1. Definition, characteristics and classification of typhoons
Speaking of typhoons, we should start with cyclones. Cyclone refers to a horizontal vortex whose central air pressure is lower than that around it at the same height. In the northern hemisphere, the air rotates counterclockwise; The southern hemisphere is the opposite. In the pressure field, cyclone is also called low pressure (referred to as low pressure). So cyclone and low pressure are just two different names of the same system. We call a severe weather system on the tropical ocean surface a tropical cyclone. According to statistics, tropical cyclones are generated in tropical oceans all over the world except the South Atlantic. The intensity of tropical cyclones occurring in tropical oceans varies greatly. Before 1989, China called the tropical cyclone with the maximum wind force of 8 or above near the center a typhoon, and the tropical cyclone with the maximum wind force of 12 near the center a strong typhoon. Since 1989, China has also adopted international classification standards, that is, when the maximum wind force near the center of a tropical cyclone is less than 8, it is called a tropical depression, those with winds of 8 and 9 are called tropical storms, those with winds of 1 and 11 are strong tropical storms, and only tropical cyclones with maximum wind force of 12 near the center are called typhoons or hurricanes. From the above definition, it is not difficult to see that tropical cyclone is the general name of tropical depression, tropical storm, strong tropical storm and typhoon. However, due to the weak destructive power of tropical depression and other reasons, the traditional tropical cyclone generally does not include tropical depression.
tropical storms and typhoons are approximately circular, with a diameter of 6-1 kilometers, the largest >; 2 kilometers, the smallest <; 1 kilometers, the greater the wind speed near the center and the lower the air pressure in the center, the stronger the tropical storms and typhoons. Tropical storms and typhoons that hit China often occur from May to November, with July to September being the most frequent. Typical tropical storms and typhoons are composed of eyes, eye walls and spiral rain belts. Its eyes are mostly round, generally 5 ~ 5 kilometers, and the airflow in the eye area sinks, and the wind is small and blue; The eye wall is composed of a cloud wall with a width of tens of kilometers, and the airflow rises strongly, which is the worst weather area, with the maximum wind speed, heavy rain and heavy precipitation above heavy rain; The airflow convection in the spiral rain belt is strong, which is a precipitation system with a width of tens to hundreds of kilometers and a length of thousands of kilometers, often bringing precipitation and windy weather.
Different countries have different names for tropical cyclones, such as typhoons in China and East Asia, hurricanes in the Atlantic, tropical storms in the Indian Ocean and "Willie" winds in Australia.
ii. numbering and naming of tropical cyclones
in order to distinguish tropical cyclones, it is necessary to give them a separate name. Tropical cyclones were first distinguished according to their positions (mainly the latitude and longitude of their centers), which is quite troublesome and often unsatisfactory. Until the early 19th century, some Spanish-speaking Caribbean islands named hurricanes according to the calendar time when they landed. For example, three hurricanes hit Puerto Rico: Santa Ana on July 26, 1825, and San Felipe on September 13, 1876 and 1928. According to reports, at the end of the 19 th century, Australian forecaster Clemen? Langer named tropical cyclones after politicians he hated. During the Second World War, Americans first identified four groups of girls' names with English letters (except Q, U, X, Y and Z) to name Atlantic tropical cyclones (hurricanes). Each group is arranged in alphabetical order. Such as the first group: Anna (Anna), B1anche (Blanche), Camil. Te (Camil．te), etc., until wcnda (Wenda); The second group: A1nla (Alma), BECL (J/(Becky), Cella (Celia), etc. until wilna (Willner); The third and fourth groups are also named according to a to W. When a typhoon is detected by an airplane, it is given a name according to the order in which it appears. The first one is named Anna, and the second one is named B1 Anche, etc. When the first group of names is used up, the first name headed by the second group A is used again. The first typhoon name in the second year is followed by the last typhoon name in the previous year, and it can be recycled. It is impossible for typhoons to occur in any area in a year to exceed the total number of names of these four groups. Take the Pacific Northwest, where typhoons occur the most in the world, there are no more than 5 typhoons a year. Therefore, in the same year, it is impossible for each region to have duplicate names. Of course, the names of typhoons will be repeated in different years. Therefore, in front of the typhoon name. Be sure to indicate the year to show the difference. At the end of 197s, at the request of American feminist movement, the naming list was expanded and named after men and women. In oral and written communication, especially in alarm, people gradually accept the advantages of using named tables. Names should be short, popular and easy to remember, so as to convey information to millions of people in tropical cyclone threat areas, so as to avoid confusion when the same area is affected by more than one tropical cyclone at the same time. This practice was soon widely adopted in the western hemisphere. All tropical cyclone-prone areas have used the naming system.
after the late 197s, under the coordination of the regional tropical cyclone committees of the World Meteorological Organization, the naming of tropical cyclones went international. In most regions, the tropical cyclone nomenclature table (usually using male and female names alternately) is formulated by the tropical cyclone committee in the region, and the more important task of the tropical cyclone committee is to promote and coordinate the tropical cyclone disaster reduction actions in the region. Specific practices vary from region to region. The designated meteorological center is usually responsible for naming tropical cyclones in alphabetical order. Some regional naming tables are recycled, some regions often make new naming tables, and some regional naming tables are used from scratch after use. If a tropical cyclone is notorious, such as causing serious casualties or huge property losses, the name of the tropical cyclone should be removed from the list of names and replaced with another name of the same sex, and the first letter should be the same. Some areas use four digits to name tropical cyclones, the first two digits are the year, and the last two digits are the sequence number of tropical cyclones in that year, and some also add geographical indicators. For example, the first tropical storm in the Bay of Bengal in 1991 was named BOB 919(BOB is the abbreviation of Bay of Bengal). The 25th typhoon in 199 was named 925. Some countries have made nomenclature tables for their own use, for example, the United States has made nomenclature tables for the Northwest Pacific and the North and Central Pacific, and the Philippines has also made nomenclature tables for typhoons in the Northwest Pacific. The name of typhoon in the Northwest Pacific used by joint typhoon warning center in Guam is often adopted by other countries in the region.
Most members of the Typhoon Committee come from countries and regions affected by typhoons. For many years, the Typhoon Committee has a system of numbering typhoons, that is, the Typhoon Center, the Tokyo Regional Professional Meteorological Center, is responsible for numbering tropical cyclones that reach the intensity of tropical storms. According to the resolution of the 31st session of Typhoon Committee, a new naming method for tropical cyclones was implemented from January 1st, 2. This method will be used in the communiqué issued by members of the Typhoon Committee to the international community. It is also used by members to issue tropical cyclone warnings in local languages. The Typhoon Committee will continue to use tropical cyclone numbers.
China has always adopted the method of tropical cyclone numbering, and the tropical cyclones occurring near the center of the northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea, west of longitude 18 degrees and north of the equator, are numbered according to the order of their generation. For example, tropical storm 968 was the eighth tropical cyclone generated in the above-mentioned waters in 1996. When it developed into a strong tropical storm, it was called a strong tropical storm 968. When it continued to develop into a typhoon, it was called a typhoon 968. Of course, when it decays into a tropical storm, it is also called tropical storm 968. When a tropical cyclone decays into a tropical depression or degenerates into an extratropical cyclone, the numbering is stopped.
The 3th meeting of Typhoon Committee, held in Hongkong, China from November 25th to December 1st, 1997, decided to study the proposal of adopting names with Asian style for tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific and South China Sea, and appointed the Typhoon Research Coordination Group (TRCG) to study the details of implementation. After a year's efforts, TRCG put forward suggestions on naming tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific and South China Sea. The 31st meeting of Typhoon Committee held in Manila, Philippines from December 1 to 7, 1998, after heated discussions, agreed to the naming scheme of tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific and South China Sea proposed by TRCG, and decided that the new naming method of tropical cyclones would be implemented from January 1, 2.
There are 14 names in the Typhoon Committee Naming Table * * *, and the names are selected by Cambodia, China, North Korea, Hong Kong, China, Macau, China, Japan, Laos, Malaysia and Micronesia (Federated States of) in the Asia-Pacific region according to the naming principles formulated by the Typhoon Committee (each name is no more than 9 letters, easy to pronounce, has no bad meaning in the languages of members, and will not bring any difficulties to members). Members can translate the naming list into local languages according to pronunciation or meaning. In order to avoid unnecessary confusion caused by more than one translator, the Central Meteorological Observatory in China, the Hong Kong Observatory and the Geophysical and Meteorological Observatory in Macau, China, have decided on a set of unified Chinese translations. From January 1, 2, when the Central Meteorological Observatory issued the tropical cyclone warning, it will continue to use the tropical cyclone number and the tropical cyclone name. The naming table of the Typhoon Committee will be used in the forecasts, warnings and bulletins issued to the international aviation and navigation community through the international media, and also for members to issue tropical cyclone warnings in local languages. This will help people to be alert to the approaching tropical cyclone and increase the effectiveness of the warning. The Typhoon Committee will continue to use tropical cyclone numbers.
business procedures for typhoon naming (1) Tokyo Typhoon Center, a regional professional meteorological center, is responsible for naming tropical cyclones with tropical storm intensity and above according to the naming table determined by the Typhoon Committee, and arranging them in the order of tropical cyclone naming and numbering (with brackets). The bulletins issued by the Tokyo Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the meteorological broadcasts in the sea area of China and Japan's Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) Ⅶ also adopt the same names and numbers. (2) The names of tropical cyclones are named in a predetermined order. Tropical cyclones keep their names unchanged throughout their life history. In order to avoid confusion, the Typhoon Center in Tokyo only gives the number of tropical cyclones entering the northwest Pacific through the international international date line, but does not give a new name, that is, it keeps the original name unchanged. The US Central Pacific Hurricane Center, which is responsible for naming tropical cyclones in the central North Pacific, also agreed to maintain the name of Tokyo Typhoon Center for tropical cyclones crossing the international international date line from west to east. (3) All members of the Typhoon Committee will use the names and numbers assigned by the Tokyo Typhoon Center when issuing warning bulletins to the international community (including media, aviation and navigation). (4) For tropical cyclones that cause particularly serious disasters, members of the Typhoon Committee may apply to delete the name used by the tropical cyclone from the list of names (permanent names), or they may apply to delete the name for other reasons. The annual session of the Typhoon Committee will consider the typhoon nomenclature table. The following is the nomenclature table of tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific and South China Sea (P >) (implemented since January 1, 2).
the first column, the second column, the third column, the fourth column and the fifth column name source
English name, Chinese name, Chinese name, Chinese name, Chinese name, Chinese name
Damey Davy Kong-rey Connie Nakri nakri Krovanh Korowang Sarika Sally Jia Cambodia
Longwang Dragon King Yut. U jade rabbit Fengshen fengshen Dujuan cuckoo Haima hippocampus China
Kirogi Hongyan Toraji Taozhi Kalmaegi seagull Maemi cicada Meari Mirei North Korea
Kai-tak Kai Tak Man-yi Wanyi Fung-ong Phoenix Choi-wan Caiyun Ma-on saddle. China Hong Kong
Tembin Libra Usagi Rabbit Kammuri North Crown Koppu Grand Duke Tokage tokage Japan
Bolaven Blavin Pabuk Phanfone Papon Ketsana Kesana Nock-ten Lotan Laos
Chanchu Pearl Wutip Butterfly Vong. Fong wasp parma Parma Muifa plum blossom China Macau
Jelawat Jielahua Sepat San Parusa Lusha Melor Jasmine Merbok Miao Bai Malaysia
Ewiniar Ai Yunni Fitow Philippines holds Sinlaku Senlake Nepartak Niebert Nanmadol Nanmadumik. Ronnie
Bilis bliss Danas Danas Hagupit Hagupit Hagupit Hagupit Lupit Talas Taras Philippines
Kaemi Gemei Nari Lily Changmi Rose Sudal Suter Noru Olu Korea
Prapiroon prapiroon Vipa Weber Megkhla Mikranida Nida Kularb Rose Thailand
Maria Francisco Fescu.