Purpose and function of measures:
Through "opening up and closing the border", "waste ore fields" and "people buying and selling", the land system of slavery was abolished in the form of law, buildings were opened, and the legitimacy of feudal land ownership was affirmed.
Abolish the "Shi Qing Shi Lu" system, grant titles according to the size of military exploits, break the privilege of slave owners' hereditary nobles, determine the feudal hierarchy, and develop and strengthen the political power of the landlord class.
Abolish the feudal system, establish the county system, compile household registration and centralize power, so as to consolidate the rule of the landlord class over the working people.
"Emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" encourages agricultural organizations to develop feudal economy and strengthen the economic strength of the landlord class.
"Horizontal bucket, weights and measures" promulgated standard weights and measures to facilitate tax collection and exchange and strengthen centralization of authority.
The writing method of "burning poems" implements the dictatorship of the feudal ruling class in the superstructure field.
Shang Yang's political reform laid the foundation for Qin Shihuang to unify China.
2, oust a hundred schools of thought, and respect Confucianism alone.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to the long-term use of foreign troops and the extravagance of the ruling class, taxes and levies became heavier and heavier, which caused a serious crisis within the feudal rule of the Western Han Dynasty. In order to strengthen the central political power in the Western Han Dynasty ideologically, Dong Zhongshu founded the theory of "the feeling between heaven and man" and "the divine right of monarch" (The Biography of Dong Zhongshu in Hanshu), and put forward the idea of ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone. His idea was adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed 100 schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone, which laid the dominant position of Confucianism. After Confucianism ruled China's political arena, it created unprecedented prosperity and power in the Han Dynasty for more than 400 years, which was the first peak in the history of China! It is also the first time in China's history that it won a complete victory in the war against aggression (completely relieved the threat of Xiongnu)! If Confucianism is something that mistakes the country and the people, can it help Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty achieve such a brilliant victory? Can you maintain the imperial power of the Han Dynasty for more than 400 years?
It is the China culture with Confucianism as its core that has ensured the uninterrupted traditional culture of China for 5,000 years. As we all know, there are four ancient civilizations in history: Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian and China. However, the first three ancient civilizations are submerged in the long river of history: Egypt and Babylon have long been extinct, and ancient India has been conquered by foreign countries many times. There are no systematic historical materials left, so we have to wait for archaeologists to study their ancient history. Their civilization has long since vanished. Only the history of China lasted for 5,000 years. Although it also experienced the tragic disaster of national subjugation, the powerful Chinese culture conquered the conquerors several times, which ensured the continuity of China's history. This is the power of advanced culture! Otherwise, China culture would have been submerged in the calendar.
3. The French Revolution
/kloc-at the end of 0/8, the French feudal system was extremely decadent. The contradiction between the first class (monks) and the second class (nobles) represented by King Louis XVI and the third class (bourgeoisie, urban civilians and peasants) is becoming increasingly acute, and mass movements are constantly rising.
Leading the people's freedom (Deloch Loire 1830) to celebrate the 1830 revolution, but here we can see the French people's spirit of pursuing democracy and loving freedom.
1789 in may, the king was forced to convene a three-level meeting, which was later changed to the national assembly and the constitutional assembly. On July 14, the people of Paris revolted and captured the Bastille, and the revolution broke out. On August 26th, the Constituent Assembly adopted the Declaration of Human Rights. In the early days of the revolution, Yang Feipai, who represented the interests of the big bourgeoisie and the liberal aristocracy, gained political power, formulated the 179 1 year constitution, held a legislative meeting, safeguarded the constitutional monarchy and opposed the continued development of the revolution.
The first and second classes reached a compromise with the big bourgeoisie, but the contradiction with the peasants and urban civilians, who accounted for the majority of the French population, did not ease. On the contrary, the people saw their own strength in the struggle. 1792, 10 In August, the people of Paris revolted again, overthrew the rule of the Fijian Sect and arrested King Louis XVI. On September 2 1, the National Assembly was convened, and the French Republic was declared the next day. However, the ruling Gironde represented the interests of the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, which not only prevented the revolution from developing in depth, but also did not resolutely resist the armed intervention of European monarchies. The Wang Party launched a rebellion, and the revolutionary situation was urgent.
Gironde's vacillation and weakness doomed its failed political fate, and it was no longer able to shoulder the mission that history should have given it. France needs a tougher regime to maintain the status quo. 1793 May 31-On June 2, the third uprising of the Parisian people replaced the rule of gironde and established the revolutionary dictatorship of jacobins headed by robespierre. Promulgate the Constitution of jacobin, abolish feudal ownership, quell the rebellion in gironde, and crush the armed interference of European monarchies; However, the anti-labor Lafeixia law and the compulsory labor law for agricultural workers are still maintained, and anger and Abelism are suppressed.
Unfortunately, however, jacobins's radical terror policy also led to division and infighting, and isolated robespierre could not completely protect the achievements of the French Revolution. But the anti-French alliance was pieced together again and again by European feudal monarchs, who besieged the French Revolution round after round in an attempt to restore the feudal politics of the French Bourbon dynasty. 1On July 27th, 794, the rightist forces suppressed by Romania launched a "Zeyue" coup in jacobin, arrested robespierre and St. Just, and established Zeyue Party rule. At this time, the most critical moment of the revolution has passed, and enthusiasts have established a new revolutionary government-the governor's government. They eliminated the revolutionary terror policy and radical measures in robespierre's period, established the normal rule of the bourgeoisie, safeguarded the republic, and safeguarded the achievements of the French bourgeois revolution.
18 12 The situation in Europe, click to see the full picture (produced by Zhou Bi).
However, the forces of foreign encirclement and suppression revolution are still surging. At this time, a new political star, Napoleon, emerged in the governor's government, and history eliminated the fanatics. In the "Fog Moon" coup, young Napoleon was in power, shouldering the heavy responsibility of sweeping the feudal forces in Europe and finally consolidating the achievements of the Great Revolution.
This is how the revolutionary forces in France advance in waves. A group of people who have completed their historical mission at a specific stage are ruthlessly eliminated by history, and so on until the revolution is successful. This revolution destroyed the feudal autocracy in France and promoted the development of French capitalism. It also impacted the feudal system in Europe and promoted the revolutions in European countries. Make Europe and even the world get rid of the shackles of feudalism and move towards capitalism.
Confucius was born in a famous mountain from September 28th, 55 1 year BC (August 27th of the lunar calendar) to April, 551year BC (February 11th of the lunar calendar), and was born in Lu (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius was a great thinker, educator and politician in ancient China, the founder of Confucianism and one of the top ten historical celebrities in the world. Confucius is not only the "most holy teacher" in China for more than 2,000 years, but also respected and admired by the world today. 1988, 75 nobel prize winners issued a joint declaration in Paris, calling on the world that "if human beings want to survive in the 2 1 century, they must learn the wisdom of Confucius two thousand years ago." . This shows the greatness of Confucius' thought.
According to Historical Records-Confucius Family, Confucius' ancestors were descendants of Shang Dynasty. After the destruction of Shang Dynasty in Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Chengwang was made an ordinary brother, and Wei Zi was made a loyal minister in Song Dynasty. Its capital is Shangqiu (now Shangqiu, Henan). After Wei died, his younger brother Wei Zhong succeeded to the throne. Wei Zhong was the ancestor of Confucius. After Jia, the sixth ancestor of Confucius, his father, descendants began to take Kong as their surname. His great-grandfather Kong fled from the Song Dynasty to Shandong to escape the civil strife in the Song Dynasty. Confucius' father, Shu (word, name Ge), was a famous warrior in Lu. Shu married Shi first, gave birth to nine women and no children, and my concubine gave birth to a son, Meng Pi, but she had foot disease. Under the circumstances at that time, neither a woman nor a disabled son should inherit. In his later years, Shu Liangyou gave birth to Confucius in a young woman named Yan. Because when Confucius was born, the middle of his head was concave, like a mud hill; Because Confucius' mother went to Niqiu Mountain to pray for blessings, she gave birth to Confucius, so she was named Qiu, the word (which means the second child, the eldest son of Shu is Meng Pi, and Meng Yi is the first). When Confucius was three, Shu died of illness. After that, Confucius' family was quite poor.
Confucius is very clever and eager to learn. At the age of twenty, he was already very learned and was praised as a "learned man" by people at that time. At the same time, little known is that Confucius inherited the bravery of his father Shu, who was nine feet three inches tall (now 1.9 meters above) and had extraordinary brawn, far from the image of a weak scholar that some people in later generations thought. Besides, Confucius was an extraordinary drinker, and it was said that he had never been drunk. However, Confucius never prided himself on being brave and addicted to alcohol. When Confucius was young, he used to be a "Commissioner" (a small official in charge of warehouses) and a "farmer" (a small official in charge of pastures), and everything was almost perfect. Because of Confucius' extraordinary ability and knowledge, he was quickly promoted. By the time Confucius was 5 1 year old, he was appointed as Zhongduzai (equivalent to the current mayor), and his political achievements were very remarkable; One year later, he was promoted to Sikong (equivalent to the current Minister of Construction) and later to Dashikou (equivalent to the director of the local public security department and the procurator of the Supreme People's Court); At the age of 56, he was promoted to acting prime minister and was in charge of foreign affairs at the same time (Confucius was promoted too quickly and did not meet the promotion standards of officials at that time, so he was acting prime minister). Only three months after Confucius came to power, all aspects of internal affairs and foreign affairs in Shandong have greatly improved, the country's strength has greatly increased, the people live and work in peace and contentment, the social order is very good (history books say that "the road is not picked up, the door is not closed at night"), and traitors and unruly people have fled; At the same time, Confucius also forced Qi to return the large territory occupied by Lu in the war to Lu through diplomatic means. Confucius' outstanding ruling ability threatened Qi, so he made a despicable plan to send a beautiful woman and a good horse to the monarch of Lu to indulge in debauchery and crowd out the most moral Confucius. After leaving Lu, Confucius traveled around the world. Although he was treated by the monarch most of the time, his political ideal did not match the "overbearing" who was eager for quick success and instant benefit at that time, and he could not be reused 14 years later. So Confucius returned to Lu at the age of 68 in 484 BC. Due to various reasons, Confucius didn't do much in politics, but in the three months of governing Lu, we can see that Confucius is worthy of the title of outstanding politician.
Political dissatisfaction made Confucius devote a large part of his energy to education, and Confucius served as the commander-in-chief of Lu State. Later, he took his disciples around the world; Finally, I returned to Shandong and concentrated on teaching. Confucius broke the monopoly of education and created a precedent for private schools. There are as many as 3,000 disciples of Confucius, including 72 sages, many of whom are the pillars of senior officials in various countries. Confucius had a far-reaching influence on later generations. When he was alive, he was known as a "heavenly saint", "many heavenly eyes" and "immortal sage". He was one of the most knowledgeable scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later generations as the most holy (saint among saints) and the teacher of all ages. He edited poetry books, defined rites and music, prefaced Zhouyi and wrote Chunqiu.
Qin Shihuang (259 BC-2 BC10) was the first founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty to unify China. Later generations called it "an emperor through the ages." The surname is Yan, Zheng Ming, son of Xiang Wang of Qin Zhuang, Han nationality. Born in Handan, the capital of Zhao (now Handan, Hebei), his surname was Zhao (the surname was not unified in the pre-Qin period, so the man called his surname, so Qin Shihuang called it). In 247 BC, Qin Shihuang 13 was king. In 238 BC, when Qin Shihuang was 2 1 year old, an adult coronation ceremony was held in his old capital Yongcheng. Since then, he has officially ascended the throne. At the age of 39, he finally completed the great historical task of reunifying China and proclaimed himself emperor. In the first 247 years, the King of Qin ascended the throne, because the Queen Mother, Prime Ministers Lv Buwei and Lao Ai were in charge of state affairs at a young age. In the first 238 years (the ninth year of the King of Qin), the King of Qin ruled personally, getting rid of Lu, Mao and others, and reusing Li Si and Mao. From 230 BC to the first 22 1 year, the six countries of Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi were destroyed successively, thus completing the great cause of reunifying the whole country and establishing the first unified and unified Qin Dynasty. He believed that his contribution was better than that of the previous three emperors and five emperors, and he called himself the "emperor". I have had merits and demerits in my life, and later generations and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty called it "Qin Huang Hanwu".
Wang Zheng of the Qin Dynasty established the honorific title of "Emperor", calling himself the first emperor, and announced that his descendants would be called II and III, and even be inherited from generation to generation. Subsequently, he abolished the enfeoffment system nationwide and replaced it with the county system; Under the direct control of the emperor, a whole set of bureaucracy was established from the central government to the counties. On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, it absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws. The nobles before the Six Kingdoms were moved to Guanzhong and Bashu to prevent their separatist activities. It also explicitly prohibits the collection of weapons by the people, destroys the confiscated weapons, and casts 12 gold men.
Economically, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce was implemented to foster the development of feudal private ownership of land. In the thirty-first year of the first emperor (2 16 BC), landlords and yeomen who occupied land were ordered to declare the amount of land to the government and pay taxes. Their land ownership was recognized and protected by the government, and the national weights and measures system was unified with the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang as the standard. Unify the national monetary system. In order to develop China's land and water transportation, the "car on the same track" was implemented, and the Chidao from Xianyang to Yanqi and Wu Chu and the straight road from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now Baotou West, Inner Mongolia) via Yunyang were built. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, and a canal was dug to connect Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River. In terms of cultural thought, based on the popular characters of Qin State, Biography was formulated and promulgated throughout the country. And using the theory that the five virtues of Yin and Yang in the Warring States period began at the end, Qin gained water virtue, the water color was black, and the final number was six. Therefore, it is stipulated that clothes, banners and flags are still black, and there are six kinds of symbols, crowns and riding systems. Water dominates yin, which represents punishment and killing, so the implementation of criminal law is aggravated on this basis. In the thirty-fourth year of the first emperor, he ordered the destruction of poems, books and hundreds of languages collected by the people, and banned private learning. Later, more than 400 Confucian scholars and alchemists participated in the escape of Hou Sheng, Lu Sheng and other immortals, all of whom were killed in Xianyang. After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he sent Meng Tian to crusade against the Huns, and linked the Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period, and built the Great Wall of Wan Li from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong in the east. After conquering Baiyue area, Guilin, Xiang Jun and Nanhai were established. At the end of the first emperor, the number of Qin counties increased from 36 counties at the beginning of unification to more than 40 counties, with the territory of "East to the Haichao, West to Lintao and Zhong Qiang, South to Beihu, North to the River, and Yinshan to Liaodong".
After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang built the luxurious Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li, made five large-scale cruises and carved stones in famous mountain resorts to show off his prestige. In order to live forever, he sent alchemist Xu (that is, Xu Fu) to lead thousands of boys and girls to the East China Sea to seek immortality. It has consumed huge financial and human resources and deepened people's suffering. In thirty-seven years, Qin Shihuang returned to the plain and died of illness. So he wrote a book and ordered his eldest son Fu Su to be buried and succeeded by him. Going to the sand dunes (now northwest of Guangzong, Hebei Province), Qin Shihuang died of illness. Zhao Gao colluded with Hu Hai and Reese, the youngest sons of the first emperor, forged a testamentary edict, made Hu Hai a prince, and gave Fu Su the death penalty. Shortly after Qin Ershi Hu Hai ascended the throne, a peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu broke out. The Qin Dynasty perished.
Li Shimin (598 ~ 649) was the greatest emperor in China. The second emperor of the Tang Dynasty, the temple name Taizong, was the emperor of posthumous title (with the addition of Emperor Sheng, the Emperor and the Emperor Da Guang Xiao).
Born in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Ji Cheng Township, Jingning, Gansu), he is a great strategist, outstanding politician, famous theorist, calligrapher and poet. It can be called "an emperor through the ages." Emperor Taizong risked his life to set up the Tang Dynasty, and made a strategic plan. In Li's Answer Right, he introduced his military thoughts in detail. After his accession to the throne, he unified China, resisted foreign aggression, and at the same time pursued the policy of "one family for foreigners and Chinese", which was the best period of ethnic relations in history and made great contributions to promoting national unity and integration. He is a great national hero! During his twenty-three years in power, China became a superpower because of its national prosperity, social stability, economic development and strong military strength. Later generations called his rule in Zhenguan period "Zhenguan rule".
In the 11th year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (6 15), Emperor Yang Di was besieged by 100,000 Turks in Yanmen (now Daixian County, Shanxi Province). With the help of Yun Dingxing, the general of Tunwei, Li Shimin drew up an imaginary Zhang Junrong with dozens of flags during the day and the corresponding suspected soldiers at night. At that time, reinforcements from Dongdu and various counties also arrived in Xinkou (now north of Xinxian County), forcing Turks to leave after Khan's clearance. In June of 13th year, Li Yuan and his younger brother led the troops to attack Xihe River (now Fenyang), and won the first battle, which prompted Li Yuan to decide to explore the Guanzhong in the west. As the right commander-in-chief, unify the right three armies. In July, I went south with Li Yuan from Taiyuan (now southwest of Taiyuan). On the way, Tang Gaozu once wavered. He wanted to go back to his teacher and make more plans. Shimin insisted on continuing to March and put forward the general plan of entering Xianyang first and ordering the world. In August, when attacking Huoyi (now Huozhou), we first led the Qingqi to the city gate, lured the Sui Shoujiang Song Laosheng to fight, and then led a ride to his side, and cooperated with Li Yuan to build a frontal attack, cut the Song Laosheng and seize the city. In September, the army arrived in Hedong (now southwest of Yongji), urging the army to quickly enter Chang 'an (now Xi 'an). So he was ordered to lead the former army to cross the Yellow River westward and successfully occupied the area north of Weihe River. Heroes of all ethnic groups flocked to the military gate to join the army, and several peasant insurgents also joined in, and their strength quickly grew to 654.38+03 million. In November, the army will conquer Chang 'an. Li Yuan made the king emperor. Shimin was named King of Qin.
After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin was made a high official and a right general, and became the king of Qin.
In order to unify the whole country, after the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, six major battles were held successively. Li Shimin commanded four of the six campaigns, all of which won victories and made great contributions to the Tang Dynasty.
Li Shimin paid attention to pre-war reconnaissance in the battle. Although he was in distress many times, he was able to know himself and know himself, and he was good at making fighter planes. When the enemy is strong and we are weak, he often uses the tactics of "strong wall and weak point" to defeat the enemy. He took the lead and personally led the cavalry to assault the enemy lines. Courageously pursue the enemy after victory, without giving him a chance to breathe, so he will win every battle. In the war to unify the frontier, he strategized, won thousands of miles, knew the generals, selected outstanding talents and won the war. Li Shimin made great contributions to the establishment and development of the Tang Dynasty Empire with his outstanding military talents. He deserves to be an outstanding strategist in the history of our country, and his brilliant martial arts will also go down in history!
Battle of Red Cliffs Gulf War
Battle of crossing river