The name of the province follows the system of the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty established 11 "Xing Zhongshu Provinces" across the country as agencies dispatched by the central government (
"Zhongshu Provinces"). The Yuan system was followed in the Ming and Qing dynasties. "Xingzhongshu Province" is referred to as "Xingsheng" and has become the highest level administrative unit at the local level.
In the early years of the Republic of China, the division of local administrative regions was basically the same as that in the late Qing Dynasty, with 22 provinces and several special administrative regions established.
Due to the complex political, historical and social conditions of these special administrative regions, the choice of political system is also more special
. After the establishment of the Nanjing National Government, most of the special administrative regions were changed into provinces.
1. The provincial system of the Beiyang government
The chief executive of the province originally had different names. It was not until the promulgation of the "Order to Unify the Organization of Local Administrative Offices in All Provinces" in January 1913 that they were uniformly called the Chief of Civil Affairs, and their administrative agency was the Provincial Administrative Office. The Chief of Civil Affairs is appointed by the central government and the Prime Minister
is responsible for the provincial government affairs. At the beginning, the chiefs of civil affairs in many provinces were concurrently served by governors. Later, in order to prevent local military governors from controlling local administration, Yuan Shikai gradually appointed civilian officials to serve as chiefs of civil affairs, weakening the power of the governors, but the actual effect was not good. Show. Administration
The organizational structure of the Office is one (general affairs) and four departments (internal affairs, finance, education, industry). The organizational and official settings are relatively simple.
The entire administrative The number of staff in the office shall not exceed 60 persons except for the director. In the "Provincial Official System" promulgated in May 1914, the civil affairs chiefs of each province were changed to the patrol envoys, and the administrative offices were also renamed the patrol envoys' offices. The "Provincial Official System" specifically stipulates the powers of the provincial chief executive. The patrol envoy has jurisdiction over the civil affairs, security, and patrol armed forces of the province; he may issue provincial orders or decrees in accordance with laws and decrees. Provincial separate regulations, but must not conflict with existing laws; specially appointed by the government to supervise the provincial finance and judicial administration, and evaluate financial and judicial officials. After Li Yuanhong succeeded Yuan Shikai as president, the system remained basically unchanged except that in September 1917, he changed the patrol envoy to the provincial governor and the patrol envoy's office to the provincial governor's office. The Provincial Governor's Office is organized as a government affairs department, which has four departments: general affairs, internal affairs, education, and industry. There are also courses or units below the departments.
There was a peculiar phenomenon in the provincial system during the Beiyang Government period, that is, the central government established administrative agencies in each province to directly take charge of certain major administrative affairs within the province
. For example, in September 1914, a Department of Finance was established in each province, directly under the Ministry of Finance of the State Council. The director of the department was appointed by the President at the request of the Ministry of Finance. The position of the director was specially protected by law so that he could work within the province. Exercise
authorities. After the implementation of this system, the finances of each province (including taxation, administrative expenses, budget and final accounts, etc.) will be directly controlled by the central Ministry of Finance. The provinces can only supervise but not direct its business. In September 1917, the Ministry of Education proposed to set up education departments in each province to make education independent in each province. The education departments would be directly under the Ministry of Education. Subsequently, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce also petitioned to establish industrial departments in each province to implement economic and administrative independence. The purpose of the implementation of these systems is to ensure the exercise of "national" power by the big warlords who control the central power in the state of local warlord separatism.
However, since the directors of these departments work within the sphere of influence of local warlords, they will not be able to gain a foothold in the local area without the cooperation of provincial forces. Therefore, although the institutions
There are many obstacles in the way and the expected purpose cannot be achieved. In addition, the positions of directors of the Finance and Industry Departments are both vacant
and local warlords are bound to compete for them. They often designate trusted figures to force the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce to submit nominations to the president. Related
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's department actually has no way to intervene.
Another important aspect of provincialism is the provincial legislature. After the Revolution of 1911, the provisional legislative bodies of various provinces were extremely inconsistent. In April 1913, the "Provisional Law on Provincial Councils" was promulgated, and each province successively established provincial councils.
Members of the Provincial Assembly are elected
and their quotas are as follows:
Zhili 184 Fengtian 64 Jilin 40 Heilongjiang 40 Jiangsu 160
Anhui 108 Jiangxi 140 Zhejiang 152 Fujian 96 Hubei 104
Hunan 108 Shandong 132 Henan 128 Shanxi 112 Shaanxi 84
Gansu 56 Xinjiang 40 Sichuan 140 Guangdong 120 Guangxi 76
Yunnan 88 Guizhou 52
Zhili Province includes Shuntian Prefecture, so Zhili Province is traditionally called Shuntian Province. In the above table, Zhili Province also includes Rehe and Chahar
Districts.
The election method adopts the indirect election system, which is divided into primary and secondary elections. The primary election is conducted on a county-by-county basis, and the people selected in the primary election are the ones who will actually elect the provincial councilors. The qualifications for electors are the same as those for members of Congress, namely: 1. Those who pay direct tax of more than 2 yuan per year; 2. Those with real estate worth more than 500 yuan; 3. Those with an education level of primary school graduation or above
4. Men who are over 21 years old; 5. Those who have lived in the electoral district for more than 2 years. The qualification requirements for electors are that they should be over
25 years old and 4 years older than the age requirement for electors. The results of the re-election will be notified to the elected candidates by the election supervisor. After receiving the notification, the elected person should reply within 20 days whether he is willing to serve as a provincial councilor. Failure to reply within the time limit will mean that he is unwilling to serve.
Anyone who responds that he is willing to serve will be given a provincial councilor certificate and become a provincial councilor.
Provincial councilors serve a three-year term and can be re-elected. Provincial members may not serve as members of the National Assembly or administrative officials at the same time.
The Provincial Assembly is held once a year, and each session lasts for 60 days. It may be extended if necessary, but it cannot exceed 80 days at most. Provincial parliaments usually allow outsiders to observe when they meet. The provincial assembly has three powers: 1. Decision-making power (provincial separate regulations, provincial budget and final accounts, provincial taxes, provincial debts, provincial property disposal, etc.); 2. Supervision power (accepting people’s administrative appeals,
Impeach the provincial chief executive who has violated the law, request the provincial chief executive to take serious action against the provincial officials who have illegally accepted bribes, and submit a letter of interrogation on administrative matters of the province
); 3. The right to make suggestions, Including making administrative suggestions and responding to inquiries from the provincial chief executive
. The resolution of the Provincial Assembly shall be submitted to the Provincial Chief Executive for announcement and implementation. If the Provincial Chief Executive believes that the resolution is inappropriate, he may consult the Provincial Assembly for reconsideration within 5 days. If he believes that the resolution violates the current law, he may consult the Provincial Assembly. Withdraw the resolution.
Provincial administrative agencies can also impose counter-restraints on provincial legislative bodies by filing lawsuits with
the country's highest judicial authority.
In June 1913, the bourgeois revolutionaries launched the "Second Revolution" against Yuan, with Jiangxi Province as the first rebel area. Yuan Shi
While sending troops to suppress, Kai set out to destroy the bourgeois parliamentary system. On August 6, Yuan Shikai ordered the dissolution of the Jiangxi Provincial Council and stopped the use of troops in the provincial councils of various provinces. On the 8th, the Guangdong Provincial Assembly was dissolved. On the 16th, the Hunan Provincial Assembly was dissolved. After the "Second Revolution" completely failed, Yuan Shikai flagrantly ordered the disqualification of Kuomintang members of Congress
and members of provincial assemblies in November. Then, because most of the alternate members were Kuomintang members, he ordered the disqualification of Kuomintang members. The qualifications of alternate members were also cancelled, resulting in both the National Assembly and the provincial assemblies being unable to formally hold meetings due to insufficient quorum.
On January 10, 1914, Yuan Shikai announced his suspension as a member of Congress, and on February 28, he ordered the dissolution of provincial councils
After Yuan Shikai's death, Li Yuanhong died on August 1, 1916 After the National Assembly reopened on the 14th of the same month, it was ordered that the provincial councils of each province should be convened by the chief executives of each province to resume their sessions on October 1, but the provincial councils were not fully restored.
Even if the provincial councils are restored, they often serve the needs of local warlords and become their tools for feudal separatism.
Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
www.GSCN.com.cn 2005-7-24 17:23:46 Source: Gansu Provincial People's Government
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During the Song, Jin and Liao dynasties, the administrative divisions were generally divided into three levels: road, prefecture (prefecture), and county. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the country was divided into 10 roads. In the third year of Dao (AD 997), the 10 roads were changed into 15 roads (later increased to 26 roads). Gansu belonged to the Shaanxi Road. But the way of the Song Dynasty was different from that of the Tang Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, the financial district also had supervisory functions, and later it gradually became the highest-level local organization. The road is set up with the transfer envoy in charge of finance and civil affairs (the chief is the transfer envoy); the appeasement envoy is in charge of the military (the chief is the economic and strategy appeasement envoy); the Changping envoy is in charge of the market, ships, tea and horses (the chief is the Changping envoy); The director of the Penal Prison is in charge of justice (the chief is responsible for the execution of sentences). The four departments are not subordinate to each other, but are directly subordinate to the central government. In the first year of Qingli reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty (AD 1041), the Shaanxi border was divided into four roads: Qinfeng, Jingyuan, Huanqing and Luyan (the first three roads were in Gansu). In the fifth year of Xining, Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty (AD 1072), Xihe Road was added. After several changes, the provincial border was divided into Yongxing Military Road and Qinfeng Road, which governed 21 states (prefectures and military) and 51 counties (supervisors and Weisi). Yongxing Military Road (governing Jingzhao Prefecture, present-day Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province). The province's jurisdiction includes Qingyang Prefecture, Huanzhou, Yinzhou and Ningzhou. Qinfeng Road (governing Qinzhou, today's Beidao Town, Shuishi City), governs Qinzhou, Chengzhou, Fengzhou, Jiezhou, Weizhou, Jingzhou, Yuanzhou, Huizhou, Xizhou, Hezhou, and Gongzhou (formerly Tongzhou Yuanjun), Minzhou, Lanzhou, Taozhou, Xiningzhou, Deshun Army (now Jingning County), Zhenrong Army (now Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region). The army was established in the military Anchong area in the Song Dynasty. It was an administrative division at the same level as the prefecture and prefecture. At the beginning of the 11th century, the Dangxiang people rose to prominence in Xixia (1038 AD - 1227 AD), and the country was founded in the first year of Ming Dynasty by Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty. Its capital was Xingqing Prefecture (now Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), with 22 prefectures under its jurisdiction, including those in Gansu. Gan (Xixia was changed to Xuanhua Prefecture), Liang (Xixia was changed to Xiliang Prefecture), Su, Gua, Sha, Hui and other six prefectures. The Xixia rule lasted for about 190 years and was later destroyed by the Mongols. During the Southern Song Dynasty, most of Gansu belonged to the Jin Dynasty. Belonging to Lizhou West Road in the Southern Song Dynasty (called Qinfeng Road in the Northern Song Dynasty) were Wenzhou, Jiezhou, Xihezhou (today's Xihe and Li counties), Fengzhou, Tongqingfu (today's Chengxian), Tianshuijun (Shaoxing in the early Qin Dynasty) The prefecture was occupied by the Jin Dynasty, so South Tianshui County and North Tianshui County were established. In the first year of Jiading, that is, in 1208 AD, the county was transformed into a military county, and today's Shui City). During the Jin Dynasty, 4 roads, 16 states (prefectures), and 50 counties were established in Gansu. Fengxiang Road (governing Fengxiang Prefecture, today's Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), led to Deshun Prefecture (in the Song Dynasty, it was the Deshun Army, but its jurisdiction was expanded to include today's Jingding, Zhuanglang County and the northwest of Longde County in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Pingliang Prefecture, Zhenrongzhou (formerly Zhenrongjun), Qinzhou. Qingyuan Road (governing Qingyang Prefecture, now Qingyang County), leads to Qingyang Prefecture, Huanzhou, Ningzhou, Yuanzhou, and Jingzhou. Lintao Road (governing Lintao Prefecture, today's Lintao County), governs Lintao Prefecture, Jishi Prefecture (formerly Jishi Junxi Gecheng), Taozhou, Lanzhou, Gongzhou (today's Dingxi, Longxi, Tongwei County), Huizhou (Today's Jingyuan County), Hezhou.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Gansu's administrative divisions were generally divided into four levels: province, road, prefecture (prefecture), and county. In order to strengthen the centralized feudal rule, the Yuan Dynasty government divided the country into 11 Xingzhongshu provinces, in addition to the centrally-administered regions (including Shandong, Shanxi, and Hebei), which governed the government affairs of their respective roads, states, and governments. In the administrative history of our country, the provincial system was pioneered. When the province was first established, it was the highest-level organizational structure of the central government. In the 18th year of Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1281), Gansu was officially established as a province, which was called "Gansu and other places Xing Zhongshu Province" (the chief officer was Pingzhang Zhengshi), referred to as Gansu Province, and its governance was located in Ganzhou (today's Ganzhou Road). Zhangye City). The province governs 7 provinces, 5 direct prefectures, 4 prefectures, 22 subordinate prefectures, and 24 counties. The eastern part of the province belongs to Shaanxi Province. In addition, the Hexi Longbei Dao Suzheng Integrity Department was set up to be in charge of supervision and was subordinate to the Shaanxi Daoxing Yushitai.
Those belonging to Gansu Province include Ganzhou Road, Yongchang Road (formerly Liangzhou), Suzhou Road, Shazhou Road, Yijinai Road (now Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), Ningxiafu Road, and Wucihai Road. The two Zhili prefectures are: Shandan Prefecture (which was a fiefdom of King Azhiji in the early Yuan Dynasty and was promoted to a prefecture in the 22nd year of the Yuan Dynasty) and Xining Prefecture. The five subordinate prefectures are: road). The eastern part of the province belongs to Shaanxi Province: Jingzhou, Kaichengzhou (now Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Yinglangzhou, Hezhoulu (belonging to Marshal Xuanwei Sidu Mansion in Tufan and other places), Taozhou, Minzhou, Tiezhou (east of today's Min County), Gongchang and other places (together with Gongchang, Pingliang, Lintao, Qingyang Prefecture, Qinlong, Ning, Huan, Jin, Lan, Hui, Hui, Jie, Cheng , Jingning, Ningxi, Zhenyuan, Xihe and other states).
In the early Ming Dynasty, the provincial system of the Yuan Dynasty was followed. In the second year of Hongwu (AD 1369), Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, Shaanxi and other places were established in the Xingzhongshu Province (administering Gansu). In the ninth year of Hongwu, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1376), in view of the fact that the power of the provincial government was too heavy, in order to prevent the Fangzhen separatist situation that occurred in the late Tang Dynasty, the central government strengthened its control over the local areas and abolished the provincial system. On the basis of the original provinces, The Department of Political Envoys was established to implement the separation of justice, administration, and military affairs. Each of them was not subordinate to each other. The three departments were not allowed to hold concurrent posts for each other. That is, the Department of Political Envoys was established (the chief officer was the Chief Envoy). It was in charge of the civil affairs and finance of the province. The Shisi Division (the chief officer is the chief inspector) is in charge of justice and supervision, and the Du Commander Division (the chief officer is the Du Commander Envoy) is in charge of the military. There are 13 chief envoys in the country, plus the two capitals, namely Jingshi (North Zhili) and Nanjing (South Zhili), and 15 administrative regions (referred to as divisions, commonly known as provinces), implementing provinces, prefectures (prefectures) ), county three-level system. Gansu is under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Chengxuan Political Envoy Department. In the original Gansu territory, there were 5 prefectures, 9 prefectures (subordinate to the prefectures), and 50 counties. 5 The prefectures are Qingyang Prefecture, Pingliang Prefecture, Gongchang Prefecture, Lintao Prefecture, and Lingzhou (Zhili Prefecture). The 9 subordinate states are: Ningzhou (belonging to Qingyang Prefecture), Jingzhou, Jingning Prefecture, Guyuan Prefecture (the above 3 states belong to Pingliang Prefecture), Qinzhou, Jiezhou, Huizhou (the above 3 states belong to Gongchang Prefecture), Lanzhou and Hezhou (the above two states belong to Lintao Prefecture). In addition to the prefecture (Zhili Prefecture), subordinate prefectures, and counties, there are also guards and offices. According to the Ming Dynasty's regulations, guards and posts were set up in border and key areas, capital command departments were set up in key border towns, and one capital command department was set up in each province. The guards and stations implemented military camps and were military agencies. However, later in the border areas, the guards and stations also managed civil affairs. There are 21 guards and 9 thousand-household offices in Gansu Province, namely Taozhou Guard (formerly governed in the east of Lintan County today), Minzhou Guard (now Minxian), Ningxia Guard, Ningxia Qianwei, Ningxia Zuotun Guard, Ningxia Youtunwei (now Ningshuo County, Ningxia), Ningxia Weiwei (now southeast of Lingwu County, Ningxia), Ningxia Zhongwei (now Zhongwei County, Ningxia), Jingluwei (now Jingyuan County, the above belong to the Shaanxi Capital Command Department), Ganzhou Zuowei (today's Zhangye City), Ganzhou Youwei (today's Zhangye City), Ganzhou Zhongwei, Ganzhou Qianwei, Ganzhou Defender, Suzhou Guard (today's Jiuquan City), Shandanwei (today's Shandan County) , Yongchang Wei (originally known as Yongchang Road), Liangzhou Wei (now Wuwei City), Zhenfan Wei (now Minqin County), Zhuanglang Wei (south of today's Yongdeng County), Xining Wei, Shazhou Wei (now Dunhuang County) To the west, the above belonged to the Shaanxi Xingdu Commandery Division), the Chijin Mongolian Guard (now the Chijin Fort northwest of Yumen), and the Handong Guard (southwest of today's Jiuquan City). The 9 thousand-household guards are: Xigu City Guards Thousand Households (Minzhou Guard), Lingzhou Guards Thousand-Households, Xingwu Guards Thousand-Households (Ningxia Guard), Weizhou Guards Thousand-Households (Ningxia Guard) Wei), Pinglushi Yuqianhusuo, Nianbo Yuqianhusuo, Zhenyi Shiyi Yuqianhusuo (Ningxia Wei), Gulanggushi Yuqianhusuo, and Gaotai Yuqianhusuo. In addition, the nine important towns in the Ming Dynasty include: Ningxia (now Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Guyuan (now Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), and Gansu (now Zhangye City).
The local administrative system of the Qing Dynasty was a three-level system of province, government (Zhili Prefecture, Zhili Department), and county (Sanzhou, Santing). In the early Qing Dynasty, the country was divided into 18 provinces. In the sixth year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1664), Shaanxi's left and right chief envoys were established, and the right chief envoy was stationed in Gongchang (today's Longxi). In the sixth year of Kangxi (AD 1647), the right chief envoy of Shaanxi was changed to the chief envoy of Gongchang.
The following year, the Gongchang Chief Envoy Department was renamed the Gansu Chief Envoy Department, and the administrative office was moved from Gongchang to Lanzhou. Although the provincial system in the Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system, it was further improved. Its characteristic is that there is a governor, the highest official in charge of military and political affairs of a province (the governor system began in the Ming Dynasty, but there is no certain jurisdiction), and above the governor there is a prime minister. The governor-general of military and political affairs in one or several provinces, and there are ministers in charge of various affairs in the province. In the third year of Yongzheng's reign (AD 1725), the capital was ordered to command the envoys and the various guards and offices. In the 29th year of Qianlong's reign (AD 1764), Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty abolished the governorship of Gansu Province (originally stationed in Ningxia and moved to Lanzhou in the fifth year of Shunzhi, i.e. 1648 AD). He was appointed the governor of northern Shaanxi and moved the governorship of Shaanxi and Gansu to Lanzhou. At that time, the area under Gansu's jurisdiction was generally the same as present-day Gansu, except for part of present-day Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Ningxia. It can be said that the administrative region of Gansu was established in the Han Dynasty, officially in the Yuan Dynasty, and completed in the Qing Dynasty. In the 10th year of Emperor Guangxu's reign (1884 AD), Xinjiang was separated from Gansu and established as a separate province. After the establishment of Gansu Province, Gansu Province governed 8 prefectures, 6 Zhili prefectures, 1 Zhili department, and 61 counties. 8 The prefectures are: Lanzhou Prefecture, Pingliang Prefecture, Gongchang Prefecture, Qingyang Prefecture, Ningxia Prefecture, Xining Prefecture, Liangzhou Prefecture, and Ganzhou Prefecture. 6 The Zhili prefectures (at the same level as the prefecture) are: Jingzhou, Guyuan Prefecture, Jiezhou, Qinzhou, Suzhou, and Anxi Prefecture. 1 Zhili Department (at the same level as the prefecture, set up in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in the province, not connected to counties), namely the Pingchuan Zhili Department (the four prefectures and counties of Pingliang, Huating, Guyuan and Longde). In addition to the Zhili Department, the province also has 8 subordinate departments (individual departments, subordinate to the prefecture, not responsible for counties); Taozhou Department (belongs to Gongchang Prefecture, now Lintan County), Zhuanglang Department (belongs to Liangzhou Prefecture, South of today's Yongdeng County), Fuyi Hall (belonging to Ganzhou Prefecture, today's Linze County), Ningling Hall (belonging to Ningxia Prefecture, today's Wuzhong City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Guide Hall (belonging to Xining Prefecture, today's Guide, Qinghai Province) County), Xunhua Hall (belonging to Xining Prefecture, now Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai Province), Dangar Hall (belonging to Xining Prefecture, now Huangyuan County, Qinghai Province), Bayan Rongge Hall (belonging to Xining Prefecture, now Qinghai Province) Hualong County, Province). In addition, the 5 tribes and 29 banners of the Erutmengzu in northern Qinghai and the 40 Tibetan chieftains in the south are under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Affairs in Xining. The Minister of Affairs in Xining is controlled by Gansu Province. The Qing Dynasty also had supervisory areas in local areas. There are 6 supervisory areas in Gansu Province: Pingqingjinggudao Road (the administrative seat is Pingliangfu), Ganliang Road (the administrative seat is Ganzhou), Ansu Shou (the administrative seat is Anxizhou), Gongqin Jiedao (the administrative seat is Qinzhou), Ningxia Road (the administrative seat is Ningxia Prefecture), Ningdao (the administrative seat is Xining Prefecture).
Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
www.GSCN.com.cn 2005-7-24 17:23:46 Source: Gansu Provincial People's Government
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During the Song, Jin and Liao dynasties, the administrative divisions were generally divided into three levels: road, prefecture (prefecture), and county. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the country was divided into 10 roads. In the third year of Dao (AD 997), the 10 roads were changed into 15 roads (later increased to 26 roads). Gansu belonged to the Shaanxi Road. But the way of the Song Dynasty was different from that of the Tang Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, the financial district also had supervisory functions, and later it gradually became the highest-level local organization. The road is set up with the transfer envoy in charge of finance and civil affairs (the chief is the transfer envoy); the pacification envoy is in charge of the military (the chief is the economic and strategy envoy); the Changping envoy is in charge of the market, ships, tea and horses (the chief is the Changping envoy); The director of the Penal Prison is in charge of justice (the chief is responsible for the execution of sentences). The four departments are not subordinate to each other, but are directly subordinate to the central government. In the first year of Qingli reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty (AD 1041), the Shaanxi border was divided into four roads: Qinfeng, Jingyuan, Huanqing and Luyan (the first three roads were in Gansu). In the fifth year of Xining (AD 1072), Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, Xihe Road was added. After several changes, the provincial border was divided into Yongxing Military Road and Qinfeng Road, which governed 21 prefectures (prefectures and military) and 51 counties (supervisors and Weisi). Yongxing Military Road (governing Jingzhao Prefecture, present-day Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province). The province's jurisdiction includes Qingyang Prefecture, Huanzhou, Yinzhou and Ningzhou. Qinfeng Road (governing Qinzhou, today's Beidao Town, Shuishi City), governs Qinzhou, Chengzhou, Fengzhou, Jiezhou, Weizhou, Jingzhou, Yuanzhou, Huizhou, Xizhou, Hezhou, and Gongzhou (formerly Tongzhou Yuanjun), Minzhou, Lanzhou, Taozhou, Xiningzhou, Deshun Army (now Jingning County), Zhenrong Army (now Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region). The army was established in the military Anchong area in the Song Dynasty. It was an administrative division at the same level as the prefecture and prefecture.
At the beginning of the 11th century, the Dangxiang people rose to prominence in Xixia (1038 AD - 1227 AD), and the country was founded in the first year of Ming Dynasty by Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty. Its capital was Xingqing Prefecture (now Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), with 22 prefectures under its jurisdiction, including those in Gansu. Gan (Xixia was changed to Xuanhua Prefecture), Liang (Xixia was changed to Xiliang Prefecture), Su, Gua, Sha, Hui and other six prefectures. The Xixia rule lasted for about 190 years and was later destroyed by the Mongols. During the Southern Song Dynasty, most of Gansu belonged to the Jin Dynasty. Belonging to Lizhou West Road in the Southern Song Dynasty (called Qinfeng Road in the Northern Song Dynasty) were Wenzhou, Jiezhou, Xihezhou (today's Xihe and Li counties), Fengzhou, Tongqingfu (today's Chengxian), Tianshuijun (Shaoxing in the early Qin Dynasty) The prefecture was occupied by the Jin Dynasty, so South Tianshui County and North Tianshui County were established. In the first year of Jiading, that is, in 1208 AD, the county was transformed into a military county, and today's Shui City). During the Jin Dynasty, 4 roads, 16 states (prefectures), and 50 counties were established in Gansu. Fengxiang Road (governing Fengxiang Prefecture, today's Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), led to Deshun Prefecture (in the Song Dynasty, it was the Deshun Army, but its jurisdiction was expanded to include today's Jingding, Zhuanglang County and the northwest of Longde County in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Pingliang Prefecture, Zhenrongzhou (formerly Zhenrongjun), Qinzhou. Qingyuan Road (governing Qingyang Prefecture, now Qingyang County), leads to Qingyang Prefecture, Huanzhou, Ningzhou, Yuanzhou, and Jingzhou. Lintao Road (governing Lintao Prefecture, today's Lintao County), governs Lintao Prefecture, Jishi Prefecture (formerly Jishi Junxi Gecheng), Taozhou, Lanzhou, Gongzhou (today's Dingxi, Longxi, Tongwei County), Huizhou (Today's Jingyuan County), Hezhou.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Gansu's administrative divisions were generally divided into four levels: province, road, prefecture (prefecture), and county. In order to strengthen the centralized feudal rule, the Yuan Dynasty government divided the country into 11 Xingzhongshu provinces, in addition to the centrally-administered regions (including Shandong, Shanxi, and Hebei), which governed the government affairs of their respective roads, states, and governments. In the administrative history of our country, the provincial system was pioneered. When the province was first established, it was the highest-level organizational structure of the central government. In the 18th year of Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1281), Gansu was officially established as a province, which was called "Gansu and other places Xing Zhongshu Province" (the chief officer was Pingzhang Zhengshi), referred to as Gansu Province, and its governance was located in Ganzhou (today's Ganzhou Road). Zhangye City). The province governs 7 provinces, 5 direct prefectures, 4 prefectures, 22 subordinate prefectures, and 24 counties. The eastern part of the province belongs to Shaanxi Province. In addition, the Hexi Longbei Dao Suzheng Integrity Department was set up to be in charge of supervision and was subordinate to the Shaanxi Daoxing Yushitai. Those belonging to Gansu Province include Ganzhou Road, Yongchang Road (formerly Liangzhou), Suzhou Road, Shazhou Road, Yijinai Road (now Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), Ningxiafu Road, and Wucihai Road. The two Zhili prefectures are: Shandan Prefecture (which was a fiefdom of King Azhiji in the early Yuan Dynasty and was promoted to a prefecture in the 22nd year of the Yuan Dynasty) and Xining Prefecture. The five subordinate prefectures are: road). The eastern part of the province belongs to Shaanxi Province: Jingzhou, Kaichengzhou (now Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Yinglangzhou, Hezhoulu (belonging to Marshal Xuanwei Sidu Mansion in Tufan and other places), Taozhou, Minzhou, Tiezhou (east of today's Min County), Gongchang and other places (together with Gongchang, Pingliang, Lintao, Qingyang Prefecture, Qinlong, Ning, Huan, Jin, Lan, Hui, Hui, Jie, Cheng , Jingning, Ningxi, Zhenyuan, Xihe and other states).
In the early Ming Dynasty, the provincial system of the Yuan Dynasty was followed. In the second year of Hongwu (AD 1369), Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, Shaanxi and other places were established in the Xingzhongshu Province (administering Gansu). In the ninth year of Hongwu, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1376), in view of the fact that the power of the provincial government was too heavy, in order to prevent the Fangzhen separatist situation that occurred in the late Tang Dynasty, the central government strengthened its control over the local areas and abolished the provincial system. On the basis of the original provinces, The Department of Political Envoys was established to implement the separation of justice, administration, and military affairs. Each of them was not subordinate to each other. The three departments were not allowed to hold concurrent posts for each other. That is, the Department of Political Envoys was established (the chief officer was the Chief Envoy). It was in charge of the civil affairs and finance of the province. The Shisi Division (the chief officer is the chief inspector) is in charge of justice and supervision, and the Du Commander Division (the chief officer is the Du Commander Envoy) is in charge of the military. There are 13 chief envoys in the country, plus the two capitals, namely Jingshi (North Zhili) and Nanjing (South Zhili), and 15 administrative regions (referred to as divisions, commonly known as provinces), implementing provinces, prefectures (prefectures) ), county three-level system. Gansu is under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Chengxuan Political Envoy Department. In the original Gansu territory, there were 5 prefectures, 9 prefectures (subordinate to the prefectures), and 50 counties. 5 The prefectures are Qingyang Prefecture, Pingliang Prefecture, Gongchang Prefecture, Lintao Prefecture, and Lingzhou (Zhili Prefecture).
The 9 subordinate states are: Ningzhou (belonging to Qingyang Prefecture), Jingzhou, Jingning Prefecture, Guyuan Prefecture (the above 3 states belong to Pingliang Prefecture), Qinzhou, Jiezhou, Huizhou (the above 3 states belong to Gongchang Prefecture), Lanzhou and Hezhou (the above two states belong to Lintao Prefecture). In addition to the prefecture (Zhili Prefecture), subordinate prefectures, and counties, there are also guards and offices. According to the Ming Dynasty's regulations, guards and posts were set up in border and key areas, capital command departments were set up in important border towns, and one capital command department was set up in each province. The guards and stations implemented military camps and were military agencies. However, later in the border areas, the guards and stations also managed civil affairs. There are 21 guards and 9 thousand-household offices in Gansu Province, namely Taozhou Guard (formerly governed in the east of Lintan County today), Minzhou Guard (now Minxian), Ningxia Guard, Ningxia Qianwei, Ningxia Zuotun Guard, Ningxia Youtunwei (now Ningshuo County, Ningxia), Ningxia Weiwei (now southeast of Lingwu County, Ningxia), Ningxia Zhongwei (now Zhongwei County, Ningxia), Jingluwei (now Jingyuan County, the above belong to the Shaanxi Capital Command Department), Ganzhou Zuowei (today's Zhangye City), Ganzhou Youwei (today's Zhangye City), Ganzhou Zhongwei, Ganzhou Qianwei, Ganzhou Defender, Suzhou Guard (today's Jiuquan City), Shandanwei (today's Shandan County) , Yongchang Wei (originally known as Yongchang Road), Liangzhou Wei (now Wuwei City), Zhenfan Wei (now Minqin County), Zhuanglang Wei (south of today's Yongdeng County), Xining Wei, Shazhou Wei (now Dunhuang County) To the west, the above belonged to the Shaanxi Xingdu Commandery Division), the Chijin Mongolian Guard (now the Chijin Fort northwest of Yumen), and the Handong Guard (southwest of today's Jiuquan City). The 9 thousand-household guards are: Xigu City Guards Thousand Households (Minzhou Guard), Lingzhou Guards Thousand-Households, Xingwu Guards Thousand-Households (Ningxia Guard), Weizhou Guards Thousand-Households (Ningxia Guard) Wei), Pinglushi Yuqianhusuo, Nianbo Yuqianhusuo, Zhenyi Shiyi Yuqianhusuo (Ningxia Wei), Gulanggushi Yuqianhusuo, and Gaotai Yuqianhusuo. In addition, the nine important towns in the Ming Dynasty include: Ningxia (now Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Guyuan (now Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), and Gansu (now Zhangye City).
The local administrative system of the Qing Dynasty was a three-level system of province, government (Zhili Prefecture, Zhili Department), and county (Sanzhou, Santing). In the early Qing Dynasty, the country was divided into 18 provinces. In the sixth year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1664), the left and right chief envoys of Shaanxi were established, and the right chief envoy was stationed in Gongchang (today's Longxi). In the sixth year of Kangxi (AD 1647), the right chief envoy of Shaanxi was changed to the chief envoy of Gongchang. The following year, the Gongchang Chief Envoy Department was renamed the Gansu Chief Envoy Department, and the administrative office was moved from Gongchang to Lanzhou. Although the provincial system in the Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system, it was further improved. Its characteristic is that there is a governor, the highest official in charge of military and political affairs of a province (the governor system began in the Ming Dynasty, but there is no certain jurisdiction), and above the governor there is a prime minister. The governor-general of military and political affairs in one or several provinces, and there are ministers in charge of various affairs in the province. In the third year of Yongzheng's reign (AD 1725), the capital was ordered to command the envoys and the various guards and offices. In the 29th year of Qianlong's reign (AD 1764), Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty abolished the governorship of Gansu Province (originally stationed in Ningxia and moved to Lanzhou in the fifth year of Shunzhi, i.e. 1648 AD). He was appointed the governor of northern Shaanxi and moved the governorship of Shaanxi and Gansu to Lanzhou. At that time, the area under Gansu's jurisdiction was generally the same as present-day Gansu, except for part of present-day Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Ningxia. It can be said that the administrative region of Gansu was established in the Han Dynasty, officially in the Yuan Dynasty, and completed in the Qing Dynasty. In the 10th year of Emperor Guangxu's reign (1884 AD), Xinjiang was separated from Gansu and established as a separate province. After the establishment of Gansu Province, Gansu Province governed 8 prefectures, 6 Zhili prefectures, 1 Zhili department, and 61 counties. 8 The prefectures are: Lanzhou Prefecture, Pingliang Prefecture, Gongchang Prefecture, Qingyang Prefecture, Ningxia Prefecture, Xining Prefecture, Liangzhou Prefecture, and Ganzhou Prefecture. 6 The Zhili prefectures (at the same level as the prefecture) are: Jingzhou, Guyuan Prefecture, Jiezhou, Qinzhou, Suzhou, and Anxi Prefecture. 1 Zhili Department (at the same level as the prefecture, set up in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in the province, not connected to counties), namely the Pingchuan Zhili Department (the four prefectures and counties of Pingliang, Huating, Guyuan and Longde). In addition to the Zhili Department, the province also has 8 subordinate departments (individual departments, subordinate to the prefecture, not responsible for counties); Taozhou Department (belongs to Gongchang Prefecture, now Lintan County), Zhuanglang Department (belongs to Liangzhou Prefecture, South of today's Yongdeng County), Fuyi Hall (belonging to Ganzhou Prefecture, today's Linze County), Ningling Hall (belonging to Ningxia Prefecture, today's Wuzhong City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Guide Hall (belonging to Xining Prefecture, today's Guide, Qinghai Province) County), Xunhua Hall (belonging to Xining Prefecture, now Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai Province), Dangar Hall (belonging to Xining Prefecture, now Huangyuan County, Qinghai Province), Bayan Rongge Hall (belonging to Xining Prefecture, now Qinghai Province) Hualong County, Province).
In addition, the 5 tribes and 29 banners of the Erutmengzu in northern Qinghai and the 40 Tibetan chieftains in the south are under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Affairs in Xining. The Minister of Affairs in Xining is controlled by Gansu Province. The Qing Dynasty also had supervisory areas in local areas. There are 6 supervisory areas in Gansu Province: Pingqingjinggudao Road (the administrative seat is Pingliangfu), Ganliang Road (the administrative seat is Ganzhou), Ansu Shou (the administrative seat is Anxizhou), Gongqin Jiedao (the administrative seat is Qinzhou), Ningxia Road (the administrative seat is Ningxia Prefecture), Ningdao (the administrative seat is Xining Prefecture).
Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
www.GSCN.com.cn 2005-7-24 17:23:46 Source: Gansu Provincial People's Government
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During the Song, Jin and Liao dynasties, the administrative divisions were generally divided into three levels: road, prefecture (prefecture), and county. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the country was divided into 10 roads. In the third year of Dao (AD 997), the 10 roads were changed into 15 roads (later increased to 26 roads). Gansu belonged to the Shaanxi Road. But the way of the Song Dynasty was different from that of the Tang Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, the financial district also had supervisory functions, and later it gradually became the highest-level local organization. The road is set up with the transfer envoy in charge of finance and civil affairs (the chief is the transfer envoy); the appeasement envoy is in charge of the military (the chief is the economic and strategy appeasement envoy); the Changping envoy is in charge of the market, ships, tea and horses (the chief is the Changping envoy); The director of the Penal Prison is in charge of justice (the chief is responsible for the execution of sentences). The four departments are not subordinate to each other, but are directly subordinate to the central government. In the first year of Qingli reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty (AD 1041), the Shaanxi border was divided into four roads: Qinfeng, Jingyuan, Huanqing and Luyan (the first three roads were in Gansu). In the fifth year of Xining, Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty (AD 1072), Xihe Road was added. After several changes, the provincial border was divided into Yongxing Military Road and Qinfeng Road, which governed 21 states (prefectures and military) and 51 counties (supervisors and Weisi). Yongxing Military Road (governing Jingzhao Prefecture, present-day Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province). The province's jurisdiction includes Qingyang Prefecture, Huanzhou, Yinzhou and Ningzhou. Qinfeng Road (governing Qinzhou, today's Beidao Town, Shuishi City), governs Qinzhou, Chengzhou, Fengzhou, Jiezhou, Weizhou, Jingzhou, Yuanzhou, Huizhou, Xizhou, Hezhou, and Gongzhou (formerly Tongzhou Yuanjun), Minzhou, Lanzhou, Taozhou, Xiningzhou, Deshun Army (now Jingning County), Zhenrong Army (now Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region). The army was established in the military Anchong area in the Song Dynasty. It was an administrative division at the same level as the prefecture and prefecture. At the beginning of the 11th century, the Dangxiang people rose to prominence in Xixia (1038 AD - 1227 AD), and the country was founded in the first year of Ming Dynasty by Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty. Its capital was Xingqing Prefecture (now Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), with 22 prefectures under its jurisdiction, including those in Gansu. Gan (Xixia was changed to Xuanhua Prefecture), Liang (Xixia was changed to Xiliang Prefecture), Su, Gua, Sha, Hui and other six prefectures. The Xixia rule lasted for about 190 years and was later destroyed by the Mongols. During the Southern Song Dynasty, most of Gansu belonged to the Jin Dynasty. Belonging to Lizhou West Road in the Southern Song Dynasty (called Qinfeng Road in the Northern Song Dynasty) were Wenzhou, Jiezhou, Xihezhou (today's Xihe and Li counties), Fengzhou, Tongqingfu (today's Chengxian), Tianshuijun (Shaoxing in the early Qin Dynasty) The prefecture was occupied by the Jin Dynasty, so South Tianshui County and North Tianshui County were established. In the first year of Jiading, that is, in 1208 AD, the county was transformed into a military county, and today's Shui City). During the Jin Dynasty, 4 roads, 16 states (prefectures), and 50 counties were established in Gansu. Fengxiang Road (governing Fengxiang Prefecture, today's Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), led to Deshun Prefecture (in the Song Dynasty, it was the Deshun Army, but its jurisdiction was expanded to include today's Jingding, Zhuanglang County and the northwest of Longde County in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Pingliang Prefecture, Zhenrongzhou (formerly Zhenrongjun), Qinzhou. Qingyuan Road (governing Qingyang Prefecture, now Qingyang County), leads to Qingyang Prefecture, Huanzhou, Ningzhou, Yuanzhou, and Jingzhou. Lintao Road (governing Lintao Prefecture, today's Lintao County), governs Lintao Prefecture, Jishi Prefecture (formerly Jishi Junxi Gecheng), Taozhou, Lanzhou, Gongzhou (today's Dingxi, Longxi, Tongwei County), Huizhou (Today's Jingyuan County), Hezhou.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Gansu's administrative divisions were generally divided into four levels: province, road, prefecture (prefecture), and county. In order to strengthen the centralized feudal rule, the Yuan Dynasty government divided the country into 11 provinces in addition to the central regions (including Shandong, Shanxi, and Hebei).