Manchu (Manchu: ), that is, Manchu nationality. They are one of the Tungus ethnic groups living in the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang in what is now Northeast China and the vast area of ??Siberia. Known as Jurchen or Xiao Shen in ancient Chinese literature, the nation is generally believed to have originated in Siberia. Some people also believe that it is a part of the Donghu ethnic group that was once broadly referred to as living in the northeastern region of China in Chinese history books. "Book of the Later Han·Yi Lou Biography": "There is no king, and each town has its leader." "Wei" "Book of Sui: Biography of Wu Ji" "Eplums and villages have their own merits, and they are not unified." "Book of Sui Dynasty: Biography of Mohe" "Eplums have chiefs, but they are not unified." In ancient times, life was dominated by fishing and hunting. Chinese documents from the Tang Dynasty call it "Mohe", and Chinese documents from the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties call it Jurchen. The Ming Dynasty established three health centers in today's Northeastern region, called Jianzhou and Haixi. There are separate governors under the control of the Ming general soldiers. In 1616, Aixinjueluo Nurhachi, who was worshiped as the left-guard governor of Jianzhou in the Ming Dynasty, raised troops to unify the Jurchen tribes and establish the Later Jin Kingdom. In 1636, Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne and changed the name of the country to "Qing" and "Jurchen" to "Manchuria". In 1644, he entered the Pass and destroyed the Ming Dynasty, and established the Qing Empire, which was ruled by Manchu aristocrats and covered Manchuria, the former Ming territory and the new northwest territories. After the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese government referred to them as "Manchus" in official documents.
The Manchu population of Manchu guards in the Qing Dynasty exceeded 10 million as of 2000. Most of them had one parent with Manchu ancestry or an ancestor who was found to have Manchu ancestry. There were also some whose ancestors were Han soldiers (or Korean, Mongolian) banner people. The Manchu people have Manchu language and Manchu script. During the Liao Dynasty (equivalent to the Northern Song Dynasty in China), the Jurchens in what is now Northeast China were divided into Southern Jurchens, Northern Jurchens, Huanglong Prefecture Jurchens, Hue Jurchens, Changbai Mountain Jurchens, etc., in addition to language and customs Apart from unification, these Jurchen tribes do not belong to each other. Among them, the Jurchen Wanyan tribe gradually became stronger, established the Jin Kingdom, destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty and occupied the Central Plains area, and created its own Jurchen script based on Chinese characters. The Jurchen script was gradually lost due to the demise of the Jin Dynasty, and finally disappeared completely in the late Ming Dynasty. After the development of the Jin generation, the concept of Jurchens became more clear than that of the previous generation. However, with the fall of the Jin Dynasty, a large number of Jurchens in the Central Plains integrated into the Han people. In addition to the original Jurchen tribes, the original Jurchen settlements still have some original Jurchen tribes. New tribes moved in, and Manchuria was similar to Wanyan, the name of a Jurchen tribe. Later, the rise of Manchuria conquered the Jurchen tribes and unified the name "Manchuria", which included the Mongolian, Korean and Liaodong Han people who submitted to Manchuria. Therefore, not all Manchus were Jurchens in the Ming Dynasty (after the death of Jin Dynasty, the name Jurchens became generalized again), nor were all Jurchens became Manchus (many tribes of "savage" Jurchens were Excluded from Manchuria, such as the current Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen, etc.). The descendants of the Wanyan tribe are not necessarily Manchus. Many descendants of the Wanyan tribe have integrated into the Han people, and the Wanyan tribe itself has continued to differentiate, giving rise to many new tribes. There was no written language until the formation of Manchuria. After conquering Mongolia and forming an alliance with Mongolia, they borrowed Mongolian letters to spell their own language. By the late Qing Dynasty, the Manchu nobles gradually became sinicized and rarely used Manchu. After the establishment of the Republic of China, The Manchus gradually gave up their language. At present, except for some linguists, the Manchu people speak Chinese. The Manchu script created by the Manchu aristocrats is slightly modified based on the Mongolian alphabet. The Xibe people in Xinjiang still use Xibe script and have regular newspapers published in Xibe script. There are also opinions that Xibe script is Manchu script. (The ancestors are the Xianbei people who integrated into the Han nationality in China). Currently, most of the people who study Manchu archives in the Forbidden City are Xibe people.
Distribution
Now the Manchus are mainly distributed in: (1) Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces in Northeast China, (2) Beijing and the adjacent Hebei Province, (the Qing Dynasty stipulated that Beijing The inner city is inhabited by the Eight Banners.) (3) Certain important cities within the Great Wall are basically strategic locations where the Eight Banners were stationed in the Qing Dynasty.
In 1760, cities with more than 1,000 Eight Banners soldiers outside Northeast China and areas near Beijing included: Jingzhou (5,535 people), Jiangning (4,126 people), Xi'an (3,970 people), Guangzhou (3,906 people), Zhenjiang (3521 people), Ningxia (3509 people), Suiyuancheng (2802 people), Fuzhou (2581 people), Chengdu (2341 people), Hangzhou (2232 people), Zhapu (belonging to Pinghu, Zhejiang, 2037 people), Qingzhou (1807 people), Liangzhou (1105 people).
Language
Manchu is the native language of the Manchu people. Modern Manchus generally use Chinese. Except for some scholars who can use Manchu, there are only a handful of elderly Manchus left who can speak Manchu, and most Manchus no longer understand Manchu. However, the Chinese dialects in Northeast China and Beijing have absorbed many Manchu words.
Customs
The art of Manchu paper-cutting can still be seen in the Northeast. Many Manchu customs and habits can still be seen. Such as sauerkraut, sticky bean buns, blood sausage, saqima, etc. in food.
Clothes
Manchu costumes Historically, Manchu men liked to wear long robes and mandarins, which were originally slit on four sides to facilitate riding and shooting. When a man reaches adulthood, he must shave his surrounding hair and braid it down the back of his head. The traditional clothing of Manchu women is a cheongsam, a white silk scarf, a Beijing hairdo and a "bun bun", three earrings, and a long handkerchief hanging around the waist.
Religion
The early Manchus believed in shamanism. Although shamanism still exists, most Manchus, like most other Han people, are non-religious people, and a small number of them believe in Buddhism.
The clothing of the Manchus before they entered the customs
Content introduction
Content introduction
The Manchus are the descendants of the Jurchens, and the ancestors of the Jurchens can be The Sushen people, dating back more than 3,000 years ago, have long lived in the northeastern border of my country and made a living by hunting. They paid tribute to King Wu in the 11th century BC and at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Yilou, Wuji, Mohe and Jurchen recorded in historical records after the Han Dynasty are all descendants of the Sushen people. The Jurchens of the Ming Dynasty were the predecessors of the Manchus. They lived in the Changbai Mountains in the northeast and made a living by hunting. After several generations, he lived in Hetuala (today's Xinbin County, Liaoning Province). It was built as the Xingjing of the Qing Dynasty during the reign of Taizu Aixinjueluo Nurhaci, and later annexed the Hada, Huifa, Yehe, and Wula tribes. , and won the surrender of Inner Mongolia and the Northeast, and in the first year of Tianming (the 44th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, 1616 AD), the country was named Jin (known as Hou Jin in the world). The Jurchens have lived in severe cold areas for a long time, and there is no silk or cotton weaving. Women can weave coarse woolen cloth and linen cloth, and are good at making fur. The woman has her hair braided in a bun and wears white clothes. Men have their hair on the back of their heads, braided and hanging down their shoulders, tied with colored silk. He is good at riding, shooting, fishing and hunting, and wears long-haired animal skins as clothing in winter. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens gradually moved southward, approaching Han areas, and some changes occurred in their living conditions. However, they emphasized "Mandarin, riding and shooting," and their dressing and dressing did not deviate from the old customs. In the 23rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1595), Korean Shen Zhongyi visited Hetuala of the Jurchens. He said in the "Illustrated Records of the Founding of the State" that he saw Nurhachi "wearing a mink hat and a mink protector". Xiang wears a five-color dragon-patterned sky cap, which reaches to the knees and the bottom to the feet, and is decorated with mink skin. Some generals also wear dragon-patterned clothes, but the edges are either made of leopard skin or made of leopard skin. Otter, or mountain rat skin. "Zudengna deerskin leather shoes, either yellow or green." The Jurchens liked to dye deerskin red or green to make clothes or leather shoes. This technique was still used in the middle and late Qing Dynasty. It is spread among the Manchu people. Large pieces of deerskin can be used to form a pair of patterns to make a leather robe with the skin facing out, or the deerskin can be used as the surface, with clouds and inlays, and the leader can use the leather edges dyed red or green to make women's robes. Precious furs such as mink, green mouse, fox raccoon dog or lambskin were worn by nobles, while commoners could only wear deerskin or lower-grade cow, horse, pig, sheep, dog, fish, snake and other leather clothing. Sewing is also easy. After Nurhachi's death, Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji changed the clothing system in February of the sixth year of Tiancong (1632 AD, the fifth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty), and first informed the Ministry of Rites, "All ministers of Baylor and others should dye their coats with mink fur and wear their collars with wide margins." Those with chrysanthemum tops are prohibited. If you do not comply and take it, you will be punished if your clothes have sharp hair or a white felt hat.
This robe is in the shape of a top and lower garment. There are many blood stains on the upper part of the robe, as if it was directly soaked into the robe from the outside. It is inferred that this robe was worn under the armor during the war, and the armor would be stained with blood. It soaked directly into the robe, so Yulin called it a robe when it was handed over. When fighting, only the upper garment is worn and no lower garments are worn.
One piece collected by the Shenyang Palace Museum. The style is the same as that collected by the Beijing Palace Museum. It is made of fragrant yellow swastika-shaped cloud and dragon pattern satin as the surface, moon white dark flower damask as the lining, the middle is thin cotton, the collar, The sleeves are all inlaid with blue ground cloud and dragon pattern satin, and the iron pleats "Heterhe" at the sleeve ends are made of blue plain satin. The body length is 140 cm, the sleeve length is 67 cm, the longest point of the arrow sleeves (horseshoe sleeves) is 11 cm, the bust is 61.5 cm, and the hem is 110.4 cm. These two robes are typical men's robes worn by early Manchu nobles.
To sum up, during the Nurhaci period, the Jurchen nobles wore mink hats and knee-length fur-trimmed jackets or python jackets in winter. During the Huangtaiji period, ministers of Baylor wore dyed mink fur coats in winter, and the clothes could be made of sharp fur, pointed tasseled mink hats or mink group hats. Men in court uniforms wore Yuanhu big hats in winter, pointed tasseled mink hats in spring and autumn, and embroidered sable hats in summer. A tasseled hat and satin boots. Women wear pointed tasseled mink hats and tasseled tuan hats in winter, and pointed tasseled cool hats in summer. Generally, officials and wealthy people can wear collared robes in the city. Satin boots were only allowed to be worn by upper-class people who wore satin clothes when attending court and banquets. Yellow and apricot colors, five-clawed dragon robes, broad collars, and chrysanthemum tops were used by emperors and were prohibited for officials and civilians, except for those who were specially gifted by grace. Ministers are not allowed to make their own black fox hats. In the city, you are not allowed to wear yellow fox fur hats, pointed hats, or variegated hats. You are not allowed to wear small robes, wide belts, and leather or cotton shoulder-length coats. The poor wear robes without skirts.
The statue of Nurhaci, Taizu of the Qing Dynasty, is collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing. It is 276 cm long and 166 cm wide. It wears a Xia Dynasty crown and a yellow eight-tuple dragon-woven gold satin Xia court dress with a wide shawl collar and a round collar with right gusset. There is a large placket, a gold gusset between the knees, a gusset on the right side of the gusset, and pleats on the lower skirt. The sleeves are narrow sleeves connected to dark blue mid-piece sleeves and arrow sleeves embroidered with clouds and dragon patterns. The gusset, cuffs, placket sides and hem are all inlaid with gold edges, and the feet are worn with square-toed boots with foundation. The waist is tied with a yellow belt, decorated with a circular gold plate, inlaid with a large Eastern pearl in the middle, four Eastern beads and four gemstones, and a circle of pearls around the circumference. This style of clothing is exactly the same as that of the statue of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty (272.5 cm long, 142.5 cm wide) and the court dress statue of Emperor Shunzhi (270.5 cm long, 143 cm wide) in the Forbidden City. These portraits are the standard portraits of emperors and empresses of the Qing Dynasty. The first two were painted posthumously and were intended to be hung in the Shouhuang Palace in Jingshan, the Anyou Palace in the Yuanmingyuan, and other related places in the palace. They were originally used for worship and admiration, and were used for posterity. The image of the emperor's court uniforms before and after entering the customs in the early Qing Dynasty has been left behind.