Chen Tuan (871-989) was a famous Taoist scholar in the Five Dynasties and early Song Dynasty. His courtesy name is Tunan, he calls himself "Fuyaozi" and is given the nickname "Mr. Xiyi". He inherited the tradition of Xiang Mathematics since the Han Dynasty, and brought Huang Lao's quiet and inaction thought, Taoist cultivation, Confucian cultivation, and Buddhist Zen view into the first class, which had a great influence on Song Dynasty scholarship. Later generations called him "Ancestor Chen Tuan", "Sleeping Fairy", etc.
Chen Tuan’s place of origin
He is a native of Zhenyuan, Bozhou (now Bo County, Anhui Province). It is said that he is a "person from Chonggang, Puzhou (in today's Tongnan County)" (there are also people from Shaanxi , Xiluo people, and people from Kuizhou Prefecture, Sichuan, all said).
According to "Dongdu Shilue·Yinyi Biography" written by Wang Cheng of the Song Dynasty, Chen Tuan "began playing in the vortex when he was four or five years old", so Zhenyuan County in Bozhou seems to be his birthplace.
Li Zonge, who lived during the reign of Emperor Taizong and Zhenzong of the Northern Song Dynasty (976-1021), also called Chen Tuan "a person from Puzhou who worships niches." He was ordered to compile "Xiangfu Illustrated Classics", also known as "Prefecture and County Illustrated Classics" It is clearly recorded in the separate volume "Puzhou Illustrations": "Chen Tuan, whose courtesy name is Tunan, was born in Chonggang". "After Chang left his parents to study Taoism, he may live in Bo as a Bo, or live in Luo as a Luo, or live in Huashan as a Chinese." ① Wang Xiangzhi pointed out: "There is also a collection of "Bie Zhuan", which was passed down by Xie Daoyuan, a Taoist priest of Qinzhenguan. According to legend, he has been around for more than 200 years, and he is also said to be from Chonggong Village. "②According to Qin Zhenguan, it is located in Chonggong Town, Anju County. Perhaps Chongkong is his ancestral home, which is unknown. Feng Shubao of the Song Dynasty also clearly stated in his book "Crossing Chonggon Village and Inscribing Xiyi's House": "Xiyi's former residence was located in Anju County, Erli, Chonggon Town. In the early days of the Republic of China, his house was designated as Lingshan Temple, and he was given the honorary title during the Xuanhe period. "Qinzhen". In the fifth year of Qiande in the Northern Song Dynasty (967), the county was abolished and became a town. The original "Longtai Town" of Chonggong County was placed under the jurisdiction of Chonggong Town. After the two towns were merged, Chonggong became two residential towns. Congregation and settlement are generally called "Lvli", or "Li" for short. Mr. Shimin from the Sichuan Museum of Literature and History concluded in "A Brief Examination of Mr. Chen Tuan": "Based on historical data, we should focus on the first statement and confirm that Chen Tuan's birthplace was in Jin'an. Guanyin Temple in Yue County. "(See page 27 of "Chen Tuan on the High Road", Sichuan University Press 1993 edition) On Yunju Mountain in Sanhuali, Anyue County, there is Chen Tuan's tomb rebuilt by the county magistrate Chen Guan in the Jiaxu autumn of the Ming Dynasty. The tombstone The "Self-Praise Inscription" engraved by Chen Tuan is now unique in the country. The two characters "Fu Shou" written by Chen Tuan are engraved on the rock behind the tomb, which is 1.6 meters in diameter. There is also "Tunan Xian" engraved on the rock behind. Traces" and the inscription "Xiyi Alchemy Place". The Zhenzhen Temple still exists, and there is also a statue of Chen Tuan in the temple. The poem "Inscribed on the Xiyi Statue of Zhenzhen Temple" by Wang Zhijie of the Qing Dynasty is also a proof. There is a Chen Tuan dam in Guanyin Temple in Longxi Township ; The "Xiyi Hometown Monument" from the Ming Dynasty was also excavated and stored in the house of Longxi Animal Husbandry Station; the "Xiyi Pond" (now in the Bureau of Culture and Sports) in Anyue County, etc., are all recorded in the "Anyue County Chronicles" of various periods .
Birth and death of Chen Tuan
Chen Tuan was born in the late Tang Dynasty. According to Taoist estimates, he was born on October 10th, the twelfth year of Xiantong year of Emperor Yizong of Tang Dynasty (871). On the same day, the "Preface to Yilong Pictures" written by Longtaiyi Lingshan Temple (now Guanyin Temple) in Chongkan County, Western Shu (now Anyue County, Sichuan) is generally consistent with what Wei Tai said was "born in the late Tang Dynasty". "Niche Chen Tuan Preface" passed away on July 22, the second year of Duangong, Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty (989), at the age of 118.
Life of Chen Tuan
When he was young, he loved to read books from hundreds of schools of thought and history. He recited them as soon as he saw them and never forgot them. During the Changxing period of the Later Tang Dynasty (930-933) during the Five Dynasties, he was not promoted to Jinshi, so he did not seek official advancement. From the Later Jin Dynasty to the Later Zhou Dynasty, he entertained the landscape for more than 20 years. He said that he once met Sun Junfang and Zhangpi Chushi, who said that Jiushiyan in Wudang Mountain could be a place of seclusion. After entering the Wudang Mountains, he was convinced that he was going to live without grains, but he drank several glasses of wine a day. According to the Northern Song Dynasty Humanities, he went to Shu during the Tianfu period of the Later Jin Dynasty (936-944) and learned the sleeping technique "Nose Locking Technique" from He Changyi, the majesty of the Tianshi Temple in Qiongzhou. Wei Tai said that he "may sleep for three years."
Chen Tuan originally had great ambitions, but he "failed to succeed in many attempts". He was tired of the chaos of the Five Dynasties, and the people he interacted with were many high-minded hermits, so he gradually formed the idea of ??"transcendence". When I was in Shu in the second year of Tianfu (937), there was a poem that said: "I said that my glory was really an illusion. I came drunk and left my bridle to pay homage to Duke Gao. Because I listened to the mysterious theory, I suddenly fell asleep in the world of dreams."
Around the second week or a little before, Chen Tuan moved to Yuntai Temple in Huashan Mountain and stopped at Shaohua Stone Chamber. "Every time I sleep, I won't be able to afford it for more than a hundred days." According to the "National History" of the Song Dynasty, around this period, he had close contacts with two other legendary figures, Lu Dongbin and Li Qi (or "Li Qi"). Another disciple, Chen Jingyuan, said that he and Tan Qiao were mentors and friends. Since then, its reputation has grown rapidly.
In November of the third year of Xiande of the Later Zhou Dynasty (956), Emperor Shizong "was not convinced by the four directions, and his thoughts and desires imprisoned the heroes, and he used to push his way out of the house. He was unable to achieve his goals and hid himself. There must be a genius with a far-reaching strategy." So he was summoned to the palace and asked about the technique of ascending to Huangbai. Tuan replied: "Your Majesty is the emperor, and it is your duty to govern the world. How can you use this?" He was ordered to admonish the officials (one said "worship Zuo Shi"), but he refused. He was given the title "Mr. Baiyun" (according to Wang Pizhi's "Mianshui Yan Tan Lu". One scholar said that he was also called Mr. Baiyun) and was released to the mountain. He also ordered Tao Gu to issue an edict, ordering the governor of Huazhou to provide evidence for everything and ask questions every year. .
In the fifth year of Xiande's reign (958), Zhu Xianbi, the governor of Chengzhou, resigned and took up his post. Emperor Shizong ordered fifty pieces of silk and thirty kilograms of tea to be given to him.
Chen Tuan pinned his hopes on Zhao Kuangyin for the unification of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
It is said that when the Zhao family ascended to the throne, he laughed and fell off his donkey after hearing the news: "The world is determined this time!"
After entering the Song Dynasty, Taizong Zhao Guangyi summoned him twice. For the first time, in the early years of Taiping and Xingguo, Taizong treated him very well. The second time was in the ninth year of Taiping Xingguo (or the first year of Yongxi, 984). According to records in "Records of Taizong", "Xu Zi Zhi Tong Jian Chang Bian", "Dongdu Shi Lue" and other books, Chen Tuan returned to Bianjing and was seen in the Yanying Hall in feather robes. Taizong was very respectful. Because of this, Prime Minister Song Qi and others said: "Tuan is good at himself and does not engage in snobbishness. He is a so-called scholar from outside the country. He has been in Huashan for forty years and is nearly a hundred years old. He also said that the world is safe and orderly, so he came to Hajj. This means You can read it. Even if you refer to Zhongshu, you can try to explain it. "Song Qi asked: "Can you teach the way of Xuanmo cultivation to others?" Chen Tuan replied: "The people in Tuan Mountain are here. It is useless at that time, and I don’t know the magic of the immortal yellow and white, and the principles of breathing and nourishing health. There is no method to teach. If the sun rises to the sky, what will it do to the world? In ancient times, if we study deeply about the governance of chaos, there is truly a benevolent and sage master. It is precisely because of the unity of the emperor and his ministers that they work together to achieve governance and practice diligently." Song Qi and others responded to his words, and Taizong respected him even more. In October, an edict was issued, giving him the title "Mr. Xiyi" and ordering officials to renovate the Yuntai Temple in Huashan Mountain. He was released back to the mountain after a few months.
He died in the Zhangchao Valley under Lianhua Peak in the second year of Duangong (989).
"History of the Song Dynasty: Biography of Chen Tuan" said that Chen Tuan was "able to understand people's will" and "easy to read "Yi"".
When he was living in seclusion in Wudang Mountain, he wrote eighty-one chapters of poetry, called "Nine Chambers Zhixuan Pian", which talks about self-cultivation. He also wrote fifty poems of "Returning Dan to the House", one volume each of "Yi Long Tu", "Red Pine Seeds Commandments" (or "Red Pine Seeds Eight Commandments"), and "Human Ethics and Style" (or "Gu Jian"). There are also "Fables of the Three Peaks", "Gaoyang Collection", "Diaotan Collection" and more than 600 poems. It is said that he has "Wuji Picture", "Xiantian Picture" and so on. "Complete Song Dynasty" includes several of his articles. Chen Tuan's works titled "Zhengtong Daozang" include "Annotations to the Song of Returning the Lord Yin Zhenjun". Lu Zuqian of the Southern Song Dynasty compiled the "Wenjian of the Imperial Dynasty" and included his "Preface to the Dragon Picture"; Zhang Li of the Yuan Dynasty also included the preface and number diagrams of the "Yi Long Picture" in "Yixiang Pictures", which can be seen as his thought on the Xiangshu of the Yi Dynasty. His discussion was recorded in "Daoshu·Guan Kong" by Zeng Zhen, and his thoughts on the "five emptiness" can be seen.
The Legend of Chen Tuan
Chen Chuan, also known as Fuyaozi, is a native of Haozhou Zhenyuan. When he was five years old, he could not speak and was known as the "mute child". One day, while playing by the water, he met a woman in green clothes who called herself Mao Nu. Mao Nu carried Chen Chuan to the mountain and fed him a few mouthfuls of nectar. Chen Chuan felt refreshed and began to speak. Maonv put another book into his arms and gave him a poem:
The medicine seedlings were not satisfied, and they were in danger again.
Looking back on the way back, I will enter the green smoke.
Chen Tuan could not speak at all, but when he returned home that day, he suddenly read out these four lines of poetry. His parents were shocked and asked where they had heard it. Chen Tuan said that it was taught by Mao Nu, and took out the poem. When the book came, it turned out to be the Book of Changes.
Chen Tuan loves to read the Book of Changes and never lets go of the book. He practiced Taoism all his life, compiled eighty-one chapters of "Zhixuan Pian", which mainly contains guidance and return of elixirs, and devoted himself to the way of guidance. In recent years, he has developed Taoist cultivation methods and created a series of diagrams such as "The Wuji Diagram". He uses the theoretical system of "obedience to give birth to people" and "reverse to return elixirs" to explore the origin of life and find ways to prolong life. , so he was revered as "Ancestor Chen Tuan" by later generations of Taoists.
Chen Tuan understood the general meaning of the Eight Diagrams, and from then on he read every book, and he had the ambition to be born in the world. When he was eighteen years old, both his parents died, so he abandoned his family fortune and lived in seclusion in the mountains. Later, he dreamed that Mao Nu taught him the methods of refining the body to return to Qi, refining Qi to return to spirit, and refining spirit to return to void, so he followed her instructions.
Scholars and officials came from thousands of miles away to admire his reputation, but Chen Tuan lay on his side and ignored him. When everyone saw his thunderous snoring, they all sighed and left.
Emperor Mingzong of the later Tang Dynasty heard about his high reputation, and Yubi personally sent an envoy with an imperial edict to conquer him. Chen Tuan did not disobey the imperial edict and had to come to Luoyang to meet the emperor. When they met the emperor, Chen Tuan refused to bow. Wen Wu of the Manchu Dynasty was shocked, but Ming Zong was not surprised. He sighed and said, "A noble scholar does not need to be treated with courtesy." So he was sent to the Lixian Hotel to take care of him. Chen Tuan did nothing but meditate on the futon in the morning and evening. Mingzong visited Lixian Hotel again and again. Sometimes he happened to be sleeping in the hotel, so he went back without disturbing him. Mingzong knew mentally that he was a strange person, and respected him more and more. He wanted him to hold important positions, but Chen Tuan refused at all. Prime Minister Feng Dao suggested to Mingzong: "It is now a stormy and snowy time. It will be cold for Chen Tuan to sit alone on a futon. Your Majesty can send an envoy with a jar of fine wine, and select three beauties to send him wine to warm his feet." "If he drinks wine and asks for a beautiful woman, don't worry he won't accept the title!" Mingzong nodded and selected three young girls from the palace to send them with wine. "Mr. Wang must not refuse." He accepted it, opened a cup and drank freely, and did not refuse the beautiful woman who was sent to him. Mingzong met Longyan Darun. The next day, Feng was sent to confer an official title, but only three beauties were seen in the room, and Chen Tuan was nowhere to be seen. Feng asked, "Where did Mr. Chen Tuan go?" The beauty said, "Mr. Chen fell asleep after drinking. He didn't wake up until five o'clock. He said that we had worked hard all night and had nothing to give, so he asked us to reply with a poem. Emperor, then he went out and left. "Feng had no choice but to bring the three beauties back to the court to see him.
Ming Zong took a look and saw that the poem read:
Snow is the body and jade is the gills. Thank you king for sending it.
When a virgin is not dreaming about Wu Gorge, he is always bothered by the goddess going down to the balcony.
After Mingzong read the poem, he sighed and sent people to search everywhere, but there was no news.
Chen Tuan left Kyoto and went to Wudang Mountain in Junzhou to live in seclusion. One day, five old people came to ask him about the meaning of Zhouyi Bagua, and Chen Tuan taught them. Seeing that their faces were as good as jade, they asked for guidance and upbringing. Five old men passed on the hibernation method to him. It turns out that the hibernation method is a method of imitating the way that animals such as turtles and snakes hibernate in winter and do not eat. Chen Tuan learned this method and was able to live without food. Sometimes he would not be able to wake up for several months after sleeping. More than twenty years passed in the blink of an eye. One day, the five elders said to Chen Tuan: "We are the five dragons in the Sun and Moon Pool. We have benefited from the teacher's teachings and are willing to give him a good place." So he asked Chen Chuan to close his eyes. , clamped him under his wings, and flew up. Chen Tuan only felt his feet flying in the air, the wind whistling in his ears, and his heels hit the ground in an instant. When he opened his eyes, he saw that the five elders were gone. He landed on the Jiushi Rock in Huashan Mountain, Xiyue, and Chen Tuan lived in seclusion.
The Huashan Taoist priest was very surprised to see that there was no boiler in his residence. He observed secretly and saw that he had nothing to do all day long, only snoring and sleeping. Once, the Taoist priest had not seen him for several months and thought he had moved elsewhere. He came to the woodshed to move firewood, but he saw him sleeping under the firewood.
Another time, a woodcutter was cutting grass at the foot of the mountain and saw a corpse in the valley, and the dust was an inch high. The woodcutter felt pity and prepared to dig a hole and bury it. When he was dragged up, he recognized Mr. Chen Tuan. The woodcutter said, "What a good Mr. Chen Chuan. Why did he die here?" Chen Tuan stretched his waist, opened his eyes, and said, "I was sleeping happily, why did you Did I wake you up?" the woodcutter laughed.
Wang Kui, the magistrate of Huayin County, came to Huashan in person to ask for an audience with Chen Tuan. When we arrived at Jiushiyan, we saw a piece of stone, but not even a hut. So he asked him: "Where is your residence, sir?" Chen Tuan laughed and chanted casually:
My palace is at the top of Pengshan Mountain. When I step out, I will cross the Xiaofeng.
Therefore, if gold is not locked up, it will be sealed by white clouds when it comes.
Wang Kui wanted to cut down trees to build a nunnery for him, but Chen Tuan firmly refused.
Later, these four lines of poems reached the ears of Zhou Shizong. He knew that Chen Tuan was a high scholar, so he specially summoned him and asked him about the fate of his country. Chen Tuan recited four more lines of poetry:
A good piece of wood, lush and unmatched.
If you want it to last long, add a heavy treasure cover.
Emperor Shizong’s surname was Chai, and his given name was Rong. The wood was lush, which fit his name perfectly. It also had the word "Jiujiu" in it, so he thought it was a good sign. However, he didn't know that Zhao Taizu was the emperor of Zhou Dynasty, and his country was named Song, "Wood". The word "Song" was added. The Song Dynasty enjoyed a long life, and Chen Tuan already knew about it in advance. Shizong wanted to grant Chen Chuan the best title, but Chen Chuan was unwilling to accept it and insisted on returning to the mountain.
During the Chenqiao mutiny, Zhao Taizu put on a yellow robe and ascended the throne. Mr. Zhao happened to ride a donkey to Huayin County. When he heard about it, he clapped his hands and laughed on the donkey's back. Someone asked, "Why are you laughing, sir?" The gentleman said, "Luck has come to you people! The world is finally at peace."
One day, Chen Tuan was drinking in Chang'an Hotel and met brother Zhao Kuangyin. The three of them, Zhao Jin, were also drinking. When Chen Tuan saw Zhao Jin sitting above the two Zhaos, he pulled him to the lower table and said, "You are just a little star in Zitan, how dare you take the upper position?" Zhao Kuangyin then asked him about his future. , Chen Tuan said: "You two brothers have much bigger stars than him!" Zhao Kuangyin was very conceited because of this. Later, he brought peace to the world and sent people to welcome Chen Tuan to the court many times. Chen Tuan refused, so he gave him the title "Mr. Xiyi" .
Later, Song Taizu died and Taizong ascended the throne. Thinking of his adventure in the hotel, he summoned Chen Chuan to meet him and agreed that he would not need to perform the courtesy of a courtier. Chen Tuancai followed the envoy to Beijing. Taizong asked him for advice on self-cultivation, and Chen Chuan said: "The emperor is the king of a country. If the sun rises to the sky, what benefit will it bring to the people? Now that the king is wise and the ministers are good, diligent in government affairs, and charity to the people, they will be famous forever." Taizong nodded in agreement and respected him even more. Soon, Chen Tuan said goodbye to Taizong, saying that he would see Shengyan again in twenty years. Taizong knew that he could not keep him, so he let him go.
In the fifth year of Duangong, Emperor Taizong had been in power for twenty years and had not yet established a prince. He was very anxious and thought: "Only Chen Chuan can predict the misfortunes and fortunes of human affairs. Only by asking him to make decisions can we OK." Just as he was thinking of this, the chamberlain reported that Chen Tuan wanted to see him. Taizong was shocked and invited him into the palace and asked, "Sir, what advice can you give me this time?" Chen Chuanchuan said, "I know that your majesty has doubts, so I came here to judge for your majesty." Taizong laughed and said, "I know sir. I have an eye for prediction, and it turned out to be the case today! I am worried about the matter of establishing a prince. Prince Yuankan of Xiang is tolerant and kind, and he has the attitude of an emperor, but I don’t know what his blessings are. I asked Mr. Chen to take a look at it. He came back when he arrived in front of Xiangfu. Taizong asked, "Why did you come back without going in?" Chen Tuan said, "I have seen that the people running back and forth in front of the Xiang Mansion are blessed with generals and ministers. Why should we see King Xiang again?" Taizong then made up his mind. The idea was to announce the summons on that day and establish King Xiang as the crown prince, who would later become Emperor Zhenzong.
Chen Tuan stayed in Kyoto for a month and still returned to Jiushiyan. At this time, Uncle Mu, Zhong Fang and more than a hundred disciples all built their houses under Huashan Mountain and listened to his lectures on "The Book of Changes" day and night. Only the method of stinging five dragons was not taught by Chen Chuan. One day, Chen Tuan ordered his disciples to dig a stone chamber on the high rock at the entrance of Zhangchao Valley. After the stone chamber was dug, Chen Tuan and his disciples went to see it, and saw clouds and smoke like green. Chen Tuan thought to himself: "This is what Mao Nu said, 'the general will enter the green smoke'." After saying that, he bent his knees and sat cross-legged on the ground, rested his forehead on his right hand, closed his eyes and passed away. The disciples then made a stone box to contain his body, tied it with an iron rope several feet long, and placed it in the stone chamber. As soon as the disciples left, the rock collapsed on its own and immediately turned into a cliff. Only five-color auspicious clouds were seen, sealing the entrance of the valley. They gradually dispersed after dozens of days. Later generations called this place Xiyi Gorge.
During the Xuanhe reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, Taoist Xu Zhi often visited Huashan Mountain. When he saw an iron cable hanging down from the gorge, he climbed up and came to the stone chamber. Seeing the box cover built on the side, I opened it and saw that there was only an immortal bone, and the aroma was overwhelming. Xu Zhichang fixed the stone cover, climbed down, and reported it to Wei Zong. Wei Zong sent Xu Zhichang to bring a stick of imperial incense in order to collect the immortal bones and offer them to the palace.
Chen Tuan's achievements
1. Created and painted a series of "Yi" pictures such as "Tai Chi Diagram" and "Innate Square and Circle Diagram", becoming the founder of Chinese Tai Chi culture.
Before Chen Tuan, there was no "Tai Chi Diagram", nor did Tai Chi cultural form and its theoretical system form. It was only after Chen Tuan created a series of "Yi" pictures such as "Tai Chi Diagram", "Xiantian Square and Circle Diagram", and "Bagua Changing Diagram" and published "Tai Chi Yin and Yang Theory" that Zhou Dunyi, a great scholar of the Song Dynasty, appeared. ", Zhang Zai's "Taihe Lun", Shao Yong's "Huangji Jingshi", Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi and others' "Yi Zhuan", thus we have China's unique Tai Chi cultural form and a series of theories. The formation, especially the formation of Song Dynasty scholars, promoted the progress of Song Dynasty history. Zhang Zai (1020-1077), also known as Zihou, inherited Chen Tuan's "One Qi Theory of the Universe" and put forward the "Taixu Is Qi Theory". The two coincided with each other and became the source of materialism in the Song Dynasty. It is not difficult to see that Chen Tuanying is the well-deserved founder of Chinese Tai Chi culture and the founder of Song Dynasty Tai Chi.
2. He wrote the "Preface to the Dragon Picture of Yi" and passed down Heluo Mathematics to become the first person to create the "Dragon Picture" in China.
"Dragon Picture", also known as "River Picture", is the abbreviation of the legends "Dragon and Horse Begin to Negate Picture" and "Helong Picture Fa". As early as "Shang Shu Hiring", there is a record of "River Picture" , because there is no picture, scholars in the Han Dynasty debated endlessly, each with different opinions. There are 20 volumes of "River Pictures" that were lost due to burning during wars during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty (Yang Guang). In the late Zhou Dynasty of the Five Dynasties, Chen Tuan wrote the "Preface to the Dragon Picture", also known as the "Preface to the Dragon Picture". After the basic content of the "Dragon Picture" was spread from the Taoist cultural treasure house, people knew that the "Dragon Picture" was a Illustration of the mathematical origin of physical phenomena. Later, scientists determined that "the River Map is the mother of mathematics" and "mathematics is the mother of science." Only then did they know the important role of the "River Map". "The Preface to the Pictures of Yi Long" plays an inspiring role in the "Nine Chapters on Mathematics" written by Qin Jiushao, a great mathematician of the Southern Song Dynasty. The foundation of mathematics in his preface is "Zi Yuan He Tu Luo Shu, Bagua Nine Categories", which is a clear proof. It can be seen that Chen Tuanying is the first descendant of China's "Dragon Picture".
3. Commentary on "Zheng Yi Xin Dharma", advocating the innate Yi learning, and providing a powerful reference for the development of Chinese natural sciences.
His innate Yixue was the founder of the new "Yixue" in the Song Dynasty. What is new is the integration of the three schools of thought, Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism. The three religions are complementary and integrated, forming a complete philosophical system in ancient China. Chen Tuan believes that Zhou Kong's "Yi" study is a Confucian one and can no longer meet the needs of social development. Therefore, he clearly pointed out in "Zhengyi Xinfa Annotation": "Those who learn Yi should gallop in the mind of Emperor Xi and not be restrained by the language of Zhou Confucius." He advocated integrating the three schools of thought to govern "Yi", to study scholarship, and to Heal your mind, heal your body, and heal everything in the world. Under the guidance of this academic thought, the great scholar Shao Yong (Chen Tuan's third disciple) has been engaged in the study of Xiantian Yi for 30 years. "There is no furnace in winter and no fan in summer" and he wrote the masterpiece "Huangji Jingshi" , is still an important reference book for natural sciences such as physics, astronomy, ecology, and natural environment.
4. He wrote "Zhixuan Pian", "Guan Kong Pian", "Fetal Breath Jue" and "Yin Zhenjun Huan Dan Song Commentary", etc., and practiced it himself, becoming the first sleeping immortal in the world .
Chen Tuan highly admired "The Wuji Diagram" and guided and improved the Taoist inner alchemy philosophy. Not only did he take the lead in becoming "the best in sleeping skills in the world", but he also made the secret inner alchemy theory public. , socialization, and promoted the development of national fitness movement in China, which has made great contributions to the future. Chen Tuan abandoned external elixirs and focused on internal elixirs. He used "the body and mouth as a furnace", "the palace as a stove", "kidneys as water", "heart as the head" and "liver as wood". He made the wood generate heart fire to refine the kidney water to achieve "change into dust". , forming a priceless "golden elixir" in the human body; its core is to "cultivate the mind and nourish the kidneys" to control people's desires and prevent barbaric desires from overflowing. This is the purpose of his inner elixir cultivation. Such inner elixirs can strengthen the body and prolong life. The rules of alchemy cultivation still have important practical significance today.
5. He wrote "Turtle Mirror" and "Xin Xiang Pian", etc., which led ancient Chinese physiognomy to the category of materialism.
"Guijian" clearly states: "Those who have heaven are noble, those who have land are rich, and those who have people have longevity." There is heaven and earth, but if people and things are not cultivated, they will only have appearances.
People should not be judged by appearance, as long as they "have heaven", people in nature only need to rely on labor and wisdom to exchange for life and wealth, "have land", and live in the world, and regulate themselves with the Chinese national virtues such as "morality, justice, etiquette," etc. The harmony between "heaven, earth and man" and no delusional thoughts or actions are important signs of a person's complete appearance, nobility, wealth and longevity. He recognized the natural material "water and fire" as the source of human life, reiterated the view of ancient materialist philosophers that the origin of all things in the universe is material, and upheld the materialist theory of "correspondence between heaven and man."
6. He is the author of "The Fables of Three Peaks", "Gaoyang Collection", "Diao Tan Collection", "Muyan Collection", "Poem Commentary", etc. He is erudite and talented, and later generations respected him as "the ancestor of Confucianism and Taoism." ”
Chen Tuan does not fight against the world, does not covet wealth, and does not seek official positions. He is not only universally respected by people in the society, but also summoned by the imperial court many times. (He has advised many times on how to govern the country, and all of them were approved by the emperor.) Emperor Xizong of Tang Dynasty awarded him the title of "Qingxu Scholar". Zhou Shizong gave him the title "Mr. Baiyun", and Song Taizong gave him the title "Mr. Xiyi". Chen Tuan's collection of "moral articles has been tied into one body" and has become a model in the ancient history, political history, and cultural history of the Chinese nation. Yu Ji, a scholar of the Yuan Dynasty, commented in his "In Praise of the Portrait of Mr. Chen Xiyi" that he was "the biography of books and a teacher of all ages."
7. Writing the word "luck and longevity" is unique and highly praised by later generations.
Today, Anyue, Dazu, Tongnan, Mount Emei, Huashan, Penglai Wonderland in Shandong and other places across the country have preserved the stone carvings of the two characters "Fu Shou" written by Chen Tuan. These two characters are unique and contain The eight-character philosophy of "Fields bring blessings, and forests bring longevity" has been praised by the world. The implication is to promote the Taoist philosophy of connecting with nature, paying attention to ecological balance, protecting the natural environment, and eating common people, leaving a valuable legacy for future generations.
8. Be proficient in chess skills and develop your brain and intelligence.
Yiqi is a Chinese sport that enhances knowledge and physical fitness. It has been widely valued by society throughout the ages. Opposite Dianyi Cave in Baihe Mountain in Qionglai County, Sichuan Province, there is Qipanshan Immortal Cave, which is where Chen Tuan often played chess while practicing. There is still a "Botai" commonly known as "chess playing pavilion" in Huashan. Legend has it that Chen Tuan and Zhao Kuangyin played chess together. Yinghua Mountain, its ruins are here. "Since ancient times, Huashan Mountain has not received food", this is the legend told. In 2001, Yang Qifu, president of the Chen Tuan Academic Research Association, and the author visited Huashan in person and obtained a lot of academic information and photos about Chen Tuan, which was a great benefit.
Chen Tuan's ruins
There is Chen Tuan Cave in Yunmen Mountain, Qingzhou, Shandong. It is said that if you touch Chen Tuan's head, you will not have to worry about food or clothing.
In the northwest corner of Shigongji, 30 kilometers northeast of Woyang County, Anhui Province, on the south side of the S202 provincial road, there is a small mountain. On a stone surface on the west side of the mountain, there are traces of a person lying on it, several feet long. Legend has it that Chen Tuan snored here for eight hundred years and pressed the bluestone into a human-shaped mark, so it is called Chen Tuan's lying trace. The traces of human figures lying there are still visible.
There is Chen Tuan’s hermitage on Lingxu Cliff in Wudang Mountain, Hubei.
Chen Tuan’s legacy
It is said that more than a thousand years ago, during the Tang and Five Dynasties periods outside Chinese history, Zhao Kuangyin was just an ordinary soldier at that time. He had been idle all day long and had not yet become the emperor of the Song Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin was good at playing chess, and because of his bravery and strategy, his chess skills progressed quickly, and all the good players were defeated by him, so he became a little proud, boasting that he was the best player in the world, and often expressed the emotion that it was difficult to find an opponent. .
Once Zhao Kuangyin accompanied the army to Shaanxi. When passing through Mount Huashan, he heard that there was a Taoist priest on the mountain, known as Patriarch Chen Tuan. He was an excellent chess player and was famous far and wide. Zhao Kuangyin didn't feel it was necessary to play chess, so he went to Mount Huashan to play chess with an old Taoist. Ancestor Chen Chuan saw that he was just a soldier and did not want to play chess with him. When Zhao Kuangyin heard that he was anxious, he said he would bet the entire Huashan Mountain. Unexpectedly, at the end of the game, he missed a kill because of his haste, and was defeated by Chen Tuan.
Zhao Kuangyinhong first defeated Chen Tuan
(A certain month and a certain day during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period)
1. Soldiers advanced seven times and one pawn entered seven times. 2. Horses Eight goes into seven, horse goes into 8, goes into 7
3, horse goes in two, horse goes into three, horse 2 goes into 3 4. Phase seven goes in, five horse goes in, 7 goes into 6
5, two cannon goes in, two pawns go in, 7 1 6. Three soldiers, one cannon, 8, level 7
7. Two cannons, one cart, 9, level 8 8. One rook, one level, two carts, 8, advance 9
9, Three horses, two horses retreat 6 goes into 8 10. Cannon goes into eight, two goes into cannon, 7 goes into 8
11. Three soldiers go in, one horse goes into 8 goes into 6 12. Cannon goes into one level, four horses go into 6 and 7
13. Four cannon Three chariots are withdrawn and 1 is entered 14. Horses are advanced with two and one cannon is 8 and 5 is advanced
15. Horses are seven and six chariots are advanced and 1 is level 7 16. Cannons are eight and three are retreated and horses are 7 and 9 are retreated
17. Three phases advance into one car, 7 advances into 3. 18. Officials advance into four, five cannons, 8 advance into 2
19. Phase one advances into three cannons, 2 advance into 4. 20. Soldiers advance into one car, 7 levels and 4
>21. Horse six retreats, seven guns 2, retreat 5 22. Cannons eight, seven, eight, eight and 9
23. Car, nine, eight, cannons 2, level 8 24. Cannons four, two draws eight and advance 6< /p>
25. Soldiers advance into seven, one pawn, three into 1 26. Horses, seven into eight pawns, three into 1
27. Phase five, three artillery, eight and level 7 28, Two artillery and three chariots 4 level 8
29. Cars 8 in, 2 cars 8 in 5 30. Officials 5 in, four horses 3 in 4
31. Cannons in 7, 8 soldiers 4 in 5 32. Horses 8 into 9 chariots, 8 into 7
33, 3 artillery into 8 soldiers into 5 into 4 34. 7 artillery into 9 horses into 4 into 5
35. 8 rooks into seven into 5 into 1 36. Horses advance nine times, eight rooks, 7 levels, 6 levels.
37. Handsome five levels, one horse level, 5 levels, 3 levels. 38. Handsome five levels, one horse level, 3 levels, 4 levels.
39. Cannons, eight levels, and six artillery pieces. 9 draws 8 40. Cannon retreats nine and one will advance 5 into 1
41. Horse retreats eight and seven will advance 5 and advances 1 42. Horse advances seven and six will advance 5 into 1
43. Horse Six advances, four generals, 5 retreats 1 44. Horses retreat four, six generals 5 advance 1
45, rooks eight, level five...
At this point, Black only has soldiers 4 retreats 5, then the red cannon retreats to one, black can only draw 5 to 6, and the red car draws 5 to draw 4 to win. Chen Tuan calculated, not good! Shouldn’t Huashan’s dream come true? In a hurry, he came up with a plan. He deliberately said a few words to ridicule Zhao Kuangyin, hoping to anger Zhao Kuangyin and make him fall into the trap. Sure enough, Zhao was furious, made mistakes, and fell short.
45....... The knight 4 retreats 5 46. The car 5 retreats one! ...
Zhao Chishi made a mistake and should have fired nine shots and retreated one.
46. ...... will draw 5 to 4 47. Horse 6 retreats 8 rooks 6 retreats 2
48. Shuai Wu retreats 1 rook 6 advances 1 49. Cannon 6 Flat four horses, 4 retreats, 3
(Black wins)
From then on, Chen Tuan began to sleep soundly. Whenever he woke up, he would ask: "Who is the emperor now?" When the answer was not Zhao Kuangyin, he fell down and fell asleep again. After waiting for fifty years, when Zhao Kuangyin became emperor, he gave Huashan to Chen Tuan. Zhao himself learned his lesson after playing this game and rarely got angry. Perhaps this is why playing chess can cultivate one's moral character.