Six days later, the fleet arrived in the Canary Islands, where it was replenished with fresh water and food. Suddenly, a Spanish sailboat sent a signal to the distant fleet, and Magellan's father-in-law, Diogu Barbocha, sent a disturbing message to Magellan: the Spanish captain secretly opposed Magellan on the way, led by the captain of the San Antonio, Carl Tahina.
Magellan was not surprised. Since leaving Portugal for Spain, his motherland's special envoy to Spain has been moving around. For the Portuguese government, Magellan's behavior is tantamount to heinous treason. His statement that the Maluku Islands belong to the Western Hemisphere particularly angered Portuguese monarchs and ministers.
Alvarez, the Portuguese envoy, told Magellan many times to give up his plan to go west, but who thought Magellan was determined. Alvarez saw that he couldn't convince him, so he bribed the captain and crew who sailed with Magellan to sabotage it. More importantly, the Spanish don't trust him as a navigator from a foreign country. They restricted Magellan from recruiting Portuguese sailors. Except Magellan with Trinidad as the flagship, they insisted on sending Spaniards as captains of the other four ships.
As soon as the fleet left the Canary Islands, Kartashina asked Magellan to consult with him when determining the route. Magellan calmly and proudly replied, "Your duty is to sail with my command flag in the daytime and follow my navigation light at night." A few days later, Magellan held a crew meeting on his own ship, and Kartashina once again insisted on the issue of * * * and leadership. Magellan is not tall, but he has great strength. He suddenly grabbed Kartasina by the collar, ordered him to be detained, and appointed his relative Mai Sketta as the captain of the San Antonio.
The fleet calmed down temporarily. 1At the end of October, they crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the coast of Brazil. Then walk south along the coast to find a waterway leading to the South China Sea. 1520 at the end of March, we came to a calm bay at 49 degrees south latitude. At this time, winter in the southern hemisphere has arrived. Magellan named the bay St. Julian's Bay and decided to spend the winter here. Out of caution, he let four other ships sail into the bay, while his own ship was moored on the coast outside the port. Maybe he thought there might be a conspiracy.
St. Julian's Bay is gloomy, with wet snowflakes floating all day; There is no one on the shore, and there is no food to satisfy the hunger. The crew kept complaining that Magellan was not afraid to burn oil on the fire and ordered the preservation of food and wine. His attitude is blunt and his words are firm, and his subordinates are not allowed to discuss it. All these make the plot mature.
/kloc-On the night of April, 2000, all the lights went out, and the night fog was very thick, so I couldn't see my fingers. Quietly put down a boat from the ship and rowed to the San Antonio unnoticed. Quesada, the captain of Concepcion, and Kartasina, who was released by him, led 30 armed men to secretly climb the San Antonio. Before Skyta jumped out of bed, he was surrounded by a group of conspirators. They tied him up, chained all the Portuguese, and then opened the warehouse to let the sailors have a big meal and buy people's hearts. This ship has the largest displacement and the largest material storage, and Magellan's most important ship has also become Magellan's enemy. Also involved in the conspiracy was the captain of Dosa, the Victoria of Myanmar (Mi ǐ n). Only insignificant San Diego did not participate.
After the plot succeeded, the rebel officers sent a small boat to inform Magellan that they had taken control of three ships and asked Magellan to carry out the king's "instructions" and return to Spain.
Three to two, the rebels have an absolute advantage. But Magellan also saw that they were a little guilty. He quietly detained the boat and all the sailors that Caesar sent to negotiate the proposal, and asked Espinosa, the purser and security officer loyal to himself, to lead five sailors to take this boat to deliver letters to Captain Mendoza of Victoria.
Espinosa slowly boarded the Victoria with five sailors in many hostile eyes, handed the invitation letter to Mendoza and invited him to negotiate with the flagship.
While reading the letter, Mendoza sneered and said, "Oh, no, you can't fool me." But the cold laughter suddenly turned into a hoarse gasp, and the security officer's dagger stabbed him in the throat. At this time, Mendoza's brother-in-law Balbocha led 15 soldiers to arrive in time in another boat, quickly took control of the Victoria and sailed it to the flagship.
Three to two again, but the advantage has shifted to Magellan's side.
Kesada and Kartasina saw something bad and decided to escape from the bay at night. But the mouth of the bay is relatively narrow, and you have to go through the flagship if you want to drive out. Magellan saw the ship coming and ordered a fire. The sailors shouted, "Friends on the San Antonio, who do you support?" In fact, not all the sailors on the rebel ship want to rebel. They tied up the rebel leader. Michael Sketta is free.
Magellan announced the crime of the rebels and split the stabbed Dosa in Myanmar into four pieces; Cut off Caesar's head. Throw Kartasina and a rebellious priest on the desolate coast; The rest were pardoned. Among those pardoned, Elcano, who was appointed as the captain of the San Antonio by the rebels, later played a great role in the success of this voyage.
The fleet stayed in and around Sanjulian Bay for nearly seven months. Doing nothing is the most likely cause of dissatisfaction. Magellan tried his best to make the sailors work hard, and ordered everyone to check the ship from the keel to the mast, wait for the broken ship, cut down trees and saw it into boards. He tried his best to come up with some useless jobs to keep people busy. Meanwhile, the San Diego, which was sent to explore the road, crashed.
1520 10 in mid-October, spring came in the southern hemisphere, and they continued to sail south, which was already very close to strait of magellan. When the fleet sailed south along the African coast, it was downwind, followed by a blinding storm for a whole month. The storm was so fierce that the ship capsized almost again and again. Sometimes the ship is pushed to the top of the wave, sometimes it sinks to the bottom of the water, and even the end of the truss on the main mast (truss is an overhead skeleton load-bearing structure) is hit by the waves. All the sails were lowered, and everyone saw the ship running at full speed, terrified and almost desperate to live. Later, the ship rushed through the interception of death. Because of this terrible storm disaster, everyone had a very strong dissatisfaction with changing the route, which was also the fuse for the captains to oppose Magellan.
Magellan later changed his course and crossed the Atlantic. After more than two months, I finally sailed into Rio de Janeiro Bay on February 13 to replenish fresh water and fresh materials in this warm and comfortable place. For the exhausted (pí) and exhausted (bèi) crews, the quiet and beautiful natural scenery here is no less than a real paradise. Along the coast, there are many trees, lush and beautiful islands. The crew began to do business with the local aborigines, and the kind locals exchanged goods with sea adventurers one after another with rich products. For example, a hook can change six chickens, and a pair of scissors can change twelve people's fish. There are more than 20,000 bells on board, one bell can be exchanged for a big basket of sweet potatoes, and five chickens can be exchanged for trump cards.
Magellan's integrity prohibited crew violence and the purchase of slaves. This enabled them to come here as messengers of peace and leave peacefully.
After a rest, the people on the fleet reluctantly left the paradise-like Bay of Rio de Janeiro and sailed south day and night.
Magellan noticed that the farther south the ship went, the more inclined the coastline was to the southwest. He interpreted this sign as the discovery of a strait leading to a mysterious ocean called the South China Sea. When sailing to a wide estuary, now known as the mouth of the La Plata River, Magellan was ecstatic and thought he had discovered the Strait. But after sailing two times along the waterway, he entered the fresh water area, which made him very disappointed. It turned out to be just a big river with a wide mouth, and I was thinking all the time: morning and night. Describe yearning. The strait did not appear.
He cheered up and didn't want everyone to find that failure was a serious blow to his belief. Like his inner feelings, the outer world of the ship sailing south became dark, the coast became more and more desolate and gloomy, the sky became more gloomy, and dark clouds covered the blue sky. Navigation is getting more and more difficult, and there is little hope of finding the strait before winter.
At this time, the days are getting shorter and shorter, the coast is gloomy and desolate, the weather is getting colder and colder, the biting wind is tearing at the sails, crystal snow particles and hail are scattered on the deck, the silver-gray waves are surging and empty, and winter is coming.
The crew was extremely upset. I can't see anything alive on the deserted coast. I only occasionally see seals living in cold areas. Everyone thinks, where did this possessed Portuguese take people? Do you want to go to the frozen zone of Antarctica?
Seeing the crew complaining, the captains couldn't help exulting. They knew that Magellan was misled by the wrong map, and Magellan had no idea what latitude and longitude the strait was in. After spending two weeks in La Plata Bay, he repeatedly investigated every small bay, indicating that he was just looking for this route and didn't know where the strait was. The captains gloated, waiting for Magellan to admit that he did not know where to go, so as to seize his command.
At this point, the fleet has been sailing for ten months, but failed to find the channel. Failing to find spices in the Moluccas, Magellan wintered ahead of schedule, so that the fleet struggled in the fierce storm. Originally, he should tell the whole truth, take a boat back to Brazil for the winter, and then go south to find the strait. But he offended Spanish captains and officers, and if he admits that he was wrong in command, he is not a leader. Magellan had no way out. At this time, only courage and indomitable spirit can save him.
It was not until March 3 1 day that he ordered to spend the winter in a bay, that is, St. Julie's Bay. Everyone is very afraid of this desolate place at 39 degrees south latitude. No sailor has been here before.
Magellan ordered to reduce the daily food ration in order to avoid starvation in the future voyage. But met with unprecedented opposition, Magellan still calmly insisted that everyone carry out orders. The crew angrily demanded an immediate return, on the grounds that the voyage was to the Moluccas, not the Antarctic Ocean.
Magellan's expression is beautiful: vivid and pleasing to hear. Persuasion can't satisfy hunger and keep out the cold, and resistance is imminent: just like approaching eyebrows and eyelashes. Metaphor things have come to our eyes, very urgent. Yes The reason for this explosive situation is that Magellan's method has been too simple and rude for a long time, which has offended most people and all captains. The captains asked him to show the map, announce the route and explain the plan. To be fair, this is not too much.
The captains have repeatedly said that this is not only a matter of personal concern, but also a matter of life and death for the crew. Magellan fully understood their hints, and the rebellion finally happened.
On the night of April 1, a ship carrying the Spanish captain attacked the captain of another ship supporting Magellan and seized the ship. Then, another Spanish captain sided with the rebels and released the imprisoned captain. When Magellan woke up on his flagship, three of the five ships had fallen into the hands of the rebels. At this critical moment, others may have surrendered. However, Magellan was not afraid. He immediately organized the armed forces on two ships to give the rebels a powerful counterattack. This heroic battle, though arduous and fierce, miraculously won. Magellan executed the captain who led the rebellion, but pardoned the crew who participated in it. All this shows that Magellan is brave, witty and calm. Of course, from this incident, he also learned the experience and lessons of how to unite most people.
When the spring in South America began, it was already August, and the fleet continued to sail south to replenish necessities in Santa Cruz. At this time, due to reconnaissance in Sanju Lianwan, the smallest and fastest of the five ships was crashed, leaving only four ships in the fleet. Magellan ordered the fleet to rest on the spot and set sail on1October 18. Three days later, the fleet passed a magnificent cape and found the entrance of a small bay behind the cape. On both sides stand jagged peaks covered with snow and ice. Magellan encouraged people to move on, and he optimistically estimated that this was the strait they were looking for. He persuaded the captains of the two ships to move on and investigate.
Before the grass buds turn green, there is an uninhabited coast in front of us. Only the howling wind broke the silence of this desolate bay. When the two ships went to investigate the situation, suddenly there was a strong wind, and suddenly the waves rolled in the bay, so the two ships had to put away their sails and let the wind and waves attack them. Magellan looked at the raging hurricane and was extremely worried about the fate of the other two ships. If those two ships are wrecked, it will be difficult for them to continue sailing. His career and his ideal will also perish with the ship on this desolate rock. At this moment, we heard the roar of the guns of two ships going to investigate, and then found that the two ships were full of flags and were returning smoothly. Everyone cheered and knew it was great news. After the rendezvous, the passage was discovered.
The great scientist Newton said that victory often comes in the last five minutes. When Magellan's firm belief began to waver and he was considering crossing the Cape of Good Hope to return home, the good news of finding the Strait came. He knelt on the deck and thanked God, then four ships sailed into the uninhabited channel. The strait is tortuous, with different depths, shoals and narrow bays everywhere, and tributaries crisscross. The terrain is complex, and the strait is narrow on the top and wide on the bottom, dotted with islands and shoals everywhere. And the wind has been blowing, and the waves are very big. Only people with excellent driving skills can cross this unfathomable strait. Magellan's fleet was very heavy and the crew was exhausted. We should check the tributaries and distinguish the main channels. They successfully crossed the strait without losing a ship, and were praised by generations of navigators. Magellan's success depends not only on his imagination that day, but also on his coolest and most outstanding personality, that is, perseverance and perseverance.
1520165438+1On Wednesday, October 28th, Magellan's fleet rushed out of the strait that had never been visited before and entered the Pacific Ocean. This brief moment (shn) is the greatest moment in Magellan's life, and it is also a moment that one can only enjoy once in his life, which makes him immortal. Magellan, the iron man, cried to tears, which was the only time.
After the moment of joy and excitement, at the appointed place, the best and largest ship in their fleet, which also contained the most food, disappeared. He thought there was something wrong with the ship, and he searched for it for a week but couldn't find it. It turns out that the people on this ship have long been deserters. In fact, the ship has escaped and is on its way back to Spain.
The remaining three ships started the first voyage of the unknown ocean, and the mystery was difficult for human beings to guess. The name "Pacific Ocean" is the name of the ocean that the fleet crossed without any storm, and it has been used to this day.
Magellan's fleet sailed along the coast of Chile for some time without charts and measurement data, so it should be replenished with fresh water and supplies. However, due to his brain, ignorance and carelessness, this voyage to the Moluccas became one of the most shocking experiences in the history of world navigation.
The vast South China Sea is unexpectedly large. After leaving the Cape of Good Hope, the fleet sailed on the calm sea for dozens of days and hundreds of days, but never saw land, and there was no sign of approaching land. Because of the calm along the way, Magellan named this ocean "Pacific Ocean", which has been used ever since.
Magellan's life was not peaceful. Blindly calm and monotonous life is no less than some cruel punishment. Everything around seems to be always static: the same cloudless sky, the same blue sea water, the same dazzling sunshine, the same deck, the same face ... What's more, the grain reserves have been drastically reduced. At this point, people realized how wise Magellan had ordered to reduce the rations in San Julien Bay! Day after day, the wine is exhausted, and even the smelly water can only be drunk once a day. Rotten bread and fish caught on the road are the only food. The crew is getting thinner and weaker. Gradually, the crumbs were eaten up. Hunger makes people turn their eyes to what they can't eat. Suntanned stone cowhide was soaked and baked, and it was also used to satisfy hunger. Due to the lack of fresh food, scurvy gradually spread, and at least 19 people died. Sailors live in hunger and disease all the year round, and the fleet is like a coffin drifting with the flow, lifeless. Land was not discovered until March 6 152 1.
Thank god! This is an inhabited island. As soon as they landed, a group of naked aborigines climbed onto the ship's rail flexibly and swept away everything on board (including a small boat) in an instant. They don't know anything about etiquette and morality at all, except that these novel things are extremely attractive. Magellan could not tolerate this. The next day, they not only sent people to take back the boat, but also set fire to kill people and brought back a lot of food: the cruel nature of "civilized people" was exposed. Before they left, these robbers in the cloak of civilization named the island "Robber Islands" (today's Mariana Islands). This kind of black-and-white inversion is really jaw-dropping: eyes stare and can't speak. Describe embarrassment or shock ...
A week later, two islands appeared in the distance, which is now the Philippine Islands. The fleet docked on a smaller island. The next day, the natives of the Big Island brought bananas and coconuts that Europeans had never seen before. The crew exchanged gadgets for chickens, fish, vegetables and fruits. After hundreds of days and nights of hunger, they were full for the first time. Soon the fleet set out again and arrived in Masuohua Island on March 28th.
A dramatic scene has been staged! When Magellan's servant Henry was ordered to contact the aborigines on the shore, he actually understood something! Unbelievable: Henry has returned to his tribe! This is a memorable moment: for the first time in history, mankind sailed around the earth and returned home!
The crew had the happiest and most comfortable days in Massoua Island. They got along well with the aborigines and incorporated the island into Spain. In order to make this archipelago belong to Spain forever, Magellan asked the local king Kalambu to lead the way to Cebu, the largest island.
On April 7, Cebu Island arrived. This is a densely populated island with foreign sailboats moored in the harbor. At first glance, it is different from those uncivilized and ignorant places. That's exactly what happened. Sheikh Sheb Humabo is not afraid of guns. When Henry was ordered to contact him, he first insisted on paying taxes to the Spaniards. Later, he learned that these white people were difficult to deal with and immediately changed his attitude. Then the physical transaction began, and both sides took what they needed, which was unprecedented. At the same time, Magellan's plenipotentiary Bigafed also signed an agreement with Shep.
The next Sunday, Magellan personally went ashore and held a grand baptism ceremony for Shebu and Prince. Later, the queen, princess, nobles and subjects on the island all converted to Christianity. Soon, almost all the islands in the archipelago swore allegiance to the Spanish king. At this point, Magellan should always be satisfied? Not yet! Foresighted, he also established the absolute authority on behalf of the Spanish king, and he chose the local king of Cebu Island, Shebu.
Just then, the opposite Matan Island expressed dissatisfaction. It was a godsend, and Magellan thought it was time to show the strength of the Spanish. He sent Henry to persuade Sila Blab, king of Matan Island, to kneel down to him. I didn't expect to get the answer: "My people also have guns!" There is no way out. It seems that the two sides can only fight each other.
Magellan decided to show his military strength to Europe. He only took some people to Matan Island. After approaching the beach, a landing team of 60 people approached by boat. According to Magellan's experience, as long as two or three cannons are put on, the soldiers of Silabra will run away.
Sila Blab gathered thousands of people to fight on the beach. He proudly declared, "Our people also have spears." His self-confidence is reasonable, and the topography of this island is not conducive to Europeans to give full play to their strengths. The island is surrounded by many coral reefs, so the ship can't dock. Magellan ordered 40 men to jump into waist-deep water and charge with him. The others shot at the ship to cover it, and the big ship parked in the distance also opened fire.
The European guns fired together, and the natives retreated while shooting arrows. But neither the cannon nor the cannon can reach the shore. Magellan ordered to stop shooting, but the people on board couldn't hear him at all. When the aborigines realized that guns couldn't hit them, they laughed and shouted, covered with shields, and shot a shower of arrows at Europeans. Europeans, in particular, went ashore and burned twenty or thirty huts, which were even more fierce. At this time, they found that European armor could only protect their bodies, and their legs were exposed, so they shot arrows at their legs. A poisonous arrow hit Magellan's leg, and he hurriedly ordered to retreat. His leg is a little lame, so he backed away slowly. Only seven or eight people followed him. After the natives thought who was the leader, they rushed at Magellan desperately. A native bamboo spear stabbed him in the face and his spear stabbed him in the chest. But the spear can't be pulled out at once. He wants to draw his sword and fight again. The native's shuttle (Su) dart hit him in the hand, and another native's knife was cut on his left leg. He fell, the natives swarmed and all kinds of weapons were thrust at him. The rest of the Europeans made a mess and fled for their lives. This day is April 27th, 152 1.
The loss of the navigation commander and experienced leader Magellan made the crew feel insecure. They groped blindly among the islands and wasted half a year. Thanks to the guide, I finally arrived in Damo Luca when I left Spain for two years and three months. Magellan's spirit guided the fleet to complete his career, even after his death.
At this time, the original flagship needs to be overhauled and stay here. Only the last remaining ship sailed westward across the Indian Ocean, and the captain who led the returning ship was the one who tried to stop Magellan from completing his career. The unjust god of fate chose a man who didn't deserve the honor of sailing around the world.
This shabby sailboat, which avoided the attack of Portuguese ships, once again became their biggest threat. When I passed the Cape of Good Hope, I was caught in a violent storm, which almost destroyed my ship. Due to the records of Italian knight Bigafed, the date in the diary was actually lost for one day. Since then, the world has known that the earth rotates around the earth's axis at a constant speed, and sailing west is in the direction of the earth's rotation, which can reduce the time of one day. This is a new truth that shocked the whole world.
152 1 65438+February 21,"Victoria" embarked on its way home. They crossed the stormy Indian Ocean and bypassed the Cape of Good Hope against the wind. After nearly nine months of sailing, they finally saw the Spanish coast.
At this time, the crew of the "Victoria" were all tanned, ragged and very weak. They tried to straighten up, standing at the bow, thinking about their dead companions, the stormy waves in the voyage, the torture of hunger and disease, and the dead leader Magellan, with tears in their eyes.
1522 On September 6th, the "Victoria" finally sailed into the port of Barameda, Spain, where it set sail nearly three years ago. The fleet, which was composed of more than 200 people in five ships when it left, now has only one ship left, 18 survivors. However, they were the first people to circle the earth.