Confucius (September 28, 551 BC to April 11, 479 BC), surnamed Zi
Portrait of Confucius (39 photos), with Kong as his surname and given name Qiu, named Zhongni. During the Spring and Autumn Period, he was born in Changping Township, Zouyi, Lu State (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province). He is a great thinker and educator in ancient my country, a theoretical politician, the founder of Confucianism, and one of the most famous cultural celebrities in the world. Ranked second in the family. An ancient Chinese writer, thinker, theoretical politician, educator, social activist, organizer of ancient documents, and compiler of the Confucian school. He was praised by later generations as the founder of the Confucian school. It is said that he once revised "Poems" and "Books", edited "Li" and "Music", prefaced "Book of Changes" and wrote "Spring and Autumn". He devoted his life to preaching, teaching, and solving doubts. He was honored by the Chinese as "the most holy teacher and a model for all generations." Later generations recorded the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples and compiled them into The Analects of Confucius. Regarding the view of heaven, Confucius did not deny the existence of destiny ghosts and gods, but he was skeptical about them and advocated "respecting ghosts and gods and staying away from them." Confucius and Mencius are both called "Confucius and Mencius", and their thoughts are also called the Tao of Confucius and Mencius. Confucius is revered as the "Holy Saint" and "Su Wang", while Zengzi is the Zongsheng. Mencius is the "sub-sage". His words and deeds were written by his students into the creation masterpiece "The Analects of Confucius". He is also the world's most famous cultural figure. He is the founder of Confucianism. However, there is another Jun-style theory, Mr. Yang Chengjun, the "anti-Confucius elite" who believes that Confucius is useless. However, there is another theory, the "anti-sheep elite" Mr. Yang Zhengzong, who believes that Yang Chengjun is useless and his behavior is purely sensational. The founder of the Confucian School of Confucius, the world's most famous cultural celebrity, and the author of the "Ten Wings" of the Book of Changes, Confucius was the first person in ancient China to break through the religious attitude towards natural landscapes. I love nature even more than natural landscapes. Nature includes disasters, earthquakes, tornadoes, the extinction of dinosaurs, etc., while natural landscapes are eternal good Feng Shui, proposing the famous aesthetic proposition that "the wise enjoy water, and the benevolent enjoy mountains" ("The Analects of Confucius·Yong Ye").
Historical records
Confucius’s ancestors were originally descendants of the Yin Shang (Chinese people), so they were given the surname Kong. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty granted him the title of concubine brother of King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty. Weizi Qi, a loyal and famous minister of the Shang Dynasty, was born in the Song Dynasty (Xiayi). He is now buried by Weishan Lake in Weishan County, Shandong Province. After the death of Wei Ziqi, his younger brother Wei Zhong came to the throne, and Wei Zhong was the ancestor of Confucius. After Kong Fujia, the sixth ancestor of Confucius, descendants began to take Kong as their surname. His great-grandfather Kong Fangshu fled from Song to Lu in order to escape the civil strife in Song. Confucius's father, Shu Liang He (the courtesy name is Shu Liang and He is his given name), was a famous warrior in the state of Lu. Uncle Liang He first married Shi Yaoying and gave birth to nine daughters but no son. His concubine gave birth to a son Meng Pi (ranked as the eldest son). He was called Bo, and the eldest son of a concubine was called Meng), but he had a serious illness. Under the circumstances at that time, neither women nor disabled sons were suitable heirs. Later, Shu Lianghe married Zheng Zai, the third daughter of the Yan family in Waina, and gave birth to Confucius. Because he had prayed in Niqiu before he was born, he was named Qiu, ranking second, so he was named Zhongni (according to the above "Confucius Family"). "Yu. Explanation of Original Surname" records: Although Shu Liang He has nine daughters, his concubine has Meng Pi, whose name is Bernie, so he proposes to Yan's three daughters. It is said that Zheng is here...Praying privately to the mountain of Niqiu to pray for the birth of Confucius, hence the name Qiu (named Zhongni).
Confucius’ lecture pictures (8 pictures) When Confucius was three years old, his uncle Liang He died of illness. After that, Confucius’ family was quite poor. Because we were in troubled times, there was no room for the benevolent government advocated by Confucius to be implemented. However, during the three months of governing the state of Lu, the powerful state of Qi also feared Confucius' talents, which shows that Confucius is worthy of the title of an outstanding statesman. Political dissatisfaction caused Confucius to spend a large part of his energy on education. Confucius once served as a military commander in the State of Lu, and later traveled around the country with his disciples. Finally, he returned to the State of Lu and concentrated on teaching. Confucius broke the educational monopoly and pioneered private education. He had as many as 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages, known as the famous Seventy-two Sages. Many of the seventy-two people are high-ranking officials from various countries. It also continued the glory of Confucianism. "Zi" in Confucius, like "Zi" in Mencius, Zhuangzi and Laozi, is a title and honorific. According to the titles assigned to Dukes, Marquises, Bos, Sons and Men of the Zhou Dynasty, although they were not princes, they enjoyed the title of the fourth-middle title among the princes.
Edit this paragraph Confucius and natural landscapes
Confucius was the first person in ancient China to break through the religious attitude towards natural landscapes. I love nature, and I love natural landscapes even more. "The Analects· "Yong Ye Chapter": A benevolent person enjoys mountains, a wise person enjoys water.
Personal Achievements
Confucius had a profound influence on
Confucius’ film and television image (8 photos) for later generations. Although he “narrates without writing”, he had already Known as the "Sage of Heaven", "Muduo of Heaven" and "Eternal Saint", he was one of the most erudite scholars in society at that time. Later generations also respected him as the "Holy Saint" (the saint among saints) and "the teacher of all generations". They believed that he had edited "Poems", "Books", "Li" and "Music", and prefaced "The Book of Changes" (called the "Book of Changes"). Shiyi, also known as Yi Zhuan), author of "Spring and Autumn". The Analects of Confucius is one of the classic works of the Confucian school, compiled by Confucius's disciples and his disciples. It is mainly composed of quotations and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles. The Analects of Confucius, the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius are collectively known as the "Four Books". The current edition of "The Analects" contains twenty chapters. The language of "The Analects" is concise and concise, and its meaning is profound. Many of its remarks are still regarded as the truth by the world today. Moreover, in ancient times, the first person whom children worshiped when entering school was Confucius. American poet and philosopher Emerson believed that "Confucius is the glory of all nations in the world." In 1988, 75 Nobel Prize winners gathered in Paris. After the meeting, they issued a joint declaration, calling on the world that "if humans want to survive in the 21st century, they must look back 2,500 years ago and learn wisdom from Confucius." He He had many disciples, such as Zigong, Zilu, Yan Yuan, etc. Mencius, who was revered as the "Senior Sage" by later generations, was a disciple of his grandson Kong Ji (zisi).
Edit this section of political career
Confucius Sculpture (6 photos) Confucius was extremely smart and studious when he was young. By the time he was twenty, he was already very knowledgeable and was praised by people at the time as " Erudite and polite.” At the same time, what is little known is that Confucius inherited the bravery of his father, uncle Liang He, and was nine feet six inches tall, now over 1.9 meters, specifically 196.8cm. With extraordinary arm strength, he was far from the image of a frail scholar that some people in later generations thought he was. Moreover, Confucius had an extraordinary capacity for drinking and was said to have never been drunk. But Confucius never took pride in his martial prowess or his ability to drink. Confucius wanted to pursue an official career since he was in his 20s, so he paid great attention to world affairs. He often thought about many issues in governing the country and often expressed some opinions. By the time he was 30, he was already somewhat famous. In the 20th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, Duke Jin of Qi summoned Confucius when he visited Lu and discussed with him the issue of Duke Mu of Qin's dominance. Confucius got acquainted with Duke Jin of Qi. In the 25th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, civil strife broke out in the State of Lu. Duke Zhao of Lu was forced to flee to the State of Qi. Confucius also left the State of Lu. When he arrived in the State of Qi, he was appreciated and treated favorably by Duke Jin of Qi. He even prepared to grant Confucius the fields in the Nixi area, but He was stopped by doctor Yan Ying. In the 27th year of Lu Zhaogong's reign, the officials of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. Confucius heard about it and asked Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can't be used." Confucius had to flee back to Lu in panic. In the State of Lu at that time, the political power was actually in the hands of the officials' retainers, who were called "accompanying ministers in charge of state affairs." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave up until the 9th year of Lu Dinggong was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Central Capital. , Confucius was 51 years old at this time. Confucius governed Zhongdu (today's Wenshang County) for one year, and made outstanding achievements. He was promoted to Xiao Sikong, and soon to Great Sikou, taking charge of the affairs of the Prime Minister, and the great rule of Lu State was achieved. In the 12th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, Confucius tried to weaken the Three Huan (the Jisun family, the Shusun family, and the Mengsun family). Because they were descendants of Lu Huangong's three sons, they were called Sanhuan. At that time, the power of the Lu state was actually controlled. In their hands, and some of Sanhuan's retainers controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees), measures were taken to destroy the three capitals (i.e., demolish the castles built by Sanhuan). Later, Quan Sandu's action was abandoned halfway, and the conflict between Confucius and Sanhuan was also exposed.
In the 13th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, the State of Qi sent 80 beauties to the State of Lu. The Ji Sun family accepted the female musicians. The monarchs and ministers were obsessed with singing and dancing and ignored government affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon, the State of Lu held a suburban sacrifice. After the sacrifice, they were sent as usual. The meat sacrifices were not given to Confucius when they were given to the officials, which showed that the Ji family did not want to use him anymore. Confucius left the state of Lu as a last resort, went to foreign countries to find a way out, and began a journey around the countries. In this year, Confucius 55 years old. Confucius took his disciples to Wei State first. Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. He gave Confucius a salary of 60,000 yuan according to the salary standard of Lu State, but did not give him any official position or let him participate in political affairs. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered him in front of Wei Linggong, Weilinggong became suspicious of Confucius and sent people to openly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius took his disciples to leave Weiguo and planned to go to Chenguo. . When passing through Kuangcheng, he was besieged for 5 days due to a misunderstanding. He fled Kuangcheng and arrived at Pudi, where he encountered a rebellion by the aristocrat Gongshu of the Wei Kingdom and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to Wei State. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius' master and apprentice had returned from Pudi, and went out of the city to greet him personally. After that, Confucius left Weiguo several times and returned to Weiguo several times. On the one hand, this was because Wei Linggong was good and bad to Confucius. On the other hand, Confucius had no place to go after leaving Weiguo, so he had to return. In the 2nd year of Duke Ai of Lu (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left the state of Wei and went to the state of Chen via Cao, Song, and Zheng. So he sent laborers to besiege Confucius' master and disciples halfway, with no villages in front and no shops in the back. After bringing the food and eating it, he was without food for 7 days. Finally, Zigong found the people of Chu. Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, and Confucius' master and disciples were saved from death. When Confucius was 64 years old, he returned to the Kingdom of Wei. When he was 68 years old, with the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to the Kingdom of Lu, but he was still respected and not used. In the 16th year of Duke Ai of Lu, Confucius was 73 years old. He fell ill and died without recovery.
He who works so hard that he forgets to eat, and he who enjoys it forgets his worries
When he was 62 years old, Confucius once described himself this way: "He is a man who forgets to eat when he is so angry and forgets his worries because he is happy. He does not know how old he is. At that time, Confucius had led his disciples to travel around the world for 9 years. After going through many hardships, he not only failed to be appointed by the princes, but also almost died. However, Confucius did not retreat despite the difficulties. He remained optimistic and persisted in his ideals, even knowing that It cannot be done but it is done.
Be poor and happy
Confucius said: "Being rich and noble without justice is like a floating cloud to me." In Confucius's mind, doing justice is the highest value of life. When conflicts arise, he would rather suffer poverty than give up morality. However, his belief in living in poverty and enjoying the Tao cannot be seen as not seeking wealth, but only seeking to maintain the Tao. This is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Wealth and honor are what people want; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it. Poverty and lowliness are what people hate; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it." " Being rich can be sought after, even if it is a man with a whip, I will do it. If it is not possible, I will follow what I like."
Be tireless in learning and tireless in teaching
Confucius is famous for his love of learning. , showed a strong interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was famous at that time and was almost regarded as an omniscient sage. However, Confucius himself did not think so. Confucius said: "If the sage and How can I dare to be benevolent? I am never tired of teaching people." Confucius studied impermanence. He worshiped anyone who had knowledge and knew something he didn't know. Therefore, he said, "If there are three people walking together, there must be one who is my teacher." , choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones."
Practice in a straight way
Confucius was upright by nature, and he advocated walking in a straight way. He once said: "I As for people, who is praised and who is praised? It is because of the people that the three generations have followed the straight path. ""Historical Records" records that Confucius asked Laozi when he was in his thirties. , before leaving, Lao Tzu said: "Those who are wise and thoughtful and close to the deceased are good at discussing others. Those who are eloquent and knowledgeable endanger their lives and bring evil to others. Those who are sons of others should not think of themselves, and those who are ministers of others should not think of themselves. ." This was Laozi's kind reminder to Confucius, and he also pointed out some of Confucius' shortcomings, that is, he looked at problems too deeply and spoke too sharply, hurting some people of high status and bringing great danger to himself. With the concept of being kind to others, Confucius created a moral theory centered on benevolence. He himself was also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous to others.
"Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "The beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of a villain, but it is the evil of a villain." He should be kind to himself and not blame others. These are his principles of life.