, that is, Baijiatuan had an empty temple, which provided direct evidence for Xue Qin's "empty Taoist". For readers, the quotation is as follows: "Just at the southern foot of Cao Xueqin's Baijiatuan residence, there was a small temple at the foot of the mountain. There is a temple with an area of about 1 square meters. Because there are no gods, idols and memorial tablets in the temple, it is empty, and the locals call it' empty temple'. This temple was demolished in the late 197s and early 198s when the land was leveled. ? Although there is no written record, judging from its shape and location, it belongs to the mountain temple category. There is no textual research on the age of the building. Nowadays, some people think that this' empty temple' may be related to the' empty Taoist' written at the beginning of Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions. " Mr. Yang Yi only speculated that the empty temple was related to the "empty Taoist" in A Dream of Red Mansions. But it didn't come to light that the "empty Taoist" was Cao Xueqin. Perhaps Mr. Yang Yi didn't see the book Ten Kinds of Cao Xueqin written by Mr. Wu Enyu, and perhaps he didn't see the seal essay "Yunshan Hanmo is as clever as ice and snow". Although Mr. Wu Enyu invited the famous appraisers at that time to identify it as Cao Xueqin's personal book, he never understood the relationship between the name "Empty Taoist" and Xue Qin. Baijiatuan's "empty temple" undoubtedly provides extremely important evidence for the study of A Dream of Red Mansions and Cao Xueqin.
and Guangquan Temple Xiangshan Guangquan Temple is the only place where Cao Xueqin and his good friend Zhang Yiquan have been recorded exactly, and they have left poems to sing together. Unfortunately, Mr. Xueqin's poems have not been handed down, and only Mr. Yiquan has been recorded according to the original rhyme and poems of Xueqin's poems, and the quotation is as follows: "Your poems have not been leisurely sung, but now you have traveled and enjoyed them deeply." The monument secretly knows that it contains today's rain, and the wall is expensive and can make up the clouds. Cicadas call each other from afar, and flies sing empty kitchens to find themselves near. Lonely people in the western suburbs go to Han, who has dragged a staff through the smoke forest. " (The Original Rhyme of Cao Xueqin's Abandoned Temple in the Western Suburb)
Humen experienced the No.31 and No.33 courtyards of Shi Hu Hutong (No.7 and No.8 courtyards before 196s, and now it is a national world shopping mall) on the east side of Xidan in Xicheng. The two courtyards are interlinked, and it is a well-preserved Ming and Qing mansion in Beijing. And it was once a royal residence. This mansion is a large multi-quadrangle. Among the many quadrangles in Beijing, this courtyard can be said to be one of the courtyards with the largest number of celebrities. This hospital was called "Changzhou Guild Hall" in the Ming Dynasty, and it was the place where Jiangnan raised his son to study in Beijing. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Qing government moved the guild hall to Nancheng, which was also the residence of Wu Yingxiong, the son of Wu Sangui. Because the youngest daughter of Huang Taiji in Qing Dynasty, Princess Kechun, married Wu Yingxiong, it has always been called "Fu Ma Fu", also known as "Princess Kechun Fu". Scholars of history and geography in Beijing are still used to calling it "Fu Ma Fu" for the convenience of writing or discussion. During the Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty, in order to educate the children of the Eight Banners, the Qing "right-wing religion" was established here (the Qing left-wing religion was in dengshikou, Dongcheng). Cao Xueqin used to teach here. Because Cao Gong's good friend Duncheng wrote the poem "There were several mornings and evenings in Humen at that time", so the red scholars also called it "Humen". When did Cao Xueqin teach at the right-wing religious school? Redology scholars have not decided either.