Gong plowing Longmu
Zhuge Caolu in Longzhong Zhuge Liang was born in an official family in Yangdu County, Langya County in the fourth year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (181). The clan is a prominent family in Langya. The ancestor Zhuge Feng once served as a Sili school captain during the Yuan Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Gui served as the magistrate of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty; [1] When Zhuge Liang was 3 years old, his mother Zhang died of illness, and Zhuge Liang was 8 years old. When his father died, he and his younger brother Zhuge Jun followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed by Yuan Shu as the governor of Yuzhang, to Yuzhang (now Nanchang, Jiangxi) to take office. The Eastern Han Dynasty court sent Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan, so Zhuge Xuan went to Jingzhou to Liu Biao.
In the second year of Jian'an (197), Zhuge Xuan died, and Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong (located in today's Xiangyang, Hubei Province). He liked to recite "Liang Fu Yin" on weekdays, and often compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi. People at that time looked down upon him. Only his friends Xu Shu and Cui Zhouping believed in his talents.
Zhuge Liang had friendships with Sima Hui, Pang Degong, Huang Chengyan and others who were famous in Xiangyang at that time. Huang Chengyan once said to Zhuge Liang: "I heard that you want to choose a wife. There is an ugly girl in my family with yellow hair and dark skin, but her talent can match yours." Zhuge Liang agreed to this marriage and married her. People at that time used it as a joke, and there was even a proverb in the village: "Don't be like Kong Ming when choosing a wife, or you will get an ugly girl like A Cheng." However, there is also a saying that Huang Yueying is extremely beautiful, so she is disliked by other young women in the village. He disparaged her appearance out of jealousy.
Longzhong Countermeasures
Main entry: Three visits to the thatched cottage, Longzhong decision-making
In the sixth year of Jian'an (201), Liu Bei was defeated by Cao Cao and defected to Jingzhou Liu Biao At the same time, we actively contacted local heroes. At that time, Liu Bei was attached to Liu Biao and stationed troops in Xinye (located in today's Nanyang, Henan). Later, when Sima Hui met with Liu Bei, he said: "Those Confucian scholars are all ignorant people. How can they understand the current affairs and situation? Only those who can understand the current affairs and situations are outstanding. At this time, only Wolong (Zhuge Liang) and Fengchu (Pang Tong) )." Zhuge Liang was recommended by Xu Shu. Liu Bei hoped that Xu Shu would invite Liang to see him, but Xu Shu suggested: "You can go see this man, but you can't let him come here. The general should deign to visit him." Liu Bei then went to visit him in person. , I went there three times before meeting Zhuge Liang. After meeting Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei asked others to avoid him and asked him: "Now the Han Dynasty is in decline, traitors are using the emperor's orders to do things, and the emperor has lost his power. I did not measure my own virtue and ability. I wanted to revive the world with great righteousness, but my wisdom and strategy were not enough, so I often failed, until today. However, my ambition has not yet calmed down. Do you have any plans to help me? "
Zhuge Liang then told him the plan of dividing the world into three parts. Zhuge Liang analyzed: "Since Dong Zhuo took charge of the country, heroes from all over the country have emerged and occupied countless states and counties. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao has very little reputation. However, the reason why Cao Cao was able to defeat Yuan Shao in the end and defeat the strong with the weak relied not only on the timing of the day, but also on the proper planning of people. Now that Cao Cao has an army of millions, he can hold the emperor hostage and order the princes. This really cannot compete with him. Sun Quan has occupied Jiangdong for three generations. The terrain is difficult, the people are loyal, and he has appointed talented people. He can only use him as a foreign aid, but he cannot be exploited. Jingzhou is connected to the Han River and Mian River in the north, and supplies can be obtained all the way to the South China Sea. It is connected to Wu County and Kuaiji County to the east, and to Ba County and Shu County to the west. This is a place that everyone must compete for, but its owner But there is no ability to hold it. Yizhou has a dangerous terrain, vast fertile land, and superior natural conditions. Gaozu relied on it to establish his empire. Liu Zhang was mediocre and cowardly, while Zhang Lu occupied Hanzhong in the north. The people were wealthy and had abundant products, but Liu Zhang did not know how to cherish them. Talented people all long for a wise monarch. The general is a clan member of the Han Dynasty, and his prestige is very high. He is famous all over the world. He recruits heroes extensively and yearns for talents. If he can occupy Jing and Yizhou, defend the dangerous places, make peace with the various ethnic groups in the west, and appease the The ethnic minorities in the south unite with Sun Quan externally and reform politics internally. Once the situation in the world changes, send a general to lead the army of Jingzhou directly to the Central Plains. General, you personally lead the army of Yizhou to attack from Qinchuan. The common people Who dares not to use a bamboo basket to hold food and a pot to hold wine to welcome you, general? If this can be done, then the cause of hegemony will be successful and the Han Dynasty will be revived. "
This discussion was later called "Longzhong Dui". After Liu Bei heard it, he praised it and invited Zhuge Liang to help, so Zhuge Liang came out. Liu Bei often discussed with him, and their relationship became increasingly close.
Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were very unhappy. Liu Bei explained to them: "I have Kong Ming, just like a fish gets water. I hope you will stop talking." "" Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others stopped complaining. The "Longzhong Dui" proposed by Zhuge Liang was the basic national policy of Liu Bei and Shu Han in the following decades. Zhuge Liang was 27 years old at the time.
Fresh Out
In the 13th year of Jian'an (208), Liu Biao's eldest son Liu Qi thought highly of Zhuge Liang. Cai, Liu Biao's wife and Liu Qi's stepmother, made repeated slanders. Liu Biao doted on his youngest son Liu Cong, and gradually became dissatisfied with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang several times for advice on how to stabilize himself, but Zhuge Liang always declined and did not plan for it. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang to come up with a solution during a banquet. Liu Qi said to Zhuge Liang: "Now the two of us can't reach the sky when we go up, and we can't reach the earth when we go down. It's just the two of us. The words come from your mouth and enter my ears. No one else knows. Can I say it now?" Zhuge Liang was helpless. He then said to Liu Qi: "Can't you see that in history, Shen Sheng caused disasters in the country and Chong'er escaped and survived?" Liu Qi realized that Zhuge Liang asked him to go out to protect himself. At that time, Huang Zu was killed by Soochow, and Liu Qi recommended him as the prefect of Jiangxia to protect himself.
In August of the 13th year of Jian'an (208 years), Liu Biao died of illness and was succeeded by his second son Liu Cong. At that time, Cao Cao, who was under the name of Prime Minister of the Han Dynasty, unified the north and led an army of 200,000 to the south of Jingchu. When he heard the news that Cao Cao was going south, he sent his envoys to surrender. Zhuge Liang persuaded Liu Bei to attack Liu Cong in time and take the opportunity to occupy Jingzhou, but Liu Bei couldn't bear it. After Liu Bei learned about Cao Cao's army going south in Fancheng, he led his army and people to flee south. Cao's army caught up with Liu's army at Changban in Dangyang and defeated Liu's army.
In the same year, Liu Bei was defeated and fled to Xiakou. Sun Quan had previously sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei that he seek help from Sun Quan. Zhuge Liang then recommended himself to Chaisang as a lobbyist and became friends with Lu Su. . [5]
Chibi Battle of Wisdom
Main article: Battle of Chibi
After Zhuge Liang fought against the Confucian scholars Liu Bei led his army to Xiakou (now Hankou, Hubei), Zhuge Liang said: "The situation is urgent now. I request to go to Jiangdong in person to seek help from Sun Quan." At that time, Sun Quan led the army and was stationed in Chaisang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to watch the development of the situation. After arriving at Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met with Sun Quan. Zhuge Liang analyzed the situation for Sun Quan: "There was great chaos at home, and the general raised troops to occupy Jiangdong. Liu Yuzhou also gathered his troops south of the Han River, intending to compete with Cao Cao for the world. Now that Cao Cao has suppressed other forces and basically occupied the north, he is now going south to attack Jingzhou is powerful all over the world. The hero has no use for it, so Liu Yuzhou fled here.
Then Zhuge Liang first gave Sun Quan two choices, "If we can use the military power of Wu and Yue to fight against the Central Plains." If we want to compete with the country, it is better to break off diplomatic relations with Cao Cao as soon as possible." Another option is to provoke the generals. "If you think you can't resist, why not stop military operations and surrender to the north? Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang why Liu Bei didn't surrender. Zhuge Liang raised Liu Bei's status and said that Liu Bei had integrity and would never surrender to show Sun Quan Liu Bei's determination. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he did something wrong. Worried about how many troops Liu Bei still had to fight, Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. He first said that there were tens of thousands of soldiers returning from the army and Guan Yu's navy, plus Liu Qifan's Jiangxia soldiers were no less than ten thousand, and then he said that Cao's army was exhausted from the distance. , when chasing Liu Bei, they traveled more than 300 miles in a day and night with light cavalry. It was "the end of the strong crossbow, and the force could not penetrate Lu Zhen"; and the northerners were not used to water warfare, and the people of Jingzhou were forced to obey Cao Cao, but they were not convinced; In the end, it was definitely said that Cao Cao could be defeated. Sun Quan was very happy. Later, he was persuaded by Lu Su and Zhou Yu and decided to join forces with Liu to fight against Cao Cao. He sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and others to lead 30,000 naval troops to fight against Cao Cao. p>
Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei with his army; in November, Cao Cao's army encountered a fire attack by Sun and Liu's coalition forces in Chibi. Cao Cao's army suffered very heavy losses. At this time, a plague broke out in Cao Cao's army, and Cao Cao had no choice but to lead his army. Return to the north.
Dingding Jingyi
Main article: Battle of Yizhou, Battle of Hanzhong
After the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei took advantage of Cao Cao's return to the north. In December of the 13th year of Jian'an (208 AD), he followed Zhuge Liang's plan and pacified the four counties of Jingnan. He appointed Zhuge Liang as military advisor Zhonglang General. He lived in Linxian and oversaw the three counties of Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha. Responsible for adjusting taxes and enriching military resources.
In the 16th year of Jian'an (211), Yizhou Mu Liu Zhang, at Zhang Song's instigation, sent Fa Zheng to Jingzhou to ask Liu Bei to lead troops to protect Yizhou's security. Zhuge Liang believed that the opportunity was not lost and persuaded Liu Bei to agree. Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others guarded Jingzhou, and Liu Bei personally led his army into Yizhou accompanied by counselor Pang Tong.
In December of the following year, Liu Zhang discovered that Zhang Song was having an affair with Liu Bei, so he executed Zhang Song and ordered the generals guarding the pass to prevent Liu Bei's troops from passing through. Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and attacked Chengdu. Liu Bei made the first move and occupied Fucheng (now Mianyang, Sichuan) and advanced towards Chengdu.
In the 19th year of Zhuge Liang's Jian'an reign (214), Zhuge Liang heard that Liu Bei had attacked Chengdu and that military advisor Pang Tong had been killed. Guan Yu stayed behind in Jingzhou, led his troops up the Yangtze River with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun, captured Badong, and joined forces with Liu Bei in Chengdu. Arriving in Jiangzhou, he defeated and captured Yan Yan, the governor of Bajun. Liu Zhang was forced to leave the city and surrender. After Chengdu was captured, Zhuge Liang received five hundred catties of gold, one thousand catties of silver, fifty million yuan, and one thousand pieces of brocade. He was also appointed as military advisor general and assigned to General Zuo's office. Whenever Liu Bei sent out troops to conquer, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu and providing Liu Bei with enough food and troops. At that time, Fa Zhengzheng was defending foreign armies and was serving as a counselor at home. He was in charge of Shu and was determined to retaliate. He killed many people who slandered him without authorization. Someone said to Zhuge Liang: "Fa Zheng is too domineering. The general should tell the lord to suppress his momentum." Zhuge Liang said: "The lord is in Gong'an. There is Cao Cao's army to the north. He is afraid of Sun Quan's coercion to the east, and he is afraid of Sun Fu inside. Life is a matter of course. Since I helped my lord, I feel like I have wings to fly in the sky, and I am no longer trapped by others. Why should I restrain him and prevent him from getting what he wants?" So he no longer pursues the matter. Zhuge Liang governed Shu and advocated harsh punishments and laws, and many people were resentful. Fazheng quoted Zhuge Liang's story about the Han emperor who abolished the Qin Dynasty's harsh laws after entering Guanzhong and made a three-chapter law, hoping to be tolerant in governance. However, Zhuge Liang believed that Fa Zheng only knew one aspect and did not know the other. He believes that the current situation is different from that of the late Qin Dynasty. Liu Zhang is ignorant and incompetent. Since he took charge of Shu, he has not formulated effective laws, and he has not practiced moral governance and has no threats. The large clans in Shu were monopolistic and self-indulgent, and the rule of kings and ministers was gradually replaced by the specialization of the large clans. Therefore, I am now implementing severe punishments to correct this political situation.
In October of the 22nd year of Jian'an (217), Cao Cao invaded Hanzhong southward after pacifying the warlords in Guanzhong. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), Liu Bei and Cao Cao were in a stalemate in Hanzhong. Liu Bei sent people to Chengdu to ask Zhuge Liang to mobilize troops to support him. Yang Hong advised Zhuge Liang that Hanzhong was the throat of Yizhou, a disaster for his family, and an opportunity for survival. At this time, "men should fight and women should luck." The Battle of Hanzhong ended with Liu Bei's victory. In July, Liu Bei proclaimed himself King of Hanzhong. So far, the strategic goal of "crossing Jingjing and benefiting" formulated by Zhuge Liang in the "Longzhong Countermeasures" has been fully realized.
Extended information:
Literary image
Zhuge Liang in the cartoon "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms"
Zhuge Liang in the novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" He lived in seclusion in Longzhong, Xiangyang, and was guided by Xu Shu to Liu Bei. Later, he came out of the mountain after Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times. At first, he was not favored by Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. After burning Bowang Slope, Guan Zhang was convinced of Zhuge Liang's wisdom. Cao Cao's army went south, and Liu Bei's army retreated from Jiangxia. Before leaving, Zhuge Liang set up an ambush to flood and burn Cao Cao's army. Then as an envoy, he went to Jiangdong to fight with the Confucian scholars and persuaded Sun Quan and Liu Bei to form an alliance to fight against Cao Cao. He cooperated with Zhou Yu, but a battle of wits and courage burned Chibi, and he expected that Zhou Yu wanted to harm him, so he asked Zhao Yun to drive a boat to meet him in advance. After returning to Liu Bei's camp, he dispatched Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun to pursue Cao Cao, and planned the allusion of Guan Yu Huarong Dao. After Cao Cao was defeated, Zhuge Liang used a trick to attack Jiangling, which Zhou Yu had captured immediately. After counterattacking Jingzhou, he saw through Zhou Yu's fake plan to destroy Guo, and angered Zhou Yu to death, causing Zhou Yu to say before his death, "How can you be bright if you have Yu?"