are the names that the ancient emperors of China paid tribute to when they made a memorial service in the ancestral temple after their death. It is generally believed that the temple name originated from the Shang Dynasty, such as Taizong in Taijia, Zhongzong in Tai Wu and Gaozong in Wu Ding (Chengtang may be Taizong). The temple name was very strict at first. According to the standard of "ancestors have meritorious service and ancestors have virtue", the founding monarch is generally the ancestor and successor who have the ability to govern the country. The posthumous title system was established in the Zhou Dynasty, which gave a final evaluation of the life of the monarch and ministers. The temple number system was abolished. Even the posthumous title system was abolished in the Qin Dynasty.
after the Han dynasty, the system of temple names was inherited. The Han dynasty was very cautious about adding temple names, so many emperors didn't have temple names. Liu Bang was the founding monarch, and the temple name was Mao (but it was called Mao since Sima Qian, and it was often used by later generations), and posthumous title was the high emperor (there was no "high" in the funeral rites, so he was the Mao of the Han Dynasty, so he was named Yan). The Han Dynasty emphasized the rule of filial piety, so the successor emperor posthumous title had the word "filial piety". Everyone in the Han emperors had posthumous title, but few had temple names. In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang was Emperor Taizong Gao (filial piety Hui Di Liu Ying went to the temple number), Liu Heng was Emperor Taizong Xiaowen (filial piety Emperor Liu Qi went to the temple number), Liu Che was Emperor Sejong Xiaowu (filial piety Xuan Di Liu Xun went to the temple number), and Liu Xun was Emperor Zhongzong Xiaoxuan (Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu went to the temple number). In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu was Emperor Guangwu (Emperor Xiaoming Liu Zhuang went to the temple), Liu Zhuang was Emperor Xiaoming (Emperor Xiaozhang Liu Wei went to the temple), and Liu Wei was Emperor Suzong Xiaozhang (Emperor Xiaohe Liu Zhao went to the temple). In the Eastern Han Dynasty, several other emperors, Xiao He, Xiao An, Xiao Huan, had temple names, but their filial piety to Xian Di was cancelled.
in the Tang dynasty, except for some emperors who perished in the country and short-lived emperors, there were generally temple names.
temple names often use the word "zu" or "zong". The founding emperors are generally called "Taizu" or "Gaozu", such as Han Taizu, Tang Gaozu and Song Taizu; The emperors behind them are generally called "Zong", such as Emperor Taizong and Song Taizong. But there are exceptions. The proliferation of "ancestors" began in Cao Wei. By the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the imperial temples of small countries such as Houzhao, Qianyan, Houqin and Xiqin were almost all ancestors.
When addressing, the temple name is often placed before posthumous title, and together with posthumous title, it forms the full name of the dead emperor. Traditionally, emperors who died before the Tang Dynasty were generally referred to as posthumous title for short, such as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Yangdi, instead of temple names. After the Tang Dynasty, due to the lengthening of posthumous title's characters, it was renamed the temple name, such as Emperor Taizong and Song Taizu.
Generally speaking, the selection of temple names does not refer to the divination method, but words with beautiful meanings, such as Tai, Shi, Gao, Shen, Sheng, Ren, Rui, Ming and Zhang, are usually chosen. Since the Tang Dynasty, the temple name of the founding emperor of the dynasty is usually "Taizu", and the temple name of the second generation emperor is often "Taizong". If the imperial system of the dynasty changes, its temple name is "Shizu" or "Shizong". But this is not a rule, nor is it a general rule.
China ancient emperors, governors, ministers and other people who had a certain status after their deaths were evaluated according to their life stories and moral cultivation, and given a title with a kind evaluation and a judging nature. According to the study of bronze inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty, as late as around Zhou Muwang, there were many practices of giving posthumous title to the deceased with higher status or status. In ancient times, besides addressing emperors as "posthumous title", addressing ministers, scholars and celebrities as "posthumous title" was also a respectful title. Some people's posthumous title, such as Yue Wumu (Yue Fei) and Tao Jingjie (Tao Yuanming), almost became their aliases because they were often called by later generations.
The right to bestow posthumous trust is highly concentrated in the hands of the emperor, and it depends on the "sacred judgment". According to statistics, from the Western Han Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 1,473 imperial clan and officials who received posthumous awards, while there were 5,935 in the Ming Dynasty, accounting for about 57% of the total. The emperor's posthumous title was generally announced after the approval of the emperor who succeeded to the throne was agreed by the ceremonial officer, and the courtier's posthumous title was given by the court.
Category:
At the beginning, there were only "beauty" and "beauty", but not "evil". Good and evil "posthumous title" originated from the Western Zhou Dynasty and later, and there was also "personal strife". The selection of posthumous title was based on the posthumous code, which stipulated some words with fixed meanings for selection when determining posthumous title. These words can be roughly divided into the following categories:
Shang Shi, that is, posthumous title of praise category, such as "Wen", which means that he has the talent of "latitude and longitude" or the moral character of "being knowledgeable and inquisitive"; "Kang" means "happiness helps the people"; "Ping" means "laying stress on discipline".
Xiayi is a critical posthumous title, for example, "Yang" means "being kind and courteous at home", "Li" means "being violent and heartless", "killing innocent people" and "being barren" means "being fond of neglecting politics" and "being chaotic from outside".
"Evil" of "Xiaxie": Zhou Liwang was a greedy monarch, and "Chinese" launched a riot. He fled to Bi (now northeast of Huoxian County, Shanxi Province) and died there, and "Li" was the "evil" to reprimand him.
posthumous title is mostly sympathetic, for example, "worry" means "being worried at home" and "being in trouble at home"; "Huai" means "kindness is short and short."
Private affair, which is the posthumous title agreed by the relatives, students and old officials after the death of famous scholars and scholar-officials; "Privatization" began at the weekend and didn't become popular until the Han Dynasty.
emblem
rule:
posthumous title in the pre-Qin period used one word as a rule, but also used two or three words. Use one word, such as: Qin Mugong, Jin Wengong; With two or three words, such as Andrew West Spring King and Zhao Xiaocheng King.
after Qin Shihuang unified China, he agreed to take the title of "Emperor" as the supreme ruler. At the same time, because the decision of "posthumous title" would form a situation of "children discussing their fathers and ministers discussing their princes", he abolished the posthumous law. Ying Zheng claimed to be the first emperor, and later generations counted, such as II, III and so on.
In the Han Dynasty, the funeral rites were resumed, and the funeral rites system became more and more strict. The post of "Dahonglu" was formally established in the imperial court to manage the funeral rites of princes and princes. After the Han Dynasty, posthumous title was mostly composed of two Chinese characters: the full name of Emperor Liu Heng "posthumous title" was Emperor Xiaowen, and Xiao He's posthumous name was Emperor Wen.
the period of Tang and song dynasties is the development period of funeral rites. On the one hand, funeral rites became a tool for feudal emperors to honor their vanity, and at the same time, it became a means of praise and criticism to control their ministers. Wu Zetian set a precedent for the emperor to honor four generations of ancestors, which broke the old example of the emperor's "one word" posthumous title, and even set a precedent for the emperor to superimpose his honorific words before his death. Some emperors can be honored several times when they are alive. For example, in the 27th year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 739), he was honored as "Emperor SHEN WOO of Yuan Shengwen".
the "honorific title" of the queen is the "emblem". For example, the Tongzhi emperor in Qing Dynasty honored his biological mother Nala as "Empress Dowager Notre Dame" and the emblem was "Cixi". Emblems can also be accumulated every celebration, and Nala's emblem finally has as many as 25 universes (see Cixi Article): "Cixi Duanyou Kang Yi Zhao Yu Zhuang Cheng Shou Gong Qin Xian Chong Xi ...". Posthumous title, the emperor of the Song Dynasty, was more beautiful than that of the Tang Dynasty, and he also set the word "posthumous sacrifice" for ministers. It is worth mentioning that Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu, put emphasis on literature and suppressed martial arts, so posthumous title, the minister of the Song Dynasty, was proud of the word "literature". At the end of the Song Dynasty, there were more than 14 people in posthumous title who were "literature" and only 2 people were "martial arts".
during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the content of funeral rites was basically fixed. First, the number of posthumous title words of people at all levels is fixed.