Construction has three major series of materials, civil engineering, electrical, and plumbing.
Civil construction consists of reinforced concrete and wood, which are called the three major materials. Masonry materials, commercial concrete, turnover materials, waterproof materials, paint materials, floor materials, small materials, etc.
Electrical pipe and box materials, wire materials, switch and socket materials, lighting materials, etc.
Plumbing materials include pipe materials, box materials, pipe fitting materials, radiator materials, valves, etc.
According to the chemical composition of building materials, inorganic materials, organic materials, composite materials
According to the use function of building materials, they are divided into building structural materials, wall materials and building functional materials
Defects of building materials:
1. Radioactive pollution
Building materials with natural earth and stone as the basic materials (such as cement, sandstone, bricks, tiles, granite, marble, gypsum, etc.) There are long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium, radium, thorium, and potassium in the environment. Some materials such as stones, bricks, cement, and concrete contain high background radium. Radium can transform into radon and pass through cracks in walls and windows. Entering the room, the well-known radon pollution is formed in the indoor air, causing harm to the human body through internal and external irradiation.
Industrial waste is used to produce building blocks, and the industrial waste in the raw materials of the building blocks contains Natural radioactive substances have a certain impact on the radioactivity level in buildings. If they are used as materials without testing, they are likely to cause a large additional amount to residents.
Building ceramics (ceramic tiles, washbasins and Flush toilets, etc.) are mainly made of clay and some natural additives after being shaped, glazed, and sintered. Due to the different geological history and formation conditions of these materials, there are more or less radioactive elements, so there are Possibility of radioactive pollution.
In addition, fly ash, an additive blend in commercial concrete, can also produce radioactive pollution.
2. Toxic and harmful gas pollution
Chemical substances present in building materials will release toxic and harmful gases due to improper use methods during construction, causing pollution to the indoor environment.
In building construction, for Antifreeze will add antifreeze containing ammonia or urea to cement. In order to increase the solidification speed of concrete, high-alkali concrete expansion agents, early strength agents, etc. will be added. These admixtures will release ammonia gas, causing indoor ammonia pollution.
In addition, fillers and adhesives used to seal gaps in doors and windows, and waterproof materials in bathrooms and roofs, etc., will release formaldehyde; especially some waterproof coatings made from raw powder and thinners were tested 15 hours after operation and the amount of benzene in the indoor air was found. The content greatly exceeds the maximum concentration allowed by the country. Some interior wall insulation materials will also cause pollution to indoor environmental quality.
3. Dust hazards and others
Some materials, in addition to the above pollution , can also produce dust hazards, such as gypsum board and other fireproof, soundproofing, thermal insulation and decorative materials that also contain asbestos. Asbestos is easily broken into fine fibers and dust particles, which can remain suspended in the air for several months. , causing air pollution. Long-term inhalation of a single amount of asbestos fibers can easily cause asbestosis, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and pleural mesothelioma. The incubation period of asbestos carcinogenesis is very long (15 to 20 years for lung cancer and 20 to 40 years for mesothelioma). years), tumors are not easily discovered in the early stages. Once discovered, it is often life-threatening, so early prevention is extremely important.
Building energy conservation is an important measure to implement "energy saving, emission reduction, and consumption reduction" and is an important part of construction It is an indispensable link in a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. However, during the construction process, due to improper material selection or problems with construction methods, the additives and auxiliaries in the materials will release toxic and harmful gases, such as formaldehyde and chlorine. The possibility of pollution such as ethylene, benzene, toluene, ethers, and toluene diisocyanate (TDI).
It is very important to effectively control indoor environmental pollution caused by building materials and protect the physical and mental health of the people. Necessary and feasible.
In response to these existing problems, the following will carefully discuss how to ensure material quality control countermeasures.
1 Procedure for quality control of building materials
The quality control of building materials by an enterprise is not a simple link, but should be a systematic process that should run through the entire enterprise construction link. To this end, enterprises should establish a complete material quality control system, and staff must strictly follow the procedures of the system. First of all, the quality control of materials should be done well before the start of the project. When designing, it is necessary to ensure that the various quality coefficients of the materials are obtained through strict and repeated calculations and are in line with scientific basis. For example, the selected The mechanical properties of the material meet the design requirements of the building during use. Secondly, material quality control is carried out during construction. During the construction process, construction workers must repeatedly confirm the use of materials. For example, when purchasing materials and putting them into storage, workers must repeatedly confirm the purchased materials. are in compliance with the standards, and any abnormalities must be reported promptly;
Since some construction workers may not know much about the use of some materials and may mix them during use, some personnel with relevant knowledge must be assigned to the construction site Workers should supervise the work to prevent construction workers from accidentally mixing materials and causing serious consequences.
2 Principles of Quality Control of Building Materials
In all aspects of quality control of building materials, quality control must also follow certain principles to ensure that the control of material quality is based and valid. Target.
2. 1 The principle that the appearance quality and re-examination reports meet the requirements
The requirements for building materials have relevant specifications and standards, and designers must It is necessary to ensure that the designed data meets the standards required for the building, and to ensure that when purchasing materials, the material data are highly consistent with the requirements for building materials.
In addition, a special file must be created for the information on materials used in construction, and managed by specialized personnel. Whether it is design information, purchase information, preservation information, or specific use information, the staff must ensure that All aspects of the information meet the requirements and are consistent, and ensure that the information must be complete, complete and authentic. Supervision and control must be done well. Once any abnormalities are discovered, they must be reported in time and resolved in a timely manner. All in all, no matter what aspect, it is necessary to ensure that the appearance quality of the materials and various reports comply with the design requirements of the building.
2. 2 Implement the principles of relevant norms and standards
Generally speaking, my country’s current relevant norms, standards and requirements for the construction industry are relatively sound, and the legal requirements for this area are also Strict. Therefore, the quality control of building materials must implement the relevant national standards and standards, and do a good job in quality control of building materials. First of all, the staff must be familiar with the relevant national standards. Many accidents occur because the staff have only a partial understanding of the standards and do not strictly regulate the use of materials in accordance with the standards, which ultimately leads to the emergence of construction quality problems. Therefore, enterprises should pay attention to relevant knowledge training for staff, so that staff are familiar with relevant specifications and standards, carry out construction according to specifications and standards, and control material quality.
2. 3 Principles for monitoring material quality
Although the original requirements for materials are important, it is equally important to carry out corresponding supervision and control during the use of materials. Only when the materials are ensured to meet the quality requirements of the building at the last second before they are used, can the quality monitoring of materials be considered a perfect conclusion. This is mainly due to the fact that some businesses, driven by profits, mix good materials with substandard materials. Therefore, before the materials enter the warehouse, the staff must check the relevant data of the materials with the merchants and conduct strict inspection and verification on the materials. Only when they are qualified can the materials be allowed into the warehouse. Before the material is used, samples must be taken and tested repeatedly. If the material passes the retest, it can only be put into use after being confirmed and signed by the relevant person in charge.
3 Methods of quality control of building materials
3. 1 Reasonably organize the supply of building materials
Building materials have a good supply and source for the quality of the materials Control plays a very important role.
Master the information on the quality, price, and supply capacity of building materials in the general market, and rationally select good suppliers, so that you can obtain good quality and standard building materials at reasonable prices, so that the company's investment capital can be reduced, and the construction quality can be improved. At the same time, it can be guaranteed and the interests of the enterprise can be optimized.
3. 2 Properly keep the building materials entering the site
The maintenance of building materials is also a very important link. Even if the data of the building materials comply with relevant specifications and standards, once they are If there is a problem in the storage process, it will bring losses to the construction company and the material merchants at the same time, leading to a waste of money. Repurchasing materials will delay the construction process. It may also lead to conflicts between the enterprise and the merchants, and the credibility of the enterprise and merchants. Damage and other issues. For example, if good protection measures are not taken during the transportation of materials, the materials may be damaged by impacts, etc., and may even lose their performance. For example, if the staff did not do a good job of keeping the materials in storage, rain and humid environment may have an impact on the building materials. This in turn causes damage to the material. In short, strengthen the transportation, warehouse and storage of building materials, strengthen the management and distribution of building materials, improve the management system of sausage building materials, avoid the loss of building materials, and ensure that the materials are intact before being put into use. Otherwise, all the previous quality control links of building materials will be in vain.
Conclusion
Strict control of the quality of building materials not only ensures the safety of people's lives and property, but also brings a good social reputation to construction companies and helps them compete in the competition. Win a place in the huge market and gain huge development prospects. The quality control of building materials is a systematic process. It must go through certain rigorous procedures, follow scientific principles, strictly abide by certain control principles, and then carry out strict quality control. Only in this way can the quality control of building materials be guaranteed and the quality of construction guaranteed.