(1) What are names and words?
The so-called "name" is the special name of individuals in society, that is, the symbols used by individuals in society. "Zi" is often the explanation and supplement of a name, also known as "ideograph". "Book of Rites Talking about Bows" says: "Young name, crown word." "Shu" says: "Born in March, it was given a new name, so it has a young name. When you are twenty years old and you can't name it, add words to your crown. " Yi Li Guanshi Lee: "If you are crowned, you should respect its name. Your father used to call him by his name, and others called him by his name. " Therefore, this name is from an early age for elders to call. When a man reaches the age of 20, he will hold a coronation ceremony, which means that he wants to be an official and enter the society. When a woman grows up, she will leave her family and promise to marry. Those who are not allowed to get married are called "Wei Zi" or "Dai Zi". When you get married at the age of fifteen, you should also call your friends.
In ancient times, the names of early figures were generally simple, such as Kong Jia, Gui Lu, Waibing, Yongji, Pan Geng, Wu Ding and Xiao Xin. All of them were named by cadres, which may be related to people's concept of attaching importance to time at that time. Later, with the progress of society, the development of language and the strengthening of consciousness, people's names became more and more complicated, and naming people became a science. When naming a name, you should carefully consider its connotation and think it over and over again. "Zuo Zhuan Huan Gong Six Years" recorded five principles of naming in the Spring and Autumn Period: "There are five names, faithfulness, righteousness, image, falsehood and category." This was put forward by Shen Ru, a doctor of the State of Lu, when answering the question of Huan Gong's name, which meant that he should be named according to his birth characteristics or from the aspects of pursuing Mu Xiangrui, expressing ambition, praising virtue and pinning his parents' expectations. And put forward seven noes: "not named after countries, officials, mountains and rivers, hidden diseases, animals and coins."
The ancient naming convention that emphasizes meaning and connotation has continued for thousands of years. For boys and girls born, because of their physiology. Personality and occupation are different, so names are different. For men, words are brave, strong and resolute; for women, words are virtuous, gorgeous and beautiful.
In addition, naming also reflects the characteristics of the times. The Xia and Shang Dynasties mentioned above like to use the names of the main branches as a typical example. Later, in the long-term feudal society, rich families of officials were mostly named after loyalty, filial piety, loyalty, longevity, health, promotion and wealth, so many people were named after benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faith, music, virtue, longevity, promotion, step-ancestor, honor-ancestor and continuation. People also want to live a good life and look forward to having many children and grandchildren and going to school, so there are many names called Fu Gui, Telford, Jincai, Zhixue, Ping 'an, Changshun, Man Cang, Mantun, Baocheng, Jinsuo and Shuanzhu.
After the founding of New China, many new names appeared, such as founding the country, aiding Korea, protecting the family, supporting the army, building the army, supporting Vietnam, staying in the Soviet Union, Weidong, Hongwei, Cultural Revolution, studying engineering and supporting agriculture.
Since the reform and opening up, the phenomenon of taking foreign names has begun to rise again, which is undesirable and should not be advocated.
(2) What is the relationship between ideographic characters and names in meaning?
The ancients were very particular about the choice of ideographs, and the situation was very complicated, but there were rules to follow, which could only be discovered through careful investigation, analysis and research. For example, it is common to choose words according to the ranking of the oldest and youngest brothers. For example, Confucius is the second child, so he has a big brother who is lame. The most typical is Wu Dong's younger brother Sun Shi during the Three Kingdoms period. Sun Ce took the word Fu Bo as his eldest son; Sun Quan took the word Zhong Mou as his second son; Sun Yi ranked third, taking the word Bi Shu; Sun Kuang ranked fourth, taking the word Ji Zuo.
There are also many cases of using "Zi" at the dinner table, because "Zi" was a good title or honorific title for men in ancient times. So people like to use it, such as hole pile and word thinking; Zhong You, Hippo Chef Road; Sima Qian, word length; Cao Zhi, Zi Zijian; Su Shi, the word Zizhan; Du Fu, beautiful words; Yuan Mei is a genius.
Although these ideograms are common, they have little connection with real names. In fact, Bo, Zhong, Shu, Ji and Zi are not real ideograms, and the words behind them, such as strategy, integrity, thinking, smoothness and beauty, are the main components of ideograms. This main component is related to the meaning of the original name, which is introduced as follows:
1. Synonymy: that is, ideographic characters and names have the same meaning, are interlinked, and are in a parallel relationship, so they are also called "parallel type". For example:
Qu Ping, etymology. Guangping said the original text, meaning the same.
Yan Hui, the word Zi Yuan. Deep and backwater have the same meaning.
In Yu, the word "I" means the same thing to me.
Xu Fan, this word is too late. Being late and being late both mean "waiting".
Zhang Heng, the word Ping Zi. Equality and fairness are the same.
Lu you, the concept of word service. Tourism and righteousness are the same.
Ceng Gong, this word is solid. Gong and Gu Yi are the same.
Ban Gu, the word Meng Jian. Strong and real mean the same thing.
Monk, the word Yu Zi. Tui and Yu are both cars.
2. Similarity of meaning: that is, ideograms and names are similar in meaning, but not exactly the same, and can complement each other, which is called "auxiliary type". For example:
Loud, the word "Luan". Luan and Wen are both birds, but they are not the same species. Beauty and husband and wife can complement each other.
Lu Ji, the word Shi Heng. Machine and scale are the stars in the Beidou, which complement each other.
Zheng Qiao, Yu Yuzhong. Wood is wood, and fishing is fishing. They are often companions and help each other.
Li Yu, word Li Weng. Fishermen often wear hats.
Chen Lin, the word Kong Zhang. Lin and Zhang are jade articles, which complement each other.
3. The opposite meaning: that is, the ideograph is opposite to the name, which can be called "contradiction", such as:
Ceng Dian, the word Xi. The spots are black and dirty, and the face is white.
Zhu and Yu. Light is morning and darkness is night.
Liu Guo, change the word. It wouldn't be wrong if you changed it.
Ji Wang, this word is useless. Achievement and reactive power are just the opposite.
4. Consistent meaning: that is, ideographs and names often come from one sentence, which is consistent with the meaning of the name and supplements or modifies the meaning of the word. This situation can be called "inflation". For example:
Xu Gan, word length. Confucius said, "Do it." Names and words have the same meaning in one sentence, and words are supplementary explanations of names.
Cao Cao, the word Meng De. The article "Xunzi's exhortation to learn" says: "Life depends on reason, death depends on reason, and husband is called virtue." In a word, the combination of words and names into moral conduct is moral conduct, and word-to-name is a decorative explanation and supplement.
Zhao Yun, Zi Zilong. The Book of Changes said, "Clouds follow dragons and winds follow tigers." A name in a sentence has the same meaning as a word.
Lu Yu, the word hung-chien. Zhouyi Ri: "Hung-chien can be an instrument of Lu Chyi Yu." This word explains the name.
Smart and honest words. "Book of Rites" Day: "Honesty is clear." In a word, honesty is the premise of Ming, and Ming is the consequence of honesty.
Yu Qian, the word Ting Yi. "Shangshu" said: "Modesty." In a word, modesty is the premise and interest is the result of modesty.
5. Meaning extension: that is, the extension of the meaning of a name. This situation can be called "extension". For example:
Li Bai, the words are too white. Taibai refers to Taibai Venus, which is an extension of Taiyi.
Du Mu, the word Mu Zhi. Mu Zhi is grazing, which expands the meaning of grazing.
Yang Da, the word Shida. Scholar, that is, the meaning of scholar's progress, further extends the meaning of achievement.
Qiu, the word forever. Yongxi is a provincial contract of "not tin but not old", which comes from the Book of Songs Truffles and extends the meaning of tin.
Ray's words are too simple. It is also an extension that emphasizes simplicity.
(3) How to address names and words in ancient times
In ancient times, due to special attention to etiquette, names and characters were very particular. In interpersonal communication, first names are generally used as polite terms, courtesy names, respectful names and long names. Peers only call each other by their first names when they know each other well. In most cases, it is considered impolite to call each other or others by their first names. It is considered polite to compliment each other among peers. When writing letters or making phone calls from the bottom up, you can call them by their first names, but you must never call them by their first names, especially the names of the monarch or parents and elders, or even mention them, otherwise it would be "disrespectful" or "out of line", thus resulting in the unique "taboo" system in China. I won't say it here for the time being, but I will introduce it in detail below.
In ancient times, names and words were called together to show respect. There are two situations that deserve our attention:
The first situation is that in the pre-Qin period, when a name and a word are linked together, the word should follow the name. For example:
Confucius' father Jia, the ancestor of Confucius in the Song Dynasty, "Confucius' father" is a word; Jia "is a name; The surname is "Gongsun".
Shu is the father of Confucius, and "Ge" is a surname. Liang Shu is a word; Last name is Kong.
Meng is the son of Priscilla, and "history" is the first name; Meng Ming is a word; Last name is "Baili".
The son of Xiqiao Shujian, "Shu" is a name; "Xiqiao" is a word; The surname is Jian.
Bai, the son of uncle Jian, "C" is the first; "Bai Yi" is a word; The surname is Jian.
The second situation is that after the Han Dynasty, when people's names are connected, the "name" comes before the "word". For example:
"Lu Kongju, Guangling Chen Zhang, RoyceWong, Beihai Xu Gan Weichang, Liu Chen Zhang Dejin, Runan Yingchang, Dongping Liu Zhen are on business ..." This is a passage in Cao Pi's Dian Lun Paper, and the names of "Jian 'an Seven Sons" are all said first, then said.