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Release date: August 2005 12. This article has been read by 5 158 readers.
The tradition of the integration of literature, history and philosophy
China's academic tradition has always been that literature, history and philosophy are not divided, and the essays of pre-Qin philosophers are actually philosophical works, so we will discuss the issue of spiritual transcendence. It is also a historical document, so we say "axis age". It is also a literary work, which embodies the brilliance of image thinking everywhere in rational speculation, such as Zi Yuechuan: The deceased is like a husband! Don't give up day and night "(Mao Zedong introduced his lyrics directly)," Confucius said: people are cold, and later they know that pine and cypress are withered. " Not to mention the hovering figure of Zhuangzi in prose, Kun Peng in Wan Li and Hebo Hai Ruo in autumn water. They have become an important source of China literature.
Conspiracy in the warring States period
The Warring States Policy, written by historians of various countries in the middle and late Warring States Period, recorded the political, military and diplomatic historical facts of various countries at that time. It was written in the Qin Dynasty and edited by Liu Xiang, a famous scholar in the Western Han Dynasty.
The Warring States Policy is a national system, and the book is divided into twelve national policies. This article is selected from Qi Ce.
The Warring States Policy is not only a historical book, but also an excellent collection of essays. It recorded and described the activities of counselors and strategists in various countries during the Warring States period. His writing style is bold and unrestrained, his language is fluent, his narrative image is vivid, and he has strong artistic charm and literary interest. For example, this "Feng Xuan Hakka Meng Changjun" is written with vivid and interesting characters and tortuous stories.
Changjun, Meng Ke City, Feng Xuan
Conspiracy in the warring States period
Poverty can't survive when people are in harmony. Make people return to Meng Changjun, willing to send food to the door. Meng Changjun said, "What about that guest?" He said, "No guests are good." "What can a guest do?" He said, "None of the guests can do anything." Meng Changjun accepted with a smile and said, "Promise."
The left and right sides are also humble, and food is straw. Living for a long time, leaning against the column and playing the sword. He sang, "The shovel is back! Don't eat fish. " Tell me about it. Meng Changjun said: "It is better to be a guest at home than to eat." After living there for a while, he repeated his cymbals and sang "Long cymbals are back!" " No car. "Laugh at it and tell you from left to right. Meng Changjun said, "It's better to drive for it than to drive under the door. So he got on his bike, drew his sword and said to his friend, "Meng Changjun is a guest. "After a while, he bounced his sword again and sang," Long Shuan is back! "No home." Both sides are evil, thinking that greed is insatiable. Meng Changjun asked, "Is Feng Gong close?" Yes: "There is an old mother." Meng Changjun was fed, and he never got tired. So Feng Xuan stopped singing.
Later, I wrote a note and asked the guests at the door: "Who can learn to plan and blame the article on Xue?" Feng Xuan said, "Yes." Meng Changjun was surprised and said, "Who is this?" Left and right said: "It is also the singer's' long return'." Meng Changjun said with a smile: "Hakka is capable, but I have never seen it." Please have a look. Xie said, "I'm tired of writing. I'm in a hurry, but I'm stupid and immersed in state affairs, so I'm offended." Mr. Wang is not ashamed, but blames Xue. " Feng Xuan said, "I hope so." So the car was loaded with coupons. The resignation said: "What is the responsibility of market opposition?" Meng Changjun said, "Look at what my family lacks."
Drive away knowledge and let officials call on people to pay for it. The coupons were duplicated and given to the responsible people because their coupons were burned. Long live the people
Come all the way. See you in the morning. Meng Changjun blamed him for being ill, but he could see it from his clothes and said, "Do you accept it after you finish the task? What's wrong! " Say, "It's over." "What is the market?" Feng Xuan said: "Jun Yun' regards the minority in my family'. I steal pictures, treasures are accumulated in your palace, dogs and horses are outside the stables, and the beauty is full of Chen; What is lacking in your family is just! The meaning of stealing the city. " Meng Changjun said, "What about the city?" He said: "Today, you only have a little knowledge. You don't love your son and his people, so you are very good. I stole your life and gave it to the responsible person. Because I burned my coupon, people called it long live. I am a minister, so I am a city. " Meng Changjun said nothing but, "No, sir, stop."
In his later years, the King of Qi summoned him, saying, "I dare not take the minister of the former king as my minister." It is Xue's kingdom. A hundred miles ago, the people helped the old and took care of the young and welcomed you to the middle of the road. Meng Changjun pointed to Feng Xuan and said, "I saw what you did for culture and justice today." Feng Xuan said, "The sly rabbit has three caves, so we must avoid its dead ears. Today you have a cave, and you lie without a high pillow. Please dig two holes for you. "
So he took 50 carts of gold and 500 Jin, and went west to Liang. King Hui said, "You can let Meng Changjun, his minister, be a vassal. The vassal will welcome him first, and the rich will make the soldiers strong." So the king of Liang claimed to be the superior, taking the old master as the superior general, and the emissary took one thousand kilograms of gold and a hundred chariots to hire Meng Changjun. Feng Xuan, the pioneer, warned Meng Changjun: "A thousand dollars, heavy coins; A hundred times, it is also obvious. I heard it. " Liang did the lesser of the three evils, but stuck to his words.
Hearing this, the King of Qi and his ministers were very afraid. They sent a teacher with 1000 kilograms of gold, two chariots and a sword, and sealed a book to thank Meng Changjun. They said: "I am unlucky, enshrined in the ancestral hall and addicted to flattery." I'm guilty of you! I'm not enough. May you cherish the ancestral temple of the late king and oppose national reunification! " The admonition said, "You can use the king's weapon to build a shrine in Xue first." When the temple was built, he reported to Meng Changjun: "The three caves have been built, so sit back and relax."
Meng Changjun for decades, there is no disaster of optical fiber interface, which is also Feng Xuan's plan.
explain
Changjun, Meng Ke City, Feng Xuan
◎ Qiguo lobbyist 1. Guests, please help yourself. ◎ Qi aristocrat, surnamed Tian, is the prime minister. His father Tian Ying was a relative and was sealed by Xue. Therefore, there is a saying in this article that "I dare not take the minister of the former king as my minister." After Tian Ying's death, Tian Wen attacked this fief and made it Meng Changjun. Meng Changjun is an excellent scholar. It is said that there are 3,000 disciples, and he has become one of the "Four Childes of the Warring States" famous for cultivating scholars.
Poverty can't survive when people are in harmony. Make people return to Meng Changjun, willing to send food to the door. Meng Changjun said, "What are the benefits of guests?" He said, "No guests are good." "What can a guest do?" He said, "None of the guests can do anything." Meng Changjun accepted with a smile and said, "Promise."
◎ genus, notification. ◎ Good, Hao 4, hobby, good at it. ◎ Promise and promise.
The left and right sides are also humble, and food is straw. Living for a long time, leaning against the column and playing the sword. The song says, "Long Shuan is back! Don't eat fish. " Tell me about it. Meng Changjun said: "It is better to be a guest at home than to eat." After living there for a while, he repeated his cymbals and sang, "The long cymbals are back! No car. " Laugh at it from left to right and tell you. Meng Changjun said, "It's better to drive for it than to drive under the door." So he got on the bus, drew his sword and said to his friend, "Meng Changjun is a guest."
With, because, because of Meng Changjun's attitude and despise Feng Xuan. ◎ Eat si4, feed it and give it to people. Grass tools, poor food. For home use, you can also make dining tables. For a while, soon. ◎ Sword armor 2, sword. ◎ Compare, compare. ◎ Lift. ◎ passing by, strolling around. Be a guest, treat me as a guest, and be good to me.
After a while, he flashed his sword again and sang, "Longchuan is back!" " No home. "Both sides are evil, thinking that greed is insatiable. Meng Changjun asked, "Is Feng Gong your relative?" Yes: "There is an old mother. "Meng Changjun let a person feed him, he never tired. So Feng Xuan stopped singing.
◎ Give ji3, supply.
Later, I wrote a note and asked the guests at the door: "Who is used to planning, can you blame Xue for writing?" Feng Xuan said, "Yes." Meng Changjun was surprised and said, "Who is this?" Left and right said: "It is also the singer's' long return'." Meng Changjun said with a smile: "Hakka is capable, but I have never seen it."
◎ Out of books, out of proclamations. Records, ancient official documents. ◎ Accounting 4. Accounting. ◎ Responsibility is the same as debt. The original word of debt. Department, signature, signature. (It can be seen that the "record" cannot be used as an account book, but only as a notice. ) negative, disappointed, sorry.
Please have a look. Xie said, "I'm tired of writing. I'm in a hurry, but I'm stupid and immersed in state affairs, so I'm offended." Mr. Wang is not ashamed, but blames Xue. " Feng Xuan said, "I hope so." So the car was loaded with coupons. The resignation said: "What is the responsibility of market opposition?" Meng Changjun said, "Look at what my family lacks."
Thank you and apologize. ◎ kui4, distracted. ◎ Ah, the same cowardice. ◎ No shame, no shame. Make an appointment, tie up, get on the bus and set up the car. ◎ Voucher deed, debt deed. Both sides of the debt relationship hold 50/50. Ancient contracts were written on bamboo slips or wooden slips and divided into two halves. When checking, they were checked together, so there is a saying of merger. ◎ Market, buy. ◎ Reverse and return together.
Drive away knowledge and let officials call on people to pay for it. The coupons were duplicated and given to the responsible people because their coupons were burned. Long live the people
◎ Merging bonds and checking bonds. Obviously, the front should not be interpreted as "debt contract". ◎ Correction, false support. ◎ Press: It is more reasonable to use this paragraph to describe Historical Records.
Come all the way. See you in the morning. Meng Changjun blamed him for being ill, but he could see it from his clothes and said, "Do you accept it after you finish the task? What's wrong! " Say, "It's over." "What is the market?" Feng Xuan said: "Jun Yun' regards the minority in my family'. I steal pictures, treasures are accumulated in your palace, dogs and horses are outside the stables, and the beauty is full of Chen; What is lacking in your family is just! The meaning of stealing the city. "
Chen Xia, Tang Xia, Hou Shi.
Meng Changjun said, "What about the city?" He said: "Today, you only have a little knowledge. You don't love your son and his people, so you are very good. I stole your life and gave it to the responsible person. Because I burned my coupon, people called it long live. I am a minister, so I am a city. " Meng Changjun said nothing but, "No, sir, stop."
◎ Small, small, which also implies the benefits of borrowing money. ◎ Hug, nurture and comfort. Children are their people, and people are like children. Jia, in business. Jalizhi, do business to make money. Don't take it as a noun explained by a businessman. ) ◎ Say, Tongyue. ◎ Stop, forget it.
In his later years, the King of Qi summoned him, saying, "I dare not take the minister of the former king as my minister." It is Xue's kingdom. A hundred miles ago, the people helped the old and took care of the young and welcomed you to the middle of the road. Meng Changjun pointed to Feng Xuan and said, "I saw what you did for culture and justice today." Feng Xuan said, "The sly rabbit has three caves, so we must avoid its dead ears. Today you have a cave, and you lie without a high pillow. Please dig two holes for you. "
◎ Period ji 1, one year. ◎ King Qi and King Qi Min. ◎ Just, return. When the country refers to Xue's fief. ◎ Looking back, staring sideways.
So he took 50 carts of gold and 500 Jin, and went west to Liang. King Hui said, "You can let Meng Changjun, his minister, be a vassal. The vassal will welcome him first, and the rich will make the soldiers strong." So the king of Liang claimed to be the superior, taking the old master as the superior general, and the emissary took one thousand kilograms of gold and a hundred chariots to hire Meng Changjun. Feng Xuan, the pioneer, warned Meng Changjun: "A thousand dollars, heavy coins; A hundred times, it is also obvious. I heard it. " Liang did the lesser of the three evils, but stuck to his words.
Take Sheng 4 as an example. In ancient times, four horses and one car were a ride, which can also refer to cars in general. ◎ Liang, girder, the capital of Wei. Release and exile. Vacant the upper position (the position of prime minister). Pioneer, drive forward. ◎ Reverse, return.
Hearing this, the King of Qi and his ministers were very afraid. They sent a teacher with 1000 kilograms of gold, two chariots and a sword, and sealed a book to thank Meng Changjun. They said: "I am unlucky, enshrined in the ancestral hall and addicted to flattery." I'm guilty of you! I'm not enough. May you cherish the ancestral temple of the late king and oppose national reunification! "
A teacher, the official name, is an official who assists the monarch. Responsible for the formulation and promulgation of etiquette. ◎ Ji 1, saying goodbye to the sea has three meanings, 1, giving something away; 2. What travelers carry; Three, use, take it. This is obviously suitable for 3. ◎ Wenche, ornate vehicle. ◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎967 Thank you and apologize. ◎ ominous, the teaching materials are chaotic, or unlucky. In fact, the item is also careful, unknown is lost, oversight is lost. Yes, suffering. ◎ Precious and disastrous. Honored by the ancestral hall and punished by the ancestors. ◎ Sink, indulge. ◎ The flatterer is a minister of 3yu2, and the flatterer is a traitor. Not enough, not enough. ◎ Gu, Gu Nian.
The admonition said, "You can use the king's weapon to build a shrine in Xue first." When the temple was built, he reported to Meng Changjun: "The three caves have been built, so sit back and relax."
Meng Changjun for decades, there is no disaster of optical fiber interface, which is also Feng Xuan's plan.
Fiber, like mustard, silk and grass seeds, is figuratively small.
References:
Say "book deed"
Lin Yun
There are different opinions about the emergence of ancient Chinese characters in China. In the pre-Qin era, the Book of Changes said: "The ancient times were governed by festivals. Later saints changed it to a book contract. Ruled by hundreds of officials. Everyone will check it. " In Cohesion Biography, it is also said that "knot" and "gossip" are all things sacrificed for the family. Although who is the "sage of later generations" is not said, it is after the family sacrifice. Later, under the guise of Kong Anguo's Preface to Shangshu, he said, "The ancients took home as the king to worship the world, and began to draw gossip and make calligraphy contracts to replace the politics of tying ropes, so the words were born." Knot is said to be something before Fuxi. However, it is still considered that the invention of the book contract is later than the knot, and it is used instead of the knot.
There are two interpretations of the word "calligraphy" in Ci Yuan, Ci Hai and Chinese Dictionary. Take Ci Yuan as an example, one is Jude Yan; The second is "documentary evidence such as contracts". Moreover, from the documentary evidence cited in these dictionaries, it is believed that the "book contract" in Yi Lian Zhuan Xia and Shang Shu Xu refers to characters, while the "book contract" mentioned in Zhou Li refers to contracts and other documents.
In fact, the two explanations listed in these dictionaries are not the original meaning of the word "book contract".
Before the invention of paper, when bamboo slips were used as the main writing carrier, "book deed" was originally a common thing in people's lives. It's usually in duplicate. While writing two bamboo slips, put them together and carve a certain number of teeth, and then each side holds one as a voucher for verification. Recording related matters in words, tooth carving has played a role in sealing the riding seal today. Today, in the Han bamboo slips found in Juyan and Dunhuang, we can see many such "calligraphy deeds" with words and teeth. Some are documents related to the entry and exit of food, currency and goods, some are passes for entering and leaving checkpoints, and some are documents for performing border defense tasks, and so on. According to the research of Japanese scholar Mi Renshan Ming, tooth engraving not only plays a role in checking, but also plays a role in recording related values with different tooth shapes and numbers. 〔 1〕
Zhou Li's "book deed" refers to this kind of thing. For example, "Hostage Zhou Li" and "Hostage takes over the goods and bribes in the market: people, cattle and horses, weapons and treasures. It is not good who sells (buys) quality agents. The quality of the big market is the agent of the small market. Grasp the book contract of the city, use it to measure, simplify the complex and investigate. Those who violate the ban will be punished. All quality control agents are in March, the tenth day of junior high school, twenty in the suburbs and thirty in the field. Listen during the period and don't listen after the period. Commenting on this passage, Zheng Xuan, a scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, said: "The pledge agent is also hidden by its vouchers. People in the street, who belong to cattle and horses, use long vouchers; Short coupons are used for weapons and rare items in small cities. " "Book contract, take the city ticket also. "The images of coupons are engraved on the sides of the two books." It can be seen that Zheng Xuan is also familiar with this kind of bond which has been widely used in business in the market. It is not only the proof of transaction, but also the basis of disputes and lawsuits. "Two letters (letters, namely Jane), engraved on both sides of them" shows the characteristics of bonds briefly and accurately. Xiao Zai was also mentioned in the Zhou Li Contract, "80% of the official government is managed by the state: ..... 6th, listen to it, write the contract; Seven days, listen, sell and buy. With high-quality agent ... "
Joe Cheng's statement quoted in Zheng Xuan's note: "Book coupons are also symbols of books" is also correct. An example can be given about tokens in the Han Dynasty. A wooden token with a length of 14.5 cm and a width of 1.2 cm was unearthed at Fengfeng site of Han Dynasty in Dunhuang butter soil. On the front, it says, "Look at the green post and wait for the police, the left token has a hundred teeth", and the lower end is perforated, which is easy to wear. There is a carved tooth on the right side of the upper end of this warning sign, and there is a left half of the word "hundred" in the gap between the teeth. [2] It seems that when verifying the identity of the holder, it is necessary not only to make the engraved teeth of this "left coupon" and the right coupon match, but also to make the two halves of the hundred words in the gap closely fit. This is more serious than just cutting teeth.
Because bamboo and wood are perishable, the book contract before Han dynasty has not been found so far. However, "left deed" and "right deed" are often mentioned in the Warring States literature. For example, in Laozi, there is a saying that "a saint holds a left deed and does not blame others". In the Book of Rites Quli, there are "those who offer millet hold the right deed", and in the Han policy of the Warring States Policy, there are "those who hold the left deed are only responsible for Qin and Wei", and so on. There are also references to key teeth, such as "light pipe and heavy pipe A" and "determine the number of key teeth and kettle areas." Liezi Fu Shuo: "Song people have wanderers, but they leave their deeds behind, so they return to Tibet and count their teeth." . Tell your neighbor, "I am rich enough to stay." "Fu Shuo's records clearly reflect the memory value of tooth carving. Therefore, it is generally believed that the word "book deed" used in Yi Ju Zhuan, which was written in the Warring States period, should refer to this kind of certificate deed that is both written and engraved.
After the Han Dynasty. Bamboo slips gradually withdrew from the historical stage. Lu Deming in the Tang Dynasty was not very familiar with this kind of engraved bond. In Classic Interpretation, he explained the word "book deed" in Preface to Shangshu, saying: "Calligraphers write, signers carve wood and write its edges, so it is called book deed. A cloud: an appointment with a book. " Zheng: It's also called a book appointment. Talk about a book for a moment. "He didn't know that the words on the deed were originally written on the front of the bamboo slips, but the deed was engraved on the side of the bamboo slips. He misunderstood Zheng Xuan's statement that "two books are engraved on the side", because words are also written on the side of bamboo slips. He also imposed his understanding on Zheng Xuan. Of course, like the warning sign mentioned above, there are 100 words written on the side to match the sign, so Lu Deming's "book edge" can't be said to be completely wrong. However, it should be emphasized that the words that can really play the role of "telling the truth" were originally written on the front of bamboo slips. Another explanation mentioned by Lu Deming, "it is also a matter to have a book contract", no longer understands "contract" as carving teeth, but changes the word "book contract" into the meaning of "instrument acting as a contract". This tendency appeared as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty. When commenting on "six listening to giving" in Li Zhouzai, Zheng Xuan did not adopt Joe Cheng's view of "giving art", but advocated that "the instrument is giving and receiving everything. In all books and prison procedures, the most important word is action. "Spring and Autumn Annals says,' Uncle Wang Can doesn't mention his deed.' It turns the deed into the abstract meaning of "general ledger" and "case file". Jia, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, echoed Zheng Xuan's statement and criticized Zheng: "If yunshu is a deed, then the book is like it." . "How can this be explained by Fu's book?" This is because Jia simply didn't know what the "Fu Shu" in the Han Dynasty looked like, and mistakenly thought it was an official document with an official seal. In fact, in the bamboo slips of Juyan and Dunhuang, many money and goods of official vouchers are engraved like fu books. Therefore, the "book deed" in Zhou Li Zhong Zai, like the "book deed" in Li Zhiming Ren, is also a coupon for "two books, carving their edges", which does not need another explanation. Who is the "Jin Hou ambassador" in Zuo Zhuan? "Ping the royal family so that Wang Shushi and Apollo can be together, but Wang Shushi can't sign a contract." The "contract" mentioned in it was also a contract in the form of a book contract at that time, not a general document.
The Eastern Han Dynasty was an era when paper and bamboo slips went hand in hand. Liu Xi said in Interpretation of Names and Books: "Books are universal, so are things. It is also simple paper and will never die. " It just reflects this transitional historical feature. The article also mentioned "Qi, Ke also. I know their number. " It can be seen that the habit of carving teeth on the side of ancient bamboo slips has not completely faded out of people's consciousness. But after all, not everyone knows the original meaning of the word "book deed". With the ambiguity of the meaning of "qi" in "book qi", people's understanding of the word "book qi" is more and more focused on the literal meaning. Therefore, when Ban Gu wrote Han Shu, he used the word "calligraphy", which is almost completely regarded as an elegant expression of "writing". For example, "the works written by the ancients can be obtained and heard by the ancestors." According to legend, on top of Tang Yu, the emperor had posthumous title, and the assistance was not available. " (Table of Ancient and Modern Characters) "Since ancient times, there have been historians with rich records." From Confucius to Tang Yao, from Qin Miao to Qin Miao. (Biography of Sima Qian). In particular, Shuowen Jiezi, which has a great influence on China's philology, first said in its Xu that "the history of the Yellow Emperor, seeing the traces of birds and beasts, can distinguish differences and make a book about the beginning." Then he said that "Cang Xie wrote books from the beginning" and regarded "book contract" and "book" as synonyms. Therefore, most scholars after the Eastern Han Dynasty inherited this habit. The author of the Preface to the History of Pseudo-ancient Literature uses "book contract" as a synonym of words, so he immediately said "it is a book that has made a difference" after "writing a book contract".
In the Tang Dynasty, there was more than one scholar like Lu Deming who still attached importance to the original meaning of the word "book deed". Yan Shigu noticed the word "book deed" in Han Shugu Ren Jin Table and put forward the concept of "deed", which means to carve wood for records.
However, in Li Dingzuo's Collection of Zhouyi, the "sage of later generations" in "Guan Zhu Chuan" was changed to a book contract. Ruled by hundreds of officials. Everyone will check it. Interpreted as: "Hundreds of officials govern their posts by books, and all the people explain things by deeds. "Although they all advocated that the book deed should not be vague, they were interpreted as words and wood carvings respectively, but they still failed to figure out what the ancient book deed was.
According to the above analysis, today's interpretation of "book deed" should list at least three items: the first original meaning should be "bamboo certificate deed with words on the front and teeth engraved on the side for verification". The notes of Li Zhiming, Ren Zheng Xuan, Li Zhou, Xiao Zai and Zheng Sinong can be used as the main documentary evidence. The second article is "Contract Documents", and the main documentary evidence is Zhou Li's Xiao Zai and Zheng Xuan's notes. The third article is "referring to writing", which can be quoted from "Preface to Explaining Words", saying that Cang Xie made a book agreement first, and Cang Xie made a book as the main documentary evidence. The second and third explanations are actually the understanding of the Han people, so it is obvious that the book contract mentioned in pre-Qin documents such as the Book of Changes should be understood according to its original meaning.
After the discovery of Oracle bones in modern Yin ruins, Luo Zhenyu, one of the earliest Oracle bones researchers, thought that we could "know the shape of ancient books and deeds" from the inscriptions on Oracle bones.
He said: "When writing a book for the first time, Guy knew that the original book contract would sink because of the wandering traces of birds and animals. The signer carved it and persevered before the word "Xunzi" appeared. Small and simple books are the same as big and medium-sized ones. Therefore, the tortoise is the existing contract book of ancient books. " [3] He put forward a new interpretation of the word "book deed", namely "lettering". When his Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions was published in 19 12, it was named Shu Qi in Yin Ruins, and later it was published one after another. In this way, Oracle Bone Inscriptions was called "the book deed" by many researchers. Although as early as 1904, Sun Yirang called Oracle Bone Inscriptions "Wen Qi" in his book The Case of Wen Qi, this only shows that Oracle Bone Inscriptions is an inscription. With such a play by Luo Zhenyu, the ancient word "book deed" was reinterpreted as lettering.
After Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery, there was a long-standing misunderstanding in the field of ancient philology and general intellectuals: because there was no paper in Shang Dynasty, writing could only be carved on Oracle Bone Inscriptions with a knife. Luo Zhenyu knew that the word "book" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions was like a simplified book, so bamboo slips definitely existed in Shang Dynasty. But he probably believed in Montaigne's pen-making theory, so he thought that the characters in bamboo slips in the pre-Qin period were also carved with knives. This kind of "book agreement" is the opinion of engraving with a knife, which has a wide influence. For example, Zhu Ziqing said in Classic Talk that "about" means "carving with a knife"; In ancient times, words were carved with a knife and pencil, and the words were named' book deed'. "Cihai" also wrote this view into the phrase "Book Covenant", "① refers to writing, which is about lettering, and ancient Chinese characters are mostly carved with knives, hence the name. "
In fact, field archaeology proves that the beautiful and smooth patterns on pottery were drawn with a brush as early as the Yangshao era before the appearance of characters, and different forms of marks on pottery were also made with a brush. Picturesque words are naturally written with a brush. As early as the Yin Ruins, the pottery characters of Zhu and Mo have been found in Xiaoshuangqiao site in Zhengzhou. [4] There are not only Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Zhu Mo in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins. (5) In addition, there are words written on stone tools and jade articles. The inscriptions on bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties were written with a brush and then made into models. [6] In the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were a large number of bamboo slips written with brush, but because they were more perishable than Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronzes, they could not be preserved today. It is a misunderstanding that people at that time could only carve words with knives because the archaeological work was not carried out sufficiently and was biased.
Therefore, there is no objection to the practice of replacing Oracle Bone Inscriptions with "book deed" in Yin Ruins. However, no matter what the historical reality is, we should resolutely abandon the interpretation of "book deed" as lettering, and take it as the original meaning of words! Finally, I want to say a question by the way. In response to Luo Zhenyu's reference to Oracle Bone Inscriptions as a "book contract", some scholars claimed that Chinese characters were created by clergy for religious purposes. This is also a misunderstanding caused by partiality. Because the "calligraphy deed" in the pre-Qin period does not refer to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but refers to the deed with different purposes of writing and carving teeth. The main purpose of this kind of deeds with words is to deal with economic affairs and administrative affairs, so it is obvious that the reasons for the emergence of Chinese characters should not be considered only from religious purposes.
refer to
[1][ m * blade] Mingshan. A preliminary study of bamboo slips--also on the forms of bamboo slips in han dynasty. Published in Japanese Bamboo SlipNo. 17, Hu Pingsheng. The third edition was published in China Cultural Relics Newspaper 1996, and introduced the research results of Mi * blade.
[2] Dunhuang County Cultural Center. Collection of research on wooden slips and Han slips unearthed from the Han tomb in Dunhuang butter soil. Lanzhou: Gansu People's Publishing House, 1984.
[3] Luo Zhenyu. Textual research on Zhenbu characters in Yin and Shang Dynasties (IV). +095438+00 . 10000.000000000003
[4] Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. Huaxia archaeology 1995 Excavation of Xiaoshuangqiao Site in Zhengzhou+1996.3.
[5] Liu Yiman. Study on Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins. Archaeology 1995438+0.6.
Luoyang cultural relics team. 1975- 1979 Brief report on excavation of the bronze casting site of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Luoyang Beiyao. Archaeology 1983.5.
Jilin normal university journal (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)No. 1, February 2003.
Ancient monetary unit "money"
Money is produced when commodity production develops and needs to be exchanged with each other. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he unified the monetary system and stipulated that money should be divided into two classes: gold as the currency, Yi as the unit of calculation, and Yi as 22; Taking copper as the next coin and money as the unit of calculation, in the Qin and Han Dynasties, one or two coins were twenty-four baht, which means that one catty (sixteen ounces is one catty) of copper can cast thirty-two coins. In the Han dynasty, money was still divided into two classes, but the weight of each copper coin was reduced to eight baht and five baht. Five baht was very popular in Wang Mang's period.
In ancient times, saying "give a hundred" meant giving a hundred copper coins, which were round and square holes. In the Qin Dynasty, it was called "Qin Banliang", that is, a copper coin weighed half a liang and was called twelve baht. Thai baht is a unit to express the weight of currency, which cannot be accurately converted with the current RMB.
As a currency, there is often no need to calculate the amount of "gold" in ancient books, such as "a horse is worth a hundred gold" and "a poor man on the river" says that "a thousand dollars is hard to buy" How much does a piece of gold weigh? This is the saying of the system of weights and measures in the Warring States period, but the weight of a gold varies with the amount of vassal States. Some gold is a catty, and some gold is a catty. In recent years, the gold coins unearthed from the State of Chu are one catty, weighing half of A Jin. After the Six Dynasties, silver coins and gold coins became popular, and copper coins used "Wen" as quantifier. Money has become a general term for copper coins. Now we say a copper coin, which was called "a penny" at that time. For example, Song said that "getting 5.5 thousand" means selling sheep with 1.5 thousand copper coins.