The surnames of the Manchu people are mainly inherited from the surnames of their predecessors, the Jurchens of the Jin Dynasty. The main surnames of the Manchu people, such as Guarjia (Guan), Fucha (Fu, Fu), Nala (Na, Lang), Feimo (Ma), Niu Hulu (Nan, Lang, Niu) , Hesheli clan (He, He), Wanyan clan (Wang, Wang), Wuku clan (Wu, Wu), Nyimacha clan (horse), Muyan clan (Mu), Wuya clan (Wu, Wu), Shumulu family (Shu, Su, Xu), Jiagu family (Tong, Tong, Tong), Jueluo family (Zhao, Shu, E, Jin, Luo, Hong, Zhao, Hai, Tang), etc., are basically all Later the Manchus continued to use it.
After the mid-Qing Dynasty, under the influence of Han culture, the Manchus began to gradually change their Manchu surnames. First, Manchu surnames were given Chinese surnames. Later, Manchu people's names were gradually named according to Han customs, which completely changed the Manchu cultural custom of "giving names but not surnames" and "father and son have different surnames".
1. The origin of Manchu surnames
The origin and changes of Manchu surnames are closely connected with the development of Manchu society. The Manchu clan organization "Mukun" is the basic unit of society. In the early days of the establishment of the Eight Banners system, one Mu Kun was divided into one Niu Lu, the smaller Mu Kun was divided into half Niu Lu, and the larger Mu Kun was divided into two or more Niu Lu. (i.e. Zuoling) is held by Mukunda (Mukunda, Manchu, translated into Chinese as family head, i.e. clan leader). However, the traditional influence of clan organizations Hala and Mukun is still considerable. Hara, in Manchu, is translated into Chinese as surname, that is, surname, which originates from the clan's patrilineal consanguinity group. The Eight Banners' Niulu Ezhenzhongxun's old assistant chiefs and Shiguan assistant chiefs can be hereditary. In addition to other necessary procedures, they must be certified by genealogy. Therefore, the Manchu family concept has become stronger and stronger, and the surnames of Hara and Mukun have become very important from generation to generation.
1． Manchu surnames come from animals and plants worshiped as totems. The Niu Hulu clan is scattered in Changbai Mountain, Ying'e, Hunchun and other places. Niu Hulu means wolf, and the wolf is the totem worship object of this clan tribe. Later, they took the homonymous Chinese character "lang" as their surname. The Nimaha family who lived in Liaoyang for a long time, Nimaha means fish, etc.
2． The Manchus changed their original polysyllabic surnames to Chinese character surnames. The Manchu people have surnames with Chinese characters, all of which are single surnames. Jurchens are proud to be given Chinese surnames, while more Manchus only use Chinese surnames instead of Chinese names. Until the late Ming Dynasty and even the Qing Dynasty, there were still many Jurchen and Manchu people who did not have Chinese surnames and still used Jurchen or Manchu surnames. The inscription on the Guarjia (Guan) tomb in Niuxintai, Mingshan District, Benxi City records that the Guan family moved from Wula Street in Jilin to Niuxintai in the early years of Shunzhi, and they were named Guan. Their family tree also records that they were named Guan during the Shunzhi period. . The Han people who joined the Manchu ethnic group in the early days added "Jia" or "Erjia" to their surnames, turning the Han surname into a Manchu polysyllabic surname to show that it was different from the Han surname. The word "jia" here is pronounced as "ye" in Manchu. In the late Qing Dynasty, under the influence of Han culture, the Manchu people consciously or unconsciously changed their original surnames, and it was extremely common to have surnames with Chinese characters. The original Han people who joined the Manchus also removed the "Jia" or "Erjia" after their surnames and restored their original Han surnames, such as Li Jia changed to Li, Ma Jia changed to Ma, etc.
3. Manchu people have surnames with Chinese characters. After the late Qing Dynasty, Manchu surnames appeared in arbitrary surnames, and some even took the surnames of their mother's family or relatives and friends, thus violating the rules of naming surnames. For example, the Manchu surname Hong was originally from the Aixinjueluo family. Later, the descendants of this branch were given the surname Hong (the red letter is the surname) because of their "red belt". From the pre-Qing Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, direct descendants of the Qing royal family wore yellow belts, clan members such as Jueluo wore red belts, and those who were expelled from the clan wore purple belts. There was another Manchu named Hong whose real surname was Suojia. Someone in the tribe committed the crime of "killing the tribe". A man ran away and wore white clothes to pay tribute to his family to commemorate those who died in the family. When someone asked his surname, he quickly answered that it was Bai ( Because of wearing mourning clothes), later a girl got married and held a wedding ceremony. She felt that the white surname was taboo, so she changed her surname to Hong (red) to this day. There is another surname named Hong. The ancestor who moved to Liaodong was named "Hong Ya", and his descendants took the first character "Hong" of their father's name as their surname. However, regardless of the origin of their surnames, these main Manchu surnames are "blood groups formed by Jurchen society."
4. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, due to frequent wars and social turmoil, the Jurchen Jurchen clan of Gullun and Jiagu, namely Ahachu and Mengge Timur, who had lived in Huanren and other places for nearly 200 years, gradually became stronger and annexed them. , integrated with the Jurchens of other clans, and became the common surname of the Jurchens in Jianzhou. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, he became the ruler of the Jurchens and called himself "Aixinjueluo". After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, it became a royal surname.
During this period, the Xitan clan (Xitala clan), Aotun clan (Etun clan), Fuyimo clan (Feimo clan), Qishili clan (Hesheli clan), etc. They moved to the Suifen River and Tumen River basins and settled in northeastern Korea. These surnames later became the main surnames of the Manchu people. The Manchu surnames formed in the Benxi area during the Ming and Qing Dynasties are mainly related to Zhao, Gao, Pu, Deng, Weng, Tuo, Tong, etc.
2. The naming of Manchu surnames
Each of the main Manchu surnames has its own origin, its own migration history, its own surname evolution characteristics and its unique naming characteristics. The rules are as follows.
1． Take the Ministry as the surname. That is, the clan name is the surname (Hala) of the clan members. Duolong'a, who served as the deputy governor of Heilongjiang in the seventh year of Daoguang's reign, was formerly affiliated with the Nyimacha tribe. The Dolong'a people took the tribe's name of Nyimacha as their clan's surname, namely Nyimachahara. The ancestors of Fei Yingdong, the first-class minister of Nurhaci, originally belonged to the Guarjia tribe in the Jin Dynasty. Their surnames were Guarjia, Zhucha from the Suwan tribe, and their surnames from the Antu tribe. The surname of the Huns is Antuguarjia, and the surname of the Hushihali tribe is Hushihali (Guan). "Tongzhi of the Eight Banners·Biography" and "Tongzhi of the Dynasty·Clan Brief" both have records of the tribe as a surname.
2． Take the land as the surname. That is, the surname of the clan is based on the place of residence. This situation is more common in the Manchu surname naming rules. For example, it is said in the Genealogy of the Fuling Juercha Clan: "I, the Juercha family, can be described. It traces back to the ancestor Suo Ercha, who moved to the place of Juercha in Changbai Mountain in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and lived on the soil. Because they are surnames." In addition, the surnames named after places include Ningguta, Tongjia, Dong'e, Majia, Masuli, etc.
3. Keep your old surname. That is, the old surname is used as the surname. The Manchu clans used the 27th clan from the Jin Dynasty, the 1st clan from the Liao Dynasty, and the 7th clan from the Yuan Dynasty. For example, one of the first five ministers of the Qing Dynasty all had the surname Niu Hulu. Niu Hulu was the Dilie clan in the Liao Dynasty, the female Xilie clan in the Jin Dynasty, the Yiqi Lie clan in the Yuan Dynasty, and the Niu Hulu clan in the Ming Dynasty. The Zhu Hu family in the Ming Dynasty, etc. In addition, there are the Hesheli family, the Ukuli family, the Nyimacha family, the Wuya family, the Muyan family and the Boduli family.
4. Given a surname. It is a surname given by the emperor, not the surname of the original tribe. For example, in the early Qing Dynasty, the minister of war, Namutai, was originally named Shumulu, the first-class minister Hu Erhan was originally named Tongjia, Zhuo Na, the assistant leader, was originally named Nala, Manping Aben was named Zhaojia, and Nurhaci, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, was all given the surnames Jueluo and Tongjia because of his military exploits. The descendants of Hu Erhan live in Jilin Province today, and their current surname is "Tong Zhao". The original Tong surname is combined with the given surname Jueluo (Zhao) to form a new compound surname "Tong Zhao". The original surname of the deputy capital Tongbu Shuku is Wenche Heng. , Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty gave him the surname Wulu, Luang Yiwei champion Saharian's original surname was Nala, Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji gave him the surname Hesheli, and changed it into the Xifu clan of the great scholar. Che Ke, a great scholar of the Guarji family, was given the surname Jueluo by Emperor Taizu Huang Taiji of the Qing Dynasty. There are not many Manchu surnames with given surnames.
5. Change last name. The source of this kind of surname is usually the change of surname and the adoption of a new surname due to separation, inheritance, or migration to a different place. This situation is relatively rare. For example, the Yilgenjue Luo family lived in two villages, the east and the west, due to the large number of ethnic groups. Those who lived in the east village changed their surname to the Bayala family, and those who lived in the west village changed their surname to the Meng'ero family. The original surname of Huifa Minister Baiyindali was Ikedali. Later, he changed his surname to Nala because of his attachment to the Gayanga Tumo Tu of the Nala clan of the Hulan people. Similar situations include Wuling's family, Wusu family, Tatar family, etc.
6. Take your given name. A person with a low status who has a surname or no surname takes the surname of the owner or a person with a high status, but does not deny or change his or her original surname. For example, during the Kangxi period, the famous Tong Fengcai served as governor of Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Henan and other provinces for more than ten years, and participated in the pacification of the "Three Feuds". His family's original surname was Sun. His grandfather, Sun Jinglu, was a small leader under Tong Yangxing, the commander of the Eight Banners Han Army. Because of his contribution to Tong Yangxing, he was allowed to take the surname Tong. It became the first of the eight Manchu surnames. His status was immediately improved and he became the Tong family name. A member of a prominent family. His grandson was able to use his surname Tong to be re-elected as a senior official in the Qing court.
7. The surname is homophonic. The Manchu surnames have multiple syllables. To choose a surname with homophonic meaning, one of the syllables is used as the surname, or a Chinese character with a similar pronunciation to a certain Chinese character as the surname is used as the surname. For example, the Ning Guta family was given the surname "Ning" or "Liu" because the Chinese translation of "Ning Guta" was "Liu", which was similar to the sound of Liu, and the "Ning" sound was used as the surname "Ning".
The Shumulu family was given the surname "Shu" (Su) or "Xu", the Tatala family was given the surname "Tang", the Siketili family was given the surname "Xi", and the Qideli family was given the surname "Qi, Qi" As for the surname, the Tong Jia family was given the surname "Tong" (the word "Jia" was removed), and the homophonic surname was given the surname "Dong", while the Huihe family was given the surname "He".
8． The surname is based on the first Chinese character of the father's and ancestor's names. The Dong'e family in Huanren County had the Chinese surnames He and Dong. The eighth grandson of He Heli, one of the five ministers in the early Qing Dynasty, was named Zhongge. He served as a magistrate in Shandong and was known as "Master Chong (Cong)". His grandson was named "Chong (Cong)". )" as the surname. Later, because he thought the word "Chong" (Cong, Chong) was not good-sounding, he added the prefix "Cao" to the word "Chong" and changed his surname to "Dong"; Dong'e is homophonic to the surname "Dong", but the descendants of He Heli also changed their surname to "Dong". The first character "He" in his name is the surname, and there are also people whose surname is "E" in Dong'e. During the Kangxi period of Dong'e's family, there was a person named Xierda, and his descendants took "Xi" as their surname. Xierda's fourth grandson Chengquan took "Cheng" as his surname, and his children Binxiu, Binxuan, and Binzhang were named "Xi". "Cheng" is the surname. There is also the Melezelle family with the Chinese surname "Ge", which is also a homophonic surname. The Yiergenjueluo family (Zhao) of Danangou Village, Niuxintai Town, transferred Niuxintai from Benxi Jurchen to Ula during the Shunzhi period. The branch of his second generation ancestor moved from Niuxintai to Hongliangou. He was named after the place because of his blushing appearance, and because of his tallness, he was customarily called "Tall Man". His descendants took "Gao" as their surname. The two surnames Zhao and Gao were from the same ancestor but had different surnames, forming today's two Manchu surnames in Benxi. . The ancestor of the Manchu clan of Sakda in Nanfen District was given the official name "Sakda Wengai" because of his meritorious service. His descendants took the official name "Weng" as their surname, one branch of them took "Tong" as their surname, and another branch They have "Li" as their surname, and another group have "Tuo" as their surname. There are four surnames: Chengweng, Tong, Li and Tuo. The Qi family of Xinglong Village, Qiaotou Town, Nanfen District is the Dong'e family of the Manchu people, and is a descendant of the uncle of Peng Chun, a famous general in the Qing Dynasty. According to "Biographies of Qing Dynasty" Peng Chun and "Liaoyang Stele Chronicles", Peng Chun is He Heli, one of the five ministers of the early Qing Dynasty. A descendant of the Dong'e family, the tombstone of Pengchun located in Liaoyang also calls himself "Dong'a family". Qi Xi, the ancestor of the Qi family, was Peng Chun's uncle, and the descendants of Qi Xi took the character "Qi" as their surname. Another descendant of Qi Xi lived in Liaoyang and took "Hong" as his surname. The descendants of Peng Chun who lived in Laogoumen Township, Huairou District, Beijing today, took Peng Chun's initials "Peng" as their surname. Descendants of Silda living in Beijing have the surnames "Xi" and "Cheng". Therefore, we know that one branch of Heheli is named after five surnames. The descendants of Daijiabao, Qiaotou Town, Nanfen District, have Manchu surnames. They have two surnames, "Guan and Dai", from the same ancestor but different clans. It is said that "the two surnames of Guan and Dai are indistinguishable."
9. Use Chinese characters with the same meaning and similar meaning as surnames. This is to translate Manchu into Chinese, and use Chinese characters or Chinese surnames with the same or similar meanings as surnames, such as Bayan, Bayan, which means rich in Chinese, that is, use the word "rich" as the surname. Wahe's family name, Wahe, means stone in Chinese, that is, the character "Shi" is taken as the surname. Bila's name, Bila, means river or river in Chinese, that is, "He" is the surname. Ha Sihu's name, Ha Sihu, means Zuo in Chinese, that is, "Zuo" is taken as the surname. Aotun family, Aotun, means trough basin (household wooden utensils) in Chinese, which means the surname "Cao" and so on.
10． Reuse Chinese character surnames. In order to adapt to the custom of Manchu polysyllabic surnames, the early Han people who joined the Manchu ethnic group followed the Manchu polysyllabic surnames and added "jia (family)" or "erjia" to the original Chinese character surname to form a compound surname, such as Li Jia's original surname is Li, Zhang Jia's original surname is Zhang, Tong Jia's original surname is Tong, Ma Jia's original surname is Ma, Huang Jia's original surname is Huang, Sun Erjia's original surname is Sun, and so on. After the Qing Dynasty declined, these people who were originally Han people used Han surnames again.
In addition, there are other situations where the Manchu people have Chinese surnames. For example, Yiergen, whose surname is based on his status, is a free citizen, and his status is slightly higher than Baoyi (in Manchu, that is, a slave). Ergenjueluo actually used his identity as his surname, and some insisted not to use Chinese characters for his surname and still maintained his original Manchu surname.
3. The national characteristics of Manchu names
Historically, before the surnames were given with Chinese characters, Manchu names had strong national and cultural characteristics. Its characteristics can be divided into the following categories.
1． Name after an animal. The Manchu people, especially the early Manchu people, like to name their newborns after various animal names or certain parts of the animal's body, which is completely different from the Han people's naming. Some Han people only use animal names to name their children, such as "Gou'er, Gou Sheng, Ma Zhuzi" and other nicknames. At the same time, the child is given a big name (or scientific name), while a nickname (nickname) is only used at home and is called by elders or adults of relatives.
The Manchu people name their children after animals or parts of animals, such as Nurhaci, the founder of the Qing Dynasty. Nurhaci means "wild boar skin" in Chinese. Nurhaci's parents hope that their eldest son will be as brave and invincible as a wild boar in the forest when he grows up. , as tough and durable as boar skin (thick and tough), I hope he will become a brave and invincible person in the future. Nurhachi's younger brother Shuerhaqi means "little wild boar", and his other brother Yarhaqi means "leopard skin". Dorgon, the son of Nurhaci, means "badger son", and his grandson Dudu means "mountain dove". The eldest son of Nurhachi's grandson Emperor Fulin was named Niu Niu, which means "eyeball". The famous general in the early Qing Dynasty was Shumulu's Lenggri from Zhenghuang Banner, which means "Shuo Rat". These ways of naming newborns represent the ancient custom of naming children by the Jurchens and the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty, and are a basic way of naming and surnames for the Manchus.
2． Name it after a common item. This situation is not uncommon. For example, Asu means "net"; Harha means "upper"; Borjin means "saddle head"; Muharlian means "projectile"; Hailan means "elm tree"; Bolo, meaning "shade hat"; Bura, meaning "thorn"; Feyangu, meaning "little finger"; Qiji, meaning "sea cucumber"; Niman, meaning "goat"; Akuri, meaning It means "fish skin clothing"; Ebo means "boundary mark" and so on.
3. Name it with numbers. There are two situations, one is naming with Manchu numbers, and the other is naming with Chinese numbers. This is also the habit, method and characteristic of Manchu naming. For example, the name of the Gejile family from Zhenglan Banner in Yalan area is Yi Laqi, which means "third"; the name of Heshuri from Zhenglan Banner in Huifa area is Yi Laqi, which also means "third". ; Fucha's Suse, a native of the Xiangbai Banner in Ehekulun, meaning "fifty"; Nadanzhu, a member of Zhangjia's family in the Xiangbai Banner of the Qianlong Dynasty, meaning "seventy"; Niu Hulu's Wuyun, a native of the Zhengbai Banner in Changbai Mountain Zhu means "ninety"; Hada is inlaid with blue flags and wrapped with Ming'an, which means "one thousand". In the Manchu genealogy books and the "Eight Banners Manchu Clan Genealogy", we can find many people named with Manchu numbers, which shows that the Manchus have the custom of naming with numbers. After the Qing Dynasty, many Manchu people liked to use Chinese numeral nouns to name their names. From forty-one to ninety-eight, almost every numeral was the name of many people. The largest one is "One Hundred and Eighty-Three" of the Fucha family. This name may be the largest number of human nouns among the Manchu people using Chinese numerals. It is the sum of the ages of the four parents and grandparents.
4. Name with adjectives. There are many Manchu names with the word "A" in them. The word "A" is equivalent to the word "的" in Chinese. The pronunciation of "A" is "nɡɡa". There is no such sound in Chinese, that is, the word "A" is used. substitute. "Eight Banners Genealogy of Manchu Clan" and "Eight Banners Genealogy" and Manchu genealogy books, there are quite a few names with the characters "A, Bu, E, Ge" at the end. Only "Eight Banner Manchu Clan Genealogy" has "A" at the end. There are about thousands of names with the character "", which is an important symbol of Manchu people's names.
5. Use the active usage of verbs to create names. Most of the early Manchus were named in this way, such as Guni Yinbu from the Fucha family of the Zhenglan Banner of Fuzhou General, whose name in Chinese means "to make the will strong"; Yili from the Guarjia family of the Xianghong Banner. Bu, whose name in Chinese means "to make one stand up"; the Chinese name of Xilabu, a native of Zhengbai Banner, means "to make one inherit", and so on. There are three characteristics of the Manchu people using this verb causative usage to name names: first, the Manchu meaning is expressed by Manchu pronunciation; second, when transliterated in Chinese characters, it can be written as a Manchu name in the form of two or more Chinese characters; third, The first name does not include the surname.
6. A Manchu name composed of Manchu and Chinese morphemes. Manchu personal names that combine Manchu and Chinese morphemes are characterized by being composed of two Chinese characters. Generally, the first character is a Chinese morpheme and the second character is a Manchu morpheme. There are many such names in the "Eight Banners Genealogy of Manchu Clan", "Eight Banners Genealogy" and Manchu family trees. For example, it is very common to add the word "ge" after Chinese numerals, or to add the word "ge" after other Chinese morphemes. The Chinese numerals with the word "ge" added after them range from two to nine. For example, in the Genealogy Book of Fuling Juercha, the Chinese numerals two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight ( There are no names in this score with the word "ge" added after "jiuge"); there are also many names with the word "ge" after other Chinese morphemes, such as Tengge, Louge, Foge, Toge, Dege, Hei Ge et al. These unique Manchu names are not found in other ethnic groups.
7. A semi-Chinese Manchu name.
When Manchu names began to be sinicized, they were only named according to the meaning of the Chinese characters. Later, the surname and the given name were also written in conjunction. After entering the customs, Manchu people's names began to be generally Chineseized, starting with the ruling class and the royal family. For example, Fulin, the first emperor after the Qing dynasty settled in Beijing, had a Chinese name, and "Fu Lin" was the abbreviation of "The Coming of Great Fortune". The sinicization of Manchu names can even be traced back to the period when the Qing Dynasty occupied the Liaoshen region. The Manchu names of other Manchu nobles and common people gradually became Chinese after the mid-Qing Dynasty. For example, in the "Genealogy of the Ilgenjueluo Family", its ancestor Waimubu came back from Changbai Mountain when he was in Nurhachi, and his fifth descendant (approximately from the late Kangxi to the early Yongzheng years) was named in Chinese: such as Qin Tai, Yong Tai . By the sixth generation, there were more and more Chinese names: Baojin, Baolong, Baohu, Baode, Mingde, Fucheng, Baocheng, Tianyin, Fude, Changde, etc., from the ninth generation to the present (the fourteenth generation) Then all are Chinese names.
4. The Manchu custom of changing names
The Chinese have the custom of changing names. One is to correct it yourself, and the other is to have others correct it. This custom of changing names has been practiced by the Manchus since their ancestors. One of the important reasons for changing the name is that the original name was taboo, or the name was changed by the emperors and nobles. The reasons and methods for changing the name are as follows.
1． Imperial gift. In the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Emperor once rewarded the Manchu ancestor Heishui Mohe with the surname of Li Xiancheng, and Li Xiancheng's family was regarded as noble. In 1403 (the first year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty), Aha, the first commander of the Jianzhou Guard, came out and "Ming gave him the name Li Chengshan", his son Shijianu "given the name Li Xianzhong", "Zan Bu gave him the name Zhang Zhiyi, and Alashi gave him the name Li Congshan" , you can give him the name Guo Yicheng." This is the earliest record of the name change given by the Manchu ancestors. In the early Qing Dynasty, Dong'e's Lunbu surrendered to Nurhaci, and Nurhaci gave him the name Lukesu.
2． Name changed due to taboo. Avoiding taboos is a unique custom in China. Before the Republic of China, the names of monarchs and elders were not allowed to be written or spoken directly, and they had to be avoided in other ways. Taboo avoidance is a complex historical phenomenon. The taboo of changing names has a long history, existing as early as the Spring and Autumn Period. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Wugong of the Song Dynasty, there has been a phenomenon of avoiding name changes in all dynasties, and the more people avoid it, the more complicated it becomes. Because the surname sounds the same as the emperor's name, the name is changed to avoid taboos. Even the words that feudal emperors don't like have to be tabooed, and even the gods in the sky have to avoid taboos. Many Manchu names had their surnames changed to avoid taboos. During the Daoguang period, Shi Qiu of Gaoyou County, Jiangsu Province, was ranked first in the imperial examination and submitted to the emperor for approval. When the emperor saw "the first Shi Qiu", because Shi Qiu's name was homophonic with "death prisoner", he felt unhappy and immediately dismissed him. He did not take it, but ranked Dai Lanfen, the ninth in the second place, as the top pick, which means that in the Qing Dynasty, "Heaven is the ninth (eternal), Dai Dai (synonymous with Dai Dai) Lanfen", which means good luck and good fortune. Name avoidance could not be ignored in the feudal era. Dai Lanfen became famous all over the world and rose to prominence.
3． Get married and change your name. In ancient China, a woman's surname was more important than her given name. After she got married, she often combined her husband's surname with her own surname to form a new given name. For example, if a princess marries a man named Zhang, she will be named "Wang Zhang", and her real name will gradually disappear. Know. Nurha Chiyuan's concubine Tong Chunxiu changed her name from Mafa to Haha Nazhaqing after her marriage.
4. Name change for other reasons. Wang Gao, the right guard of Jianzhou, Agu Dudu, was originally named Atuhan. The Manchu pronunciation fell off and became "Atu", which is pronounced as "Agu" by the Han people. He was also known as Agu Dudu. When he was 15 years old, Zhang Xueyan, the governor of Liaodong, gave him the Han name Wang Gao, so Atuhan was recorded in the literature as Agu and Wang Gao. Later, he repeatedly invaded the borders and the Ming Dynasty was out of business, so he changed his name to Keshao and entered the market. Tong Tulai, a minister of Tongjia in the early Qing Dynasty, whose real name was Tong Shengnian, was a Han name. Later, he changed his Manchu name to Tulai, and people called him Tong Tulai, which became a combined Han and Manchu name.