1. Soviet Union and Russia:
1. ▲ Pushkin is a famous Russian writer, great poet and novelist, the founder of modern Russian literature, the main representative of Russian romantic literature in the 19th century, the founder of realistic literature and modern standard Russian, and is known as "the father of Russian literature" and "the sun of Russian poetry".
Poetic novel: Eugene? Onegin
Novel: Captain's Daughter
Collection of prose novels: Collection of Belkin's Novels
Fairy poems: The Story of Fisherman and Golden Fish
Political lyrics: To the Sea, Ode to Freedom, and to Chaadayev
2. ▲ Nikolai Gogol:
3, ▲ meters? Especially? Lermontov: Russian poet, Contemporary Heroes, Sword, Motherland and Sail. The blue sea is foggy and the lonely sails are shining with white light! What does it look for in distant places? What did it abandon in a foreign land? The roaring sea breeze is rolling the waves, and the mast wall is hunched and creaking ... Hey! It is not to seek happiness, nor to escape from the happy realm! There is a clear blue stream below, and the golden sunshine is sprinkled on it ... The restless sails pray for the storm, as if there is a peaceful country in the storm!
4. ▲ Turgenev: His literary achievements are various, including poems, novels and plays. However, it is his six novels that make him world-famous: Luo Ting, Noble House, The Night Before, Father and Son, Smoke and Virgin Land, among which the first four are particularly outstanding.
Father and Son focuses on Russia's own "newcomers".
Fathers refer to the older generation of aristocrats, and "sons" refer to the new generation of civilian intellectuals.
The novel profoundly reveals the contradictions and conflicts between the two generations.
Smoke reflects the nominal reform of serfdom.
virgin land directly reflects the social movement of "going to the people" launched by populists in the 197s.
second, the United States
1, James? Fenimo? Cooper: Stories of Leather Socks, which reflects frontier life ("Leather Socks" is the hero of the novel, Nadi? Bambo's nicknames are five-part: Pioneers, The Last Mohican, Grassland, Pathfinder and Deerslayer, and The Helmsman, which reflects the life at sea.
2. Nathaniel? Hawthorne is the most influential romantic novelist and psychological novelist in the 19th century in America.
The Scarlet Letter describes the heroine Hester? Prynne and her husband moved from England to Boston, which was then a British colony.
On the way, her husband was captured by Indians.
3. Edgar? Ellen? Poe: Poe's greatest achievement lies in his literary thoughts and theories. His reasoning and horror novels are most widely known, while Poe values his own poems most.
The most famous of his Christmas horror novels are Lydia, Black Cat, The Collapse of Usher House, and The Raven.
4. Herman? Melville: novelist and poet.
based on his experiences at sea, he wrote his fable masterpiece Moby Dick (1851), which is regarded as one of the greatest novels in America.
5. Walter? Whitman: He is a famous American poet and humanist. He created the free verse, and his representative work is the collection of poems "Leaves of Grass".
that's why he named his poetry collection "Collection of Grass Names", which means that "grass leaves" grow everywhere and are full of vitality.
It symbolizes ordinary people and developing America.
At the same time, "blade of grass" also symbolizes Whitman's own thoughts and hopes about democracy and freedom.
7. Mark? Twain: an outstanding American writer of critical realism and a famous humorist.
representative works, One Million Pounds, Tom? The Adventures of Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn are based on American social life in the 195s.
Based on children's adventures, it depicts the decadent bourgeois lifestyle and the evils of slavery through the eyes of a 13-year-old child.
8. Henry? James: James's main works are novels. Besides, he has written many literary comments, travel notes, biographies and plays.
A Portrait of a Lady The novel is about Isabel, a young American woman who advocates freedom of personality and doesn't want to spend her life in mediocrity.
She got an inheritance when she went to Europe. At one time, she thought that money could give wings to her imagination and enable her to arrange her own destiny freely.
But she is not deeply involved in the world. Money has not brought her freedom. Instead, she has fallen into a trap set by Osmond and his mistress, Madame Mayer.
He accepted Osmond's proposal, thinking that his money could bring happiness to Osmond, who seemed noble but broke.
When the truth came out, Isabel, who has matured, resolutely decided to face the reality, stay with her husband and choose her own life path again.
9. Bring Europe? Henry: American novelist, whose short stories are ingenious in conception and unique in style. Henry's ending is famous in the world.
Masterpieces: The Gift of the Magi, The Last Ivy Leaf and The Police and Hymns describe an unemployed man in new york who tries his best to get arrested and imprisoned by the police in order to get a shelter from the cold.
He freeloaded, smashed the window, took property by himself, kept an eye on it, disturbed the peace, etc., but he couldn't achieve the goal of being arrested.
Third, France
1. Stendhal: ▲ A famous French writer and the main representative of French realistic literature, he is called "the father of modern novels".
His representative works include Red and Black and Past Stories.
however, his short stories are also very wonderful.
His masterpiece Vanina? Vanini, Ai Lei (literally translated as Abbot Castro), etc., are vivid and well-known, and can be called the wonderful flowers in the world short story garden.
They are similar to Merimee's Matteo? Fargot Na, Tamango and Balzac's Gobsek together mark the maturity of French short story creation.
2. ▲ Hugo: a famous French novelist, dramatist, poet and politician, on a par with Ba Le Zack and Zola. Les Miserables is the representative work of Hugo's romantic literature.
Notre Dame de Paris (1831) is Hugo's first large-scale romantic novel.
It writes a story that happened in France in the 15th century by bizarre and contrasting methods: Claude, the vice bishop of Notre Dame, was hypocritical and snake-hearted, and loved first and then hated, persecuting the gypsy girl Ais Melar.
quasimodo, an ugly and kind-hearted bell ringer, gave his life to save the girl.
The Smiling Man, published in 1869, has the same beauty and ugliness as Notre Dame de Paris.
Gwen Alvin, the hero, was born into a noble family, but was disfigured as a child because of intrigue in the court.
93 is Hugo's last novel.
The two opposing figures in the novel, Guo Wen, a revolutionary, and Marquis Rantenak, a royalist, are another contrast between good and evil in Hugo.
after capturing the Marquis Rantenak, Guo Wen spared himself to the guillotine and let the enemy leader go, thinking that Marquis Rantenak had saved three children.
3. Dumas: Alexander? Dumas, also known as Dumas, was a French romantic writer in the 19th century.
Dumas' works amount to as many as 3 volumes, mainly novels and plays.
The most famous one is three musketeers (1844), the old translation of Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo. An upright and brave young sailor, just when he was full of good pursuit of life, was imprisoned because he was framed by someone who was jealous of him, and spent fourteen years in a dark cell.
4. ▲ Balzac: a great Chinese critical realism writer in the 19th century, the founder and outstanding representative of European critical realism literature, and one of the highest achievements in French realistic literature.
He wrote 91 novels, Human Comedy, with more than 2,4 characters, which fully demonstrated the social life in France in the first half of the 19th century. It is a rare literary monument in the history of human literature and is called the "encyclopedia" of French society.
it is divided into three parts: custom research, philosophy research and analysis research.
the novel Eugénie? Grandet (1833), Gao Laotou (1834), Disillusionment (1837-1843), Farmer (1845), Bei Yi (1846)
5, Flaubert; His works reflect the times of France from 1848 to 1871 and expose the ugly and vulgar bourgeois society.
Flaubert's representative novels are Madame Bovary, Emotional Education and bouvard and Pecucher.
Madame Bovary is one of Flaubert's representative works.
The author reproduces the social life of France in the mid-19th century through the experience of Emma, a rich woman, in a concise and delicate style.
Emotional Education describes an ambitious college student, Fredrik, who runs into a wall everywhere in the society, and finally gets old, achieving nothing and looking back.
bouvard and Pekucher bouvard and Pekucher are two scribes. After they met, they felt very congenial to each other, so they made friends quickly.
Fourth, Britain
1. Thomas? Moore: The founder of utopian socialism in early Europe, a brilliant humanist and experienced politician, is famous in history for his masterpiece Utopia.
2. William? Shakespeare: 1564 ~ 1616) was a great playwright and poet in the English Renaissance and a master of humanistic literature in the European Renaissance.
Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear (four tragedies), Romeo and Juliet.
3. Defoe: English novelist, the founder of realistic novels in the 18th century in Britain, is known as "the father of English novels".
Robinson Crusoe
4. Charlotte and Bronte: two sisters, Emily? Bronte and Anne? Bronte is also a famous writer, so he is often called the "Bronte Three Sisters" in the history of English literature.
Jane Eyre, Emily Wuthering Heights.
Agnes? Gray "Ann.
5. Jane? Austin: A famous British female novelist, her works mainly focus on the marriage and life of women in the squire family, and truly describe the small world around her with women's unique nuanced observation and lively and funny words.
Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Persuasion by Emma.
6. Charles? Dickens: His major works are The Legend of Pickwick, Oliver Twist, Old Antique Shop, Hard Times, Our Friends, Bleak House.
Dickens' masterpiece David? Copperfield further explores the struggle course of life, which is autobiographical and is a long picture reflecting the middle and lower classes in England in the mid-19th century.
David, the hero, is a model of middle-class youth who struggled for kindness and insisted on justice in the society at that time.