1. Looking at the pictures of Hakka houses, you will think of those four-character words describing buildings
Crane Lake New House
The largest Hakka ancient village with residential buildings , accommodates thousands of people, key cultural relics, protected units, ancestor Luo Ruifeng, in the early Qing Dynasty, became rich through business
Longtian Family Residence
Hakka enclosed house, Huang family pit, tall wall, lookout post , turtle back pattern, winding paths, castle garden, landlord's manor, Longtian residence, Huang clan people
Luxurious residence
Hakka enclosed house , rectangular siege, compacted, extremely hard, four-corner towers, caring for each other, ancient residences, well preserved, He brothers, prosperous business houses, comprehensive operations, years of hard work, eventually becoming rich, five major residences
Wanshiju
Castle enclosed house, square enclosed house, Dawan ethnic group, Zeng family, Hakka culture, rich atmosphere, ethnic origin, ethnic migration, great value, well preserved, high cornices, reliefs on the door, Various characters, birds and flowers, lifelike, cultural value, 2. Explanation of Hakka residences
Hakka earth building, also known as Fujian round building, is a pearl of Chinese civilization and a unique mythical building in the world. The mountain village residential architecture is a wonder of Chinese ancient architecture. It is independent of the world's residential architectural art with its long history, unique style, large scale, and exquisite structure.
The characteristics of earth building dwellings and their construction characteristics are closely related to the history of the Hakka people. Everywhere Hakka people go, their family members always gather together.
In addition, most of the Hakka people lived in remote mountainous areas or deep mountains and dense forests. At that time, not only were there a lack of building materials, but they were also noisy with wolves, tigers, leopards, and thieves. In addition, they were afraid of being harassed by local people, so the Hakka people built a "resistance" "Sex" castle-like architectural residence. In this way, a unique architectural form of Hakka residences - earth buildings was formed. 3. How to write a description of Hakka houses in about 200 words
Residential buildings in various parts of China are also called houses.
Residential buildings are the most basic building type. They appear earliest, are most widely distributed, and have the largest number. Due to the different natural environment and humanistic conditions in various regions of China, residential buildings in various regions also show a diverse appearance.
The mainstream of traditional residences in Han Chinese areas is regular residences, with the Beijing courtyard house, which is laid out in a central axis symmetry, as a typical representative. Beijing's courtyard houses are divided into front and rear courtyards. The main house in the middle is the most respected. It is the place where family ceremonies are held and distinguished guests are received. The houses face the courtyard and are connected by verandas.
Although the courtyard house in Beijing is a concrete expression of the patriarchal concept and family system in Chinese feudal society in residential architecture, the courtyard is wide, well-sized, quiet and friendly, with well-organized flowers and trees, making it an ideal outdoor living space. Most of the residential buildings in North and Northeast China have this kind of spacious courtyard.
Main Houses and Earth Buildings The residences in southern China are compact and have many buildings. The typical residence is a main house with a small rectangular patio as the center. This kind of house has a square appearance and is simple and simple. It is widely distributed in the southern provinces.
The Hakka people in southern Fujian, northern Guangdong and northern Guangxi often live in large-scale group housing. The floor plan is round and square, consisting of a single-story building hall in the center and surrounding four or five-story buildings. This type of building is highly defensive, represented by Hakka earth buildings in Yongding County, Fujian. Among traditional Chinese residences, the Hakka earth buildings in Yongding are unique. There are more than 8,000 earth buildings in square, round, octagonal and oval shapes. They are large in scale and beautiful in shape. They are both scientific and practical. Characteristics constitute a wonderful world of residential buildings.
Fujian Tulou uses local raw soil, sand, gravel, and wood chips to build single houses, and then connect them into large houses, and then build thick and enclosed "resistant" castle-like residential buildings - Tulou. Earth buildings are solid, safe, closed and have strong clan characteristics.
There is a well drilled in the building and a granary is prepared. In case of war or banditry, the gate can be closed and it becomes a self-contained building. Even if it is besieged, food and water can be supplied for several months. Coupled with the characteristics of being warm in winter and cool in summer, and resistant to earthquakes and winds, earth buildings have become a residence where the Hakka people have inherited and thrived from generation to generation.
Residential buildings of ethnic minorities There are also many kinds of residential buildings in China’s ethnic minority areas. For example, the Uyghur houses in northwest Xinjiang are mostly flat-roofed, with earthen walls, one to three stories, and surrounded by courtyards; typical Tibetan houses " "Diaofang" uses stones to build outer walls and a wooden structure with a flat roof inside; Mongolians usually live in movable yurts; while ethnic minorities in the southwest often build wooden structures with stilts near mountains and water. It is spacious and has people living upstairs. Among them, the bamboo building of the Dai people in Yunnan is the most distinctive. The stilted houses of the Miao and Tujia ethnic groups are the most distinctive folk houses in southwest China.
A stilted building is usually built on a slope without a foundation. The building is supported by pillars. The building is divided into two or three floors. The top floor is very short, only food is stored and no one can live in it. Sundries are piled downstairs or livestock are kept. Northern cave dwellings and ancient city dwellings China has a vast territory and many ethnic groups, and the forms, structures, decorative arts, and tones of dwellings in each region have their own characteristics.
Here, we mainly introduce the distinctive northern cave dwellings and folk houses in the ancient city. There are many cave dwellings in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in northern China. In loess areas such as Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, and Shanxi, local residents dig horizontal holes in the natural earth walls, often connect several holes, and add bricks and stones inside the holes. Build cave dwellings.
Cave dwellings are fire-proof and noise-proof, warm in winter and cool in summer, saving land, economical and labor-saving, and organically combining natural scenes and life scenes. It is a perfect architectural form adapted to local conditions, permeating people's love and love for the loess. Nostalgic. In addition, China also has relatively well-preserved ancient cities, which contain a large number of ancient residences.
Among them, the Ancient City of Pingyao in Shanxi and the Ancient City of Lijiang in Yunnan were both included in the World Heritage List in 1998. The ancient city of Pingyao is the most complete existing ancient county town of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and a typical representative of the ancient county town in the Central Plains of China's Han nationality.
So far, the city’s city walls, streets, residences, shops, temples and other buildings are still basically intact, and its architectural pattern and style characteristics have remained largely unchanged. Pingyao is a living specimen for studying the historical development of China's politics, economy, culture, military, architecture, art and other aspects.
The Old Town of Lijiang, built in the Southern Song Dynasty, is the only town that combines the traditional architecture of the Naxi ethnic group with the characteristics of foreign architecture. The ancient city of Lijiang has not been affected by the architectural etiquette of cities in the Central Plains. The road network in the city is irregular and there are no strict city walls.
Black Dragon Pond is the main water source of the ancient city. The water from the pond flows into the walls and houses in thin strips, forming a water network. You can see gurgling water in canals and weeping willows on the riverside in the ancient city. 4. Introducing the guide words of Hakka residences
Hakka residences In the villages where Hakka people live together in the Lingnan Mountains, people can see many unique, simple and elegant Hakka residences everywhere: Weilong House, Zoumalou, Among them, the Hakka dragon house is the most extant and the most famous among the four-corner buildings. It is called one of the buildings with the most Chinese residential characteristics by Chinese and foreign architectural circles.
Weilongwu was first built in the Tang and Song Dynasties and became popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Hakka people use the most advanced techniques of lifting beams and passing buckets among the construction techniques of the Han people in the Central Plains to build dragon-enclosed houses in hilly areas or slopes. The main structure is "one entrance, three halls, two rooms and one enclosure". Ordinary Weilong houses occupy 8 or 10 acres, while larger ones occupy more than 30 acres. A dragon-walled house is a huge Hakka fortress. The house is fully equipped with bedrooms, kitchens, large and small halls, wells, pig pens, chicken coops, toilets, warehouses and other living facilities. It is a typical epitome of China's feudal self-sufficient life. Different from many round dragon houses, the dragon houses in Heyuan are square and are called "mansion style" and "corner tower". Its shape is close to the traditional "siheyuan" in the north, and its cultural connotation is deeper. Around Xiantangwei Town, Dongyuan County, on the outskirts of the city, there are more than 30 well-preserved Hakka houses. Now this residence, which has been turned into a Hakka folk custom museum for tourists to visit, is a typical representative of the Weilong House in Heyuan. According to records, it was built in the 17th year of Qianlong's reign (1749), and was later restored and expanded by the owner to include 66 rooms, 24 halls, and 12 patios. This residence is estimated to be 250 years old. .
The dragon-enclosed house in Xiantang is large in scale, complex in structure and exquisite in layout. There are not only bedrooms, bathhouses, study rooms, kitchens, but also a four-story pavilion. When you come to the pavilion, if you pay attention, you can notice that there are small square windows on the four walls of each floor.
Some people may have doubts, isn't it too stingy for lighting from such a small window? What I want to tell you here is that it is mainly a lookout hole and a shooting hole to defend against the invasion of foreign enemies, and it is convenient to use weapons such as guns, cannons, bows and arrows to fight against invading enemies. The design of the Weilong House has a lot to do with the situation of the Hakka people at that time: the Hakka people moved south to remote mountainous areas and were squeezed out and bullied by the local people. In order to unite with the outside world, they had to live in groups and build defensive buildings. Functional castle style residence.
The most puzzling thing about this residence is that there are so many patios and halls. Although this is a deep compound, the light coming from several patios makes every corner much brighter. The hall is divided into upper, middle and lower halls. It is said that the upper hall is a place for old people to rest when they return to their old age after a hundred years; the middle hall is a place for worshiping ancestors and discussing affairs. Among them, the upper, middle and lower halls are separated by two screens. Generally, the screens in the lower hall are opened when a wedding is held, and the screens in the two halls are opened when a centenarian passes away. Friends, do you know? Many scenes in the first 10 episodes of the TV series "Hong Kong Story" broadcast by CCTV to welcome Hong Kong's return last year were shot in this Hakka "Grand View Garden".
Regardless of whether it is round or square, the Weilong House has its own unique characteristics in architecture: with the north and south meridian as the central axis, symmetry from east to west, low in front and high in back, with clear priorities and a clear location. Orderly and neatly laid out. There are dozens or hundreds of living units in the center of the hall and patio, which are suitable for dozens, hundreds or even hundreds of people to live in one room. It is really breathtaking. Nowadays, most of the Hakka houses have been reformed, and most of them are single-family houses with reinforced concrete structures. They no longer build dragon houses, so the remaining dragon houses are particularly precious. The design and architecture of Weilong House have both the ancient heritage of the Central Plains and the characteristics of the southern mountainous areas. They integrate scientific, practical and ornamental features, showing the outstanding talents and superb skills of the Hakka ancestors. Weilong House, together with courtyards in Beijing, cave dwellings in Shaanxi, "balustrade style" in Guangxi, and "a seal" in Yunnan, has been praised by Chinese and foreign architectural circles as the five most distinctive residential buildings in China. Now Weilongwu has stepped out of the closed mountains and into the vast world. It has become a historical relic and a strange landscape. The exquisite structure, wonderful layout and rich connotation of Weilong House will leave a deep impression on people. After being accustomed to seeing modern high-rise buildings, looking at antique Hakka houses is not only a wonderful enjoyment, but also increases knowledge. 5. Please use one word to describe the characteristics of Hakka houses and Dai bamboo houses
Hakka houses: magnificent, evenly laid out, solid and circular. : A fort-like residence, a circular enclosed house or earth building, with unified uses on each floor, reflecting cultural characteristics. It is sturdy, adaptable to local conditions, has strong security, strong sealing, and strong ethnic grouping.
The text uses metaphors and numbers to illustrate.
Dai Bamboo House: a green home, integrated with nature. There are many bamboo buildings living near the water, full of trees, full of villages and gardens full of flowers. The structure is simple and spacious. One family builds a house and the whole village helps. 1' The whole bamboo building is very spacious, with a large space and few obstructions. The ventilation conditions are excellent, which is very suitable for the humid environment of Banna. Rainy climate conditions. 2'Beautiful environment. 3'Each bamboo building is divided into two floors in a square shape. 4'The size of each room is the same, which expresses their belief that everyone is equal, united and harmonious. The text has a method of listing numbers to illustrate