With the progress of society and the increase of population, social communication and interpersonal communication have become increasingly close. In order to distinguish a certain group of people from another group of people, there has been a symbol of a certain group of people, which is what we call "surname"; In a group of people, in order to distinguish you, me and him, there is a sign that belongs only to individuals, which is what we call "name" As for the origin of a name, its earliest meaning can also be inferred from the Chinese character "name" itself. This Chinese character consists of "Xi" and "Kou". In this regard, Shuowen Jiezi explains: "Name is self-proclaimed, and it is from the mouth and from the evening. The evening is also a ghost, and I don't meet each other, so I call myself by my mouth. " This means that in the early days of communication, people met during the day and could recognize each other through their shapes and faces. Once at night, we can't see each other clearly, so we can only distinguish you from me by self-registration. It can be seen that the generation of personal names is related to the actual needs of society, and its most essential function is to distinguish individuals in all occasions in social communication, which is a personal symbol used in society.
Some names left over from Xia and Shang Dynasties, such as Kong Jia, Zu Yi, Wai Bing, Tai Wu, Yong Ji, Pan Geng, Wu Ding, Xiao Xin and Wairen, are associated with Tiangan, which may be related to a certain time. In the Spring and Autumn Period, some names such as "black buttock" and "black arm" should be named after their physiological characteristics. Zheng Zhuanggong's famous name "Mao Sheng" is a documentary of his mother's dystocia. It can be seen that the name at that time was still very simple. In ancient times, babies were named by their fathers three months after birth. Dr. Lu Shen classified the naming methods into five types: "There are five names: faithfulness, righteousness, image, falsehood and class. Take the famous life as the letter, the moral life as the righteousness, the class life as the image, the thing as the fake, and the father as the class. Not by the country, not by officials, not by mountains and rivers, not by hidden diseases, not by animals, not by money. People in Zhou dynasty will be afraid of God and name. Therefore, the country is abolished, the official is abolished, the mountains and rivers are abolished, the animals are abolished, and the gifts are abolished. " ("Zuo Zhuan Huan Gong Six Years") The ancients attached great importance to this passage, and there were similar expositions in the Book of Rites and other books. The so-called "believing in famous students" here is to name a person when he was born, which is true and reliable. For example, Zheng Zhuanggong was born in reverse, and his mother, Wu Jiang, named him Mao Sheng; Another example is that when Tang Shuyu was born, he had the word "Yu" tattooed on his hand, so he was named Yu; When Lu Gongzi's friend was born, it was tattooed on his hand, like the word "friend", so he was named friend. The so-called "taking virtue as righteousness" means naming it after auspicious events. For example, King Tai felt that King Wen would be prosperous in the future, so he named it "Chang". Zhou Wenwang Ji Chang saw that his son was born, and when he grew up, he would send troops to punish him violently, so he named his son "Fa", that is, Zhou Wuwang. The so-called "taking the life of a class as an image" means naming something according to its appearance after birth, such as Confucius's "being born at the top of the hill" and the famous hill. The so-called "taking things as false" means naming them in the name of everything, such as Chen Xuangong and Song Zhaogong, both named Chu Jiu; Another example is that Confucius' son Bo Yu was given fish when he was born, so he was named carp. The so-called "taking the father as the class" means naming him after something similar to his father. For example, Duke Zhuang of Lu has the same birthday as his father, so he is named Tong. At the same time, there are six prohibitions on naming: do not use the name of the country as a name; Do not use the official name of the country as a name; Don't write people's names by their own mountains and rivers; Do not make names in the name of diseases; Do not make names in the name of animals; Don't make names in the name of ritual gifts.
since the Zhou dynasty, people have not only a name, but also a character. "Word" is a new title after "name". "Book of Rites on the Tan Bow": "Young name, crown word." When you are born in March, you should name it and add words at the age of 2. At the ceremony, there are "men are twenty, crowned with words" and "women are allowed to marry, but they are full of words". That is to say, when a man is crowned and a woman is married, indicating that she is an adult and will formally participate in social interaction, she should add words after her name. Why is there a word? Kong Yingda, a Tang Dynasty writer, said in his annotation for "Young Name, Crown Word" in Tan Gong, "If life is nameless, it can't be separated, so it was added in March, so the young name of the cloud is also added. The word, who is 2 years old, has the way of being a father, and friends and other classes cannot call them by their first names, so they add words to the crown. " That is to say, when a person becomes an adult, the "name" originally assigned by the elders and called by the elders for many years is inconvenient to shout around in social occasions, so he has to take a new name for the peers or the younger generation, that is, "Zi". "Name" is for elders to call, and "word" is for peers, younger generations and themselves to call. Therefore, in ancient times, "calling people by their first names" and "naming their surnames" was a rude behavior that didn't respect each other. You can only praise your peers or elders, but you can't call them names. You can only call them names if you respect them or claim to be inferior. When we understand the custom of "a woman promises to marry, but she is full of words", we can understand why a woman has long been called a "word person" when she is betrothed or married, and a girl who has never been betrothed is called a "word lady". Because at that time, "a woman is fifteen years old, and it is called a gift." For women, adulthood, marriage and marriage are basically the same thing.
the ancients were famous first, then there were characters, and characters were born from their names. Therefore, the ancients generally followed the principle of "corresponding names", that is, there must be a certain relationship between names and words. "White Tiger Tongyi Name" says: "You know its character when you are famous, and you know its name when you smell it." Judging from the joint relationship and composition of names and words, there are mainly the following types:
synonymous mutual training. Such as Zhuge Liang, the word Kongming; Zaiyu, the word I; Zhang Heng, the word Ping Zi; Ceng Gong, the word is solid; Qin Guan, the word travels less. Here, brightness and brightness, giving and me, balance and equality, gong and solidity, view and travel are synonymous and can be annotated with each other.
antonym is opposite. Such as Zhu Xi, the character is awkward; Zhao Meng, the word Ang; Han Yu, the word is retired; Different from the same, the word is different; Yellow damage, word benefit. Here, Xi and Hui, Ang, Healing and Retreating, Similarity and Difference, Loss and Benefit are antonyms.
conjecturing the meaning. For example, Guan Yu, whose word is long, takes a sentence from Zhuangzi's "Happy Travel": "Its wings are like clouds hanging from the sky." It is the "wings" that think of feathers, and then the "clouds hanging from the sky" that think of cloud length. Zhao Jiaju's words are thousands of miles long, which was pushed by a young horse to gallop thousands of miles. Bai Juyi is a happy man, so he can live in Yi because of his happiness. Su Shi's word is "looking forward", from relying on Shi to thinking of looking forward.
linking meaning refers to reality. For example, Du Fu's word beauty is associated with beauty from the good name for men. The word "Bohu" in Tang Yin is associated with the word "Twelve Earthly Branches" by Yin, which matches the tiger.
of the same kind. Such as Kong Li word "fish, carp is a fish. Zheng Qiao is a fisherman, and the woodcutter often accompanies the fisherman. Liang Hongzi Bo Luan, Hong and Luan are all praised birds. Lu Ji zi Shi Heng, Ji He Heng are two stars on the Beidou.
the original name is added. Such as Xie An's word Anshi and Du Mu's word Mu Zhi.
using the five elements. For example, Zheng Shi's character is a father, and Qin Bing's character is a white one, which is purely a combination of heaven and earth. Chu Gongzi noon word Geng, Zheng Yin decyl word unitary, heavenly stems and earthly branches match.
body clutch. Such as Song Mei Wen Yu, You Dong Ren, Yao Chun Chun Chun Mu.
the body is saved. Such as Qin Gui's words, Gu Mei's words are beautiful.
flexible use of old sayings. For example, Pan Yue's word An Ren, the Analects of Confucius, Leshan for the benevolent, and Liren's words "Benevolence for the benevolent". Xu Gan's word is great, and this "Confucius" sentence is "not great but dry". Cao Cao's word Meng De, this "Xunzi" "husband is called moral operation" sentence. Lu Guimeng word Lu Wang, this "Poem Lu Song Palace" "Taishan Rock Rock, Lu Bang looked forward to. There is a saying that when there is a turtle, it will be desolate. Zhu Xi's "Collection of Biography" has: "The name of the turtle and the mountain." The two mountains look at the land of Lu. Dai Zhen's word is Dongyuan, and this book "Yi Shuo Gua" says that "everything is shocked, shocked, and the East is also". Qian Qianyi word by it, this "Book of History" "modest benefit" sentence.
admire the ancients. For example, Gu Zuyu's word Jingfan is an expression of admiration for the historian Fan Zuyu. Yan Zhitui's word Zi Jie is the promotion of Jin celebrities in the Spring and Autumn Period. Lu You, the word service concept, is to admire Qin Guan, a great talent in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The "name" and "character" of the ancients were also often used to indicate the generations in the family, and the names and surnames were often preceded by Jia Bo (Meng), Zhong, Shu and Ji, indicating the elder and younger brothers. Among them, "Bo" and "Meng" are different. The son (female) born to my first wife is called "Bo" and the son (female) born to my concubine is called "Meng". Such as Boyi and Shuqi, Bo is a brother and Uncle is a brother; Confucius word Zhong Ni, Zhong is the second child; Meng Jiangnu is the eldest daughter of Jiang. Some words are followed by "father" (fu) to indicate gender. Wang Yinzhi pointed out in "Explanation of Names in the Spring and Autumn Period" that when the names of ancient people were connected, the words were first and then the names. Called "a father", such as Zhong Ni's father, Zhong Shanfu, etc. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the names were given first, such as Uncle Zheng Youji. You Ji is a name here, and Uncle Zi is a word. After the Han dynasty, the same word or radical in "name" or "word" gradually indicates peer relationship. For example, Yan Gaoqing, a famous fighter against An Lushan in the Tang Dynasty, and his younger brothers Yan Yaoqing and Yan Chunqing used the word "Qing", and Yan Zhenqing, a great calligrapher and cousin of their generation, also used the word "Qing". Su Shi, a litterateur in Song Dynasty, and Su Zhe's brothers * * * used the radical "car" to indicate their peers. Ming Shenzong's sons, Zhu Changluo and Zhu Changxun, often use the second word * * *, and the third word * * * has "Ju" beside it; Zhu Youjian, Emperor Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty who hanged himself on Jingshan Mountain, his brother Zhu Youxiao (Emperor Xi of Ming Dynasty), his cousin Zhu Youlang (Emperor Yong Li of Nan Ming Dynasty) and Zhu Yousong (Emperor Hongguang of Nan Ming Dynasty) used the word "by", and the third word * * used the word "wood". In this case, the first word in the name is the family name used by father and ancestor * * *, and half of the second and third words are the generation names used by brother * * *, and only half a word is specific to individuals.
in addition to names and characters, some ancient people also had numbers. "Hao" is a fixed alias, also known as another name. Middle-and upper-class figures in feudal society, especially literati, often take their names by their addresses and interests, including fasting names and room names. For example, Li Bai's Qinglian layman in the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu's Shaoling Yelao, Su Shi's Dongpo layman in the Song Dynasty, Liu Ruju layman in Tang Yin in the Ming Dynasty and Banqiao in Zheng Xie in the Qing Dynasty are all well known to future generations. Some nicknames even exceed their real names. Nicknames are given by users themselves, unlike names that are restricted by family and peers, so users can express or flaunt some sentiments more freely. The common nicknames such as "lay man" and "mountain man" are just to show users' contempt for Lilu's interests. In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu's number in his later years was "61 Jushi", which was named after "a thousands of books, a thousand volumes of ancient inscriptions, a piano, a game of chess, a pot of wine and an old man himself" and * * * six "ones". Lu You, a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was worried about the world and was indignant. He was ridiculed by the dignitaries as not observing the etiquette, so he called himself "letting go of Weng" to show his contempt for them. Zheng Sixiao, a painter in the Southern Song Dynasty, named himself "Suonan" after the death of the Song Dynasty, indicating that his heart turned to the south. Zhu Da, a painter in the late Ming Dynasty, was a descendant of Zhu Quan, the king of Ning in the Ming Dynasty. After his death, he became a monk. Because of his appreciation of the Eight Great Scholars' Buddhist scriptures, he took the serial names "Badashanren" and "Bada", which seemed to be "crying" rather than "laughing" and implied "dumbfounding" to express his grief and indignation at missing his motherland. Of course, more bureaucratic gentry and feudal literati take all kinds of beautiful nicknames, which are just pretences of being arty and seeking fame and reputation.
There are also "nicknames", which are recognized by others and are descriptions and descriptions of people. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Prissy was reduced to the State of Chu, and was redeemed by Qin Mugong with five pieces of (black ram) skins. He was called the "Five Doctors", which can be regarded as an ancient nickname. Li Yifu, a traitor in the Tang Dynasty, was called "the knife in the smile". In the Song Dynasty, Wang served as prime minister for more than ten years, doing nothing but "taking orders, receiving orders and transmitting orders". At that time, he was named "Three Orders Prime Minister". These two nicknames vividly outline the faces of feudal bureaucrats. In Water Margin, all 18 people in Liangshan have nicknames, and most of them accurately describe the characters' personalities, specialties or physiological characteristics. These nicknames are well known as names, such as likui jy, Wu Yong, Lin Chong, the head of a leopard, Yang Zhi, Zhu Tong, Sun Erniang, the dragon, and the flea on the drum.
In addition to the above-mentioned characters and numbers, there are several situations that are often used to replace personal names in history:
1. Geographical outlook (including birthplace, residence and place of employment, etc.). For example, Kong Rong in the Eastern Han Dynasty was called Kong Beihai, Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty was called Han Changli, Liu Zongyuan was called Liu Hedong, Meng Haoran was called Meng Xiangyang, and Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty was called Wang Lin 'an. In feudal times, naming people by their places was a sign of respect, which was called "looking to the ground". But at the end of the Qing Dynasty, someone made a couplet: "The prime minister Hefei is thin in the world, and the farmer Changshu is barren in the world." The first part refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei), who is the minister (prime minister) of Beiyang, and the second part refers to Weng Tong (from Changshu), who is the minister (sinong) of the household department. Here, however, the pun meaning of "looking to the ground" is used to satirize the greed and extravagance of feudal bureaucrats.
2. Official titles (including titles and titles, etc.). For example, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ma Yuan, who issued the rhetoric of "being poor and strong, being old and strong", was called Ma Fubo (former General Fubo); Ban Chao, who devoted himself to the army, was called Ban Dingyuan (once named Ding Yuanhou); Cai Yong is known as Cai Zhonglang (a former commander-in-chief).
3. honorific terms respected by disciples or future generations. For example, Zhou Dunyi in Song Dynasty called Mr. Lianxi, Lu Benzhong called Mr. Donglai, Ming Gui Youguang called Mr. Zhenchuan, and Wang Fuzhi called Mr. Chuanshan.
4. posthumous title. That is, after death, a person is given a title according to his deeds before his death. Generally, the emperor's posthumous title was agreed by the courtesy officer, and the courtier's posthumous title was given by the court. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was another scandal. The words used as posthumous title can be roughly divided into three categories: first, those with positive meanings, such as "Wen, Wu, Ren, Zhao, Jing, Hui and Mu"; Second, it is derogatory, such as "Miao, Ling, Li, You, Yang"; The third is sympathy, such as "mourning, mourning, mourning, mourning" and so on. For example, Qin Mugong, King Zhao of Zhou, Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty, Bao Zheng in Song Dynasty called Bao Xiaosu, Yue Fei called Yue Wumu, Qin Gui called Qin Miaochou (originally due to Song Gaozong's "loyalty", but later changed in Song Ningzong), Xu Guangqi in Ming Dynasty called Xu Wending, and Ji Yun in Qing Dynasty called Ji Wenda. Privately, such as Song and Huang Tingjian's protege, called him Mr. Wenjie and so on.
5. add adjectives before surnames to refer to specific people with the same surnames. For example, Dadai and Xiaodai refer to Dade and Uncle Daisheng, scholars of the Han Dynasty, respectively. The Book of Rites compiled by them is also called Dadaili and Xiaodaili respectively. Ruan Ji, a litterateur in Jin Dynasty, and Ruan Xian's uncle were also called Da Ruan and Xiao Ruan respectively. Xie Lingyun and his cousin Xie Huilian in the Southern Dynasties were both poets, known as Da and Xiao Xie. Big and Xiao Xie also refer to Xie Lingyun and Xie. Among the poets in the Tang Dynasty, Lao Du or Da Du specifically refers to Du Fu, while Xiao Du refers to Du Mu. In Song Dynasty, "Old Su", "Big Su" and "Little Su" refer to Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe.
6. use several surnames and call specific people. For example, "Ban Ma" refers to historians Ban Gu and Sima Qian; "Li Du" refers to the Tang Dynasty poets Li Bai and Du Fu (or Li Shangyin and Du Mu); "Yuan Bai" refers to Tang Dynasty poets Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi; "Han Liu" refers to Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, writers of the Tang Dynasty; "Er Cheng" refers to the brothers Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, the Neo-Confucianists of the Song Dynasty; "Three Sus" refers to Su Xun and his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe.
7. address people with the same surname as the company. Li Bai called Li 12, Han Yu called Han 18, Liu Zongyuan called Liu 8, Yuan Zhen called Yuan 9, Bai Juyi called Bai 22, Qin Guan called Qin 7, Ouyang Xiu called Ou 9, and Huang Tingjian called Huang 9.
the development of human surnames and taboos is a part of human spiritual civilization and material civilization. Originally, the name of anything has little to do with the nature of things. A good name does not necessarily have a good nature. Similarly, a bad name is not necessarily a bad nature, but once this name is associated with politics, economy, culture and nationality, it has the significance of culturology, politics, sociology and ethnology. Therefore, we can have a deeper understanding of a nation's culture and history by studying this. This is also of reference significance to today's socialist modernization.
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