This archaeological work determined the exact location of the tomb of Bajiangling Village, Emperor of China, and solved the name problem of eleven tombs in the Western Han Dynasty. Baling double cemetery, with mausoleum in the center and pit around, is the tomb of China emperor Baling Jiangcun.
On the morning of February 4th, National Cultural Heritage Administration held an online meeting in Beijing and announced an important archaeological achievement: the owner of Jiangcun Tomb was Liu Heng, the emperor of China.
This achievement overturns the general cognition of historians for 700 years since the Yuan Dynasty and confirms the true status of Emperor Wendi's mausoleum. Unfortunately, however, this is a group that has been despised for thousands of years: grave robbers.
In recent years, the location of Baling (Jiangcun Tomb) and its surroundings have been repeatedly harassed by "Tufuzi" (that is, grave robbers). In view of the grim situation of continuous theft of cultural relics in Baling area in recent years, with the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology began to carry out rescue excavation of hidden pits outside Jiangcun Tomb and Nanling Tomb on 20 17. 65438+February 14 announced the archaeological achievements made in the past four years.
Tomb site outside Nanling of Queen Mother Bo (165438+20201October)
The determination of the true location of China Emperor Baling is closely related to the theft of the tomb of Mrs. Gou Jian, the wife of Liu Che, Emperor of the Han Dynasty. "Mrs Gou Jian" is Zhao Jieyu, the wife of Emperor Liu Che and the mother of Emperor Liu Fuling. Her tomb is called Han Yunling, which is the seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units. It is located in the west of Daguta Village, Wang Tie Town, Chunhua County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province.
In July 20 16, Han Yunling was robbed. The Chunhua County Public Security Bureau attached great importance to this and immediately set up a task force to conduct an investigation. In view of the seriousness of the case, the Ministry of Public Security listed the case as a listed supervision case and directly organized and directed the public security organs of Shaanxi Province to carry out investigation work.
The police followed suit, dug up other robbery gangs from one robbery gang, and then expanded the line and people. After more than a year, eight criminal gangs that robbed ancient tombs were destroyed, 9 1 person was arrested, 96 cases of theft, excavation and reselling of cultural relics were detected, the vehicles involved 10 were detained, and10 pieces of cultural relics were recovered.
It has long been mistaken for the phoenix mouth of Baling.
According to the relevant judgment documents, the cultural protection units involved in these grave robbers are: Tomb No.66 in Ling Du (Tomb of Emperor Xuan Di Liu Xun of Han Zhaodi), Han Yunling, Jiangcun Tomb Cluster Burial Pit, Yinjia Urban and Rural Tombs in zhenyuan county, Gansu, Wangjiamen Village in Wushan County, and Danzhou Town in Yichuan County, Yan 'an City.
This series of grave robbery cases, involving Zhaizhai (where Jiangcun Tomb is located) in Baqiao District of Xi City, can be traced back to 200 1 at the earliest, but mainly concentrated after 20 10. According to the judgment documents of Xianyang Intermediate People's Court, No.46 (20 18) and No.292 (20 19) of Shaanxi High Court, the above series of grave robbery cases have been basically tried by Xianyang Intermediate People's Court and Shaanxi High Court from 20 18 to 2020.
These grave robbers have a clear division of labor, including fund providers, organized executors, grave robbers, grave robbers and cashiers selling stolen goods. Different gang members have both cross-cooperation and intrigue. The cultural relics involved are pottery figurines, pottery animal figurines, pottery chimes, stone jars, bronze chimes, jade articles and so on.
Among them, Meng Jingjian, nicknamed "Meng Boss", appeared frequently in many cases. He not only organized grave robbery, but also was responsible for buying and selling stolen goods. (For details about this person, please refer to the report of The First Grave Robber in Northwest China.
Xianyang Intermediate People's Court found in the first instance that Meng Jingjian had robbed ancient tombs four times, two of which belonged to the national key cultural relics protection units, and he played an organizational role in the crime of * * * and was the principal offender; He also participated in the cover-up and concealment of crimes for four times, with a total amount of 10 million yuan, which is a serious case and should be punished according to law.
On July 7, 2009, Xianyang Intermediate People's Court sentenced the defendant Meng Jingjian to fixed-term imprisonment of 12 years and fined him 6,543,800 yuan. He was sentenced to four years in prison and fined 400,000 yuan. He decided to execute 14 years in prison and fined 6.5438+0.4 million yuan. And its illegal income of 2.83 million yuan (paid 1989500 yuan) will be recovered. Meng Jingjian refused to accept the judgment of the first instance and appealed, but was rejected by the Shaanxi High Court.
Among these grave robbers, small swallow was the most severely punished. The court found that he had stolen ancient tombs eight times, two of which belonged to ancient tombs of national key cultural relics protection units, and once committed a crime and robbed precious cultural relics. He is the principal of a robbery gang and a recidivist (he was sentenced to five years in prison for theft) and should be severely punished.
In the end, small swallow was found guilty of excavating ancient tombs, sentenced to life imprisonment, confiscated 2 million yuan of personal property, and recovered 4.823 million yuan of his illegal income (6.5438+0.983 million yuan has been paid).
In addition, the cemetery of Empress Dowager Bo, the mother of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty, was also stolen. However, the case has nothing to do with the above series of grave robbery cases.
The Nanling Mausoleum of Empress Bo is circled in red at the bottom of the picture, the tomb of Empress Dou, Wendi's wife, is marked in red at the upper right, and the tomb of Jiangcun (Wendi's tomb) is marked in red at the left.
From September 4th, 2065438 to September 6th, 2006, Xiao Qiang, Liu Kaiming, Vencent Yang, Tim zhao and Duan Xiaoli took Luoyang shovel, probes, steel drills, shovels and other grave-robbing tools, took a white Jinbei van driven by Xue Guoqiang and went to Baotai Touling, a national key cultural relics protection unit, for many times. Xiao Qiang, Liu Kaiming and Vencent Yang are responsible for the excavation work, and Zhao Penghe.
Hou Xiaoqiang and others hid the stolen cultural relics in Liu Qi's rental house in a village in Yanta District. At about 2 1 on September 6, Liu Qi counted the stolen cultural relics in the house, and agreed with Xiao Qiang and others to buy them at a price ranging from 3,000 to 4,000 yuan each, and took some cultural relics away by vehicle. The next day, Liu Qi was caught by the public security organs when he transported the cultural relics to his home in Gaoling District for storage. In fact, at 3 o'clock in the morning of September 6, the police received an anonymous phone call from the masses, saying that someone was hiding cultural relics in a village in Yanta District. After receiving the police, the police launched an investigation and cracked the case.
Confirmed by the Municipal Bureau of Cultural Relics, the stolen cave in this case is located in the burial pit of the Queen Mother Bao, a national key cultural relics protection unit, which has historical, artistic and scientific value. Appraised by Shaanxi Cultural Relics Appraisal Research Center, painted male figurines, painted female figurines and other Han Dynasty cultural relics 108 were stolen, including 5 second-class cultural relics and 3 third-class cultural relics 103; There are 49 Han Dynasty cultural relics such as painted pottery figurines, painted pottery figurines and painted sitting figurines. , are general cultural relics.
According to the news released by Qin Feng. Com, June19+February 10, the Supervision Committee of Shaanxi Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection reported four typical cases of dereliction of duty in the protection of historical and cultural heritage. The first case is that the Xi 'an Anxi Han Emperor Mausoleum Protection and Management Center failed to manage and protect the thin mausoleum of the Empress Dowager of the Western Han Dynasty, which led to the theft of the site.
According to the circular, after 20 14, the protection and management center of the Western Han Mausoleum did not seriously organize the protection of the Empress Dowager Bo Xilai's Mausoleum, and the management and protection system was lacking, and the daily inspections were sloppy and the group defense force was weak. 2065438+September 2006, the burial pit of Botaihou mausoleum was robbed by a grave robbery gang. Although the case was detected by the public security organs and most of the cultural relics were recovered, some cultural relics were still damaged and lost. 2065438+2008 10, 165438+2008, Feng Wei, the director of Baling Management Office under the management center, was severely warned by the party and given a demerit in government affairs. 2065438+July 2009, Wang Jingping, director of the management center, was merged due to other violations of discipline and law, and was expelled from the Party and demoted.
On the morning of 2 14, National Cultural Heritage Administration held an online press conference in Beijing, focusing on three important archaeological discoveries and research achievements in Gansu, Henan and Shaanxi. At the meeting, it was announced that the tomb of Jiangcun in Bailuyuan, Shaanxi Province was called Baling, the emperor of China.
The reporter was informed that the online conference on the progress of the "Archaeological China" major project focused on the important archaeological discoveries in the Han and Tang Dynasties. Among them, the Baling of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty is undoubtedly the most concerned project. Before the owner of the tomb was determined, this tomb in Bailuyuan, Xi City, Shaanxi Province was always called "Jiangcun Tomb". Archaeologists, through careful excavation and careful analysis, judged that "Jiangcun Tomb" was the Baling of Emperor Wendi. The other two projects are the latest research results of Zheng Pingfang Site in Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties and Tuguhun Mausoleum in Tang Dynasty discovered in Wuwei, Gansu Province.
Relative position between Jiangcun tomb and Xi city
Jiangcun Tomb is located in Baqiao District, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. On 20 16, the hidden pit outside Jiangcun tomb was stolen. In order to confirm the preservation of the tomb and the distribution of cultural relics around it, with the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, archaeologists conducted a systematic archaeological investigation and exploration on Jiangcun Tomb and its nearby Tomb of Dou Empress, Nanling Mausoleum of Bo Empress and "Fengzui", which is said to be the tomb of Emperor China, and excavated the hidden pit outside the cemetery. At present, it is basically confirmed that the tomb of Jiangcun is Liu Heng, the emperor of China in the early Western Han Dynasty.
Jiangcun Cemetery is located at the western end of Bailuyuan in the eastern suburb, about 800 meters northeast of which is the tomb of Queen Dou, about 2000 meters southwest of which is the Nanling of Queen Bo, and about 2 100 meters north of which is the "Fengzui" where Baling, the former national protection unit, is located. Archaeological exploration confirmed that Phoenix Mouth has no remains of Han tombs, so it was ruled out as Baling. The plane of Jiangcun Tomb is in the shape of "Ya", and the surface is not sealed. The side of the tomb is about 72 meters long and more than 30 meters deep. There are more than 1 10 hidden pits around the tomb. There are graveyards paved with pebbles around the hidden pit (tentatively named "Shiwei"), with a side length of about 390 meters. It is speculated that there is a house address outside the middle of the stone enclosure. The remains of the cemetery wall were found on the periphery of Jiangcun Tomb and Dou Empress Tomb. It is speculated that the cemetery is about1200m long from east to west and 863m wide from north to south, and it is in the same cemetery. Archaeological excavation found that there were 8 hidden pits in Jiangcun Tomb, and more than 500 pieces of pottery figurines, bronze seals, bronze chariots and horses, ironware and pottery were unearthed. Bronze seals include "Chefu", "Qi Fu", "Chinese Qian Qi", "Yin Fu", "Cang Yin" and "Zhong Sikong Yin", indicating that the hidden pits around Jiangcun Tomb should imitate the real government office. The shape and scale of Jiangcun tomb conform to the specifications of the highest-grade tombs in the Western Han Dynasty. In addition, the surrounding tombs include Dou Taihou Mausoleum and Queen Mother Bo Mausoleum. Experts confirmed that Jiangcun Tomb is the tomb of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty.
This archaeological work determined the exact location of Emperor Wendi's mausoleum and solved the name problem of the Eleventh Mausoleum in the Western Han Dynasty. The structure layout of Baling double cemetery, with the mausoleum in the center and hidden pits around it, is obviously different from the Changling mausoleum of Emperor Gaozu and the Anling mausoleum of Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the mausoleum system in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty and is of great significance to the in-depth study of the mausoleum system in ancient China.
National Cultural Heritage Administration held an online meeting in Beijing this morning (14). At the meeting, it was announced that Jiangcun Tomb in Xi 'an Bailuyuan, Shaanxi Province was the Baling of Emperor China.
How was the tomb of Anjiang Village discovered in Xi 'an? There is no tall and sealed soil in Jiangcun Tomb. At the archaeological site, whether looking up from the ground or overlooking from the air with drones, there is no big tomb here. It entered the sight of archaeologists and dates back to a robbery many years ago.
How was the Emperor Baling of China discovered? Let's talk about a grave robbery case many years ago →
In 2002, in an auction in the United States, Jiangcun Tomb first appeared in front of archaeologists in China. Six pieces of black pottery figurines stolen from here appear in the auction catalogue of Sotheby's auction house in the United States and will be auctioned soon. Our government made timely representations through diplomatic channels.
Archaeologist Jiao Nanfeng: Before the auction, these six terracotta figures were taken out from the auction list. Entrusted by National Cultural Heritage Administration, I answered 1 1 questions raised by Sotheby's. Why is it from China? Why is it from Shaanxi? Why is it from the Western Han Dynasty? Wait a minute. Something like that
After many efforts, these six terracotta figures returned to Xi in 2003. Subsequently, the relevant departments investigated the origin of these six terracotta figures, and finally determined that grave robbers stole them from the ancient tomb in Jiangcun.
Zhang Xiangyu, vice president of Xi 'an Archaeological Research Institute: At that time, both caves were stolen, so it is clear when the wheat will be harvested. Later, it can be seen in satellite pictures.
In 2006, after confirming that these terracotta warriors and horses came from Jiangcun ancient tomb, archaeologists conducted an archaeological investigation here. Archaeologists are surprised by the exploration results. There is an Asian-shaped tomb hidden here with four pyramids. So, who is the owner of this tomb?
Ma, a researcher at Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology: At that time, some scholars thought that this might be the tomb of Dou Taizu buried with Baling. Dou Zhu is actually the daughter of Queen Dou and Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, and her status is relatively high. It is clearly recorded in the history books that she was buried with Ba Ling. It was suspected to be her grave.
Further archaeological excavations show that the total length of the east and west tombs of Jiangcun Tomb is 250 meters, which belongs to the top configuration in terms of tomb shape, surpassing the princess and even the princes.
Ma, a researcher at Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology, said: In ancient society, the "Asian" shape was actually mainly used by emperors. The side of the tomb is more than 70 meters long, and the eastern tomb 100 meters long. In addition to the emperor's tomb, there are other princes, 30 meters to 50 meters, 60 meters.
Although some people speculate that Jiangcun Tomb may be the tomb of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, according to the relevant records and textual research since the Yuan Dynasty, it is generally believed that the tomb of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty is located in Fenghuangzui, two kilometers north of Jiangcun Tomb. Without conclusive evidence, no one dares to say that the tomb of Jiangcun is Baling, the emperor of China.
Archaeologist Jiao Nanfeng: We have a rule in archaeology. If you are in doubt, you must have a series of evidences when you want to publish your article. This may be the Baling in my mind. In fact, the conclusion was clear to everyone at that time, but it needed to be confirmed through a series of work.